Cardiovascular System
Cardiovascular System
Cardiovascular System
Objectives
After studying this chapter you will be able
to:
•Name the parts of the cardiovascular system and
discuss the function of each part.
•Carry blood
away from the
heart.
V •Carry blood
e toward the heart.
i
n
s
Valves ofthe
Valves of theHeart
Heart
Atrioventricular Valves Semilunar Valves
•Pulmonary valve
•Bicuspid valve
(mitral)
•Aortic valve
•Tricuspid valve
Systole
Diastole
Atrioventricular node
Bundle of His
Purkinje Fibers
Conduction
Conduction System
System Part 2
The heart’s pacemaker causes regular
contracting of the myocardium resulting in a
regular heartbeat or pulse.
Contraction Phases
•Polarization (resting) •Repolarization (recharging)
•Depolarization (contracting)
Conduction
Conduction System
System Part 3
Factors affecting the heart rate:
•Health status
•Physical activity
•Emotions
•Foramen ovale
•Ductus arteriosus
•Ductus venosus
AcG
Abrbeviations [AcG]
accelerator globulin
AF atrial fibrillation
AS aortic stenosis
ASCVD arteriosclerotic
cardiovascular disease
ASD atrial septal defect
AV atrioventricular
Combining Forms
Abbreviation &
Meaning
BP Abbreviations
blood [BP]
pressure
cath catheter
•Bruit
•Gallop
Common Diagnostic
Common Diagnostic Tests
Tests
Exercise tolerance test (ETT)
•Patients exercise on a treadmill
and the technician monitors the
heart rate and respiratory rate.
Electrocardiography
•Produces an electrocardiogram
which measures the amount of
electricity that flows through the
heart.
•Angiocardiogram
-injection of a dye followed by x-rays of the heart and
the heart’s large blood vessels
Others Tests
•angiogram
•arteriogram
•aortogram
•venogram(phlebogram)
•ventriculogram
Ultrasound Tests
Ultrasound tests produce images by using sound
waves.
•Cardiac scan
Heart Rhythm
varicose embolus
veins
phlebitis
Coronary Artery Disease
Coronary Artery Disease
Refers to any condition that reduces the
nourishment the heart receives from the blood
flowing through the arteries of the heart, such
as:
Cardiac Arrest
•Also known as asystole, is the sudden stopping of the heart.
•pericarditis
•myocarditis
Other Conditions
•Tricuspid stenosis
•Valvulitis
Balloon valvuloplasty
•Used to open narrowed cardiac valve openings.
Coronary angioplasty
•Used to open a blood vessel.
Angioscopy
•Uses a fiberoptic catheter to view the interior of a blood
vessel
Coronary Bypass Surgery
Some conditions require
the creation of a bypass
around blockages.
Fontan’s operation
•Creates a bypass from the right atrium to the main
pulmonary artery.
Removal
Surgical & and
removal Replacement Surgery
replacement procedures
•Heart transplant •Valve replacement
•Thrombectomy •Endarterectomy
•Embolectomy •Arteriotomy
•Atherectomy •Valvotomy
•Venipuncture
•Valvuloplasty
•Anastomosis
Drug therapy forPharmacology
CARDIOVASCULAR
the cardiovascular CONDITIONS
system generally
treats the following •angina
conditions: •heart attack
•high blood pressure
•high cholesterol
•congestive heart
failure
•rhythm disorders
•vascular problems
Antianginals
Antianginals
Three Categories of
Relieve pain Drugs:
and prevent
attacks of •nitrates
angina (nitroglycerine)
•beta blockers
(atenolol)
•calcium channel
blockers
(nifedipine)
High blood Hypertension
Medications for:
pressure may HYPERTENSION
require treatment
with one or more
•vasodilators
drugs.
•diuretics
•angiotensin
converting enzyme
(ACE) inhibitors
Congestive HeartMedications
Failure for:
Congestive heart CONGESTIVE
failure is treated HEART
with medications FAILURE
that increase
myocardial
contractions. In •ACE inhibitors
certain situations
the blood vessels •diuretics
may need to be
narrowed as •cardiotonics
well.
•vasoconstrictors
Rhythm Disorders
Medications for:
Rhythm disorders
RHYTHM
are treated with
DISORDERS
medications that
normalize the •beta blockers
heart rate by
affecting the •calcium channel
nervous system blockers
that controls the
heart rate.
Pharmacology – Other
Other Medications
Medications
Lipid-lowering drugs Anticoagulants and
help the body antiplatelet
excrete unwanted medications inhibit the
cholesterol. ability of the blood to
clot.
A. Holter monitor
B. electrocardiography
C. doppler ultrasound
Answer: B. electrocardiography
Apply Your Knowledge Part 4
In mitral valve prolapse, which of the following
would you expect to occur based on your
knowledge of the normal flow of blood through
the heart?
A. Blood would become congested in
the lower legs