12TH Formula Book
12TH Formula Book
12TH Formula Book
Year 2023-24
MATHEMATICS
CLASS: XII
sin−1 𝑥 [−1, 1]
tan−1 𝑥 R
cosec−1 𝑥 𝑅 − (−1,1)
sec−1 𝑥 𝑅 − (−1,1)
cot−1 𝑥 R (0, 𝜋)
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• sin−1(−𝑥) = − sin−1 𝑥 , 𝑥 ∈ [−1, 1]
• cosec−1(−𝑥) = − cosec−1 𝑥, |𝑥| ≥ 1
• tan−1(−𝑥) = − tan−1 𝑥 , 𝑥∈𝑅
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MATRICES
➢ ORDER OF A MATRIX : A general matrix of order 𝑚 × 𝑛 can be written as
• COLUMN MATRIX: A matrix is said to be a column matrix if it has only one column.
Examples:
• ROW MATRIX: A matrix is said to be a row matrix if it has only one row
• SQUARE MATRIX: A matrix in which the number of rows is equal to the number of columns, is said
to be a square matrix.
Examples:
Example:
• SCALAR MATRIX : A diagonal matrix is said to be a scalar matrix if its diagonal elements are equal
Example :
• IDENTITY MATRIX: A square matrix in which elements in the diagonal are all 1 and rest are all zero
is called an identity matrix.
• ZERO MATRIX: A matrix is said to be zero matrix or null matrix if all its elements are zero.
Examples : ,
➢ EQUALITY OF MATRICES: Two matrices 𝐴 = [𝑎𝑖𝑗]𝑚×𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 = [𝑏𝑖𝑗]𝑚×𝑛 are said to be equal if (i)
• ADDITION OF MATRICES: Let 𝐴 = [𝑎𝑖𝑗]𝑚×𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 = [𝑏𝑖𝑗]𝑚×𝑛 be two matrices of the same order.
elements of 𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵
elements of 𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵
• MULTIPLICATION OF MATRICES: The product of two matrices 𝐴 and 𝐵 is defined if the number of
Let 𝐴 = [𝑎𝑖𝑗]𝑚×𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 = [𝑏𝑗𝑘]𝑛×𝑝 . Then the product of the matrices 𝐴 and 𝐵 is the matrix
𝐶 of order m × p. To get the (𝑖, 𝑘)𝑡ℎ 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑐𝑖𝑘 matrix 𝐶, we take the i th row of 𝐴 and 𝑘 th column of
𝐵, multiply them elementwise and take the sum of all these products. i.e
Example: Let
Example:
Example:
➢ SYMMETRIC MATRIX: A square matrix If 𝐴 = [𝑎𝑖𝑗] is said to be symmetric if
A′ = – A, that is 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = −𝑎𝑗𝑖 for all possible values of i and j and 𝑎𝑖𝑖 = 0 for all i.(all the diagonal
➢ Example:
➢ INVERTIBLE MATRICES: If A is a square matrix of order m, and if there exists another square
called the inverse matrix of A and it is denoted by A– 1. In that case A is said to be invertible.
➢ PROPERTIES OF MATRICES:
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• Every square matrix can possible to express as the sum of symmetric and skew-symmetric
matrices.
• Apply a sequence of row operation on A = IA till we get, I = BA. The matrix B will be the
inverse of A. Similarly, if we wish to find A–1 using column operations, then, write A = AI
and apply a sequence of column operations on A = AI till we get, I = AB. The matrix B will
be the inverse of A.
AI), if we obtain all zeros in one or more rows of the matrix A on L.H.S., then A –1 does not
exist.
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DETERMINANTS
➢ DETERMINANT:
•
➢ MINORS: Minor of an element 𝑎𝑖𝑗 of a determinant is the determinant obtained by
deleting its ith row and jth column in which element 𝑎𝑖𝑗 lies. Minor of an element 𝑎𝑖𝑗
is denoted by 𝑀𝑖𝑗.
➢ ADJOINT OF A MATRIX: The adjoint of a square matrix 𝐴 = [𝑎𝑖𝑗] is defined as the transpose
of the matrix [𝐴𝑖𝑗] , where 𝐴𝑖𝑗 is the cofactor of the element 𝑎𝑖𝑗 . Adjoint of the matrix A is
denoted by adj A.
➢ IMPORTANT NOTES:
in the domain of f. Then f is continuous at a i.e 𝐿𝐻𝐿 = 𝑅𝐻𝐿 = 𝑓(𝑎) lim− 𝑓(𝑥)
= lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑎)
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎
Let
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• Product Rule:
• Quotient Rule:
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• Logarithmic Differentiation: Let 𝑦 = [𝑢(𝑥)]𝑣(𝑥)
9) Total cost = C(x), where C(x) isi Rupees of the production of x units Marginal cost
= 𝑑𝐶 𝑑𝑥
Marginal Revenue = 𝑑𝑅
𝑑𝑥
➢ Let I be an interval contained in the domain of a real valued function f. Then f is said
to be
(ii) strictly increasing on I 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 < 𝑦 𝑖𝑛 𝐼 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑓(𝑥) < 𝑓(𝑦), 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ 𝐼 (iii) decreasing
(iv) strictly decreasing on I 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 < 𝑦 𝑖𝑛 𝐼 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑓(𝑥) > 𝑓(𝑦), 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ 𝐼
Then
(i) If f ′(x) changes sign from positive to negative as x increases through c, then c is a point
of local maxima and maximum value of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓( 𝑐) .
(ii) If f ′(x) changes sign from negative to positive as x increases through c, then c is
a point of local minima and minimum value of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓( 𝑐) .
(iii) If f ′(x) does not change sign as x increases through c, then c is neither a point of local
maxima nor a point of local minima. Infact, such a point is called point of inflexion.
Second Derivative Test
Let f be a function defined on an interval I and c ∈ I. Let f be twice differentiable at c. Then
(i) 𝑥 = 𝑐 is a point of local maxima if 𝑓 ′(𝑐) = 0 and 𝑓 ″(𝑐) < 0 The values f (c) is local maximum
value of f .
(ii) (ii) x = c is a point of local minima if 𝑓 ′(𝑐) = 0 and 𝑓 ″(𝑐) > 0 In this case, f (c) is local
minimum value of f .
• Find 𝑓’(𝑥)
• Let 𝑓’(𝑥) = 0
I N T E G R A T I O N
FORMULAS
x n+1
x dx = +c ; 2. dx = x + c ;
n
1.
n +1
2
3
dx − 1
3. x dx = x 2 + c ;
3
4. x2 = x + c ;
dx
5. = 2 x +c ; 6. e x dx = e x + c ;
x
ax dx
7. a x dx =
log a
+c; 8. x = log x + c
9. sin xdx = − cos x + c ; 10. cos xdx = sin x + c ;
dx
17. = tan −1 x + c = − cot −1 x + c ; 18. sec xdx = log sec x + tan x + c ;
1+ x 2
19. cos ec xdx = log cos ecx − cot x + c ; 20. tan xdx = log sec x + c
dx 1 a+x
21. cot xdx = log sin x + c ; 22. a−x 22
=
2a
log
a−x
+c
dx 1 x−a dx 1 x
23. x = log +c; 24. 2 = tan −1 + c ;
−a 22
2a x+a a +x 2
a a
dx x dx x
25. = sec −1 + c 26. = sin −1 + c ;
x x2 − a2 a a2 − x2 a
dx dx
27. = log x + x 2 − a 2 + c ; 28. = log x + a 2 + x 2 + c ;
x2 − a2 a +x 2 2
x a −x
2 2 2
a x
29. a 2 − x 2 dx =
2
+ sin −1 + c
2 a
x x −a 2 2
a 2
30. x 2 − a 2 dx =
2
− log x + x 2 − a 2 + c ;
2
x x +a 2 2
a2
31. x 2 + a 2 dx =
2
+ log x + x 2 + a 2 + c
2
32. f ( x ).g ( x )dx = f ( x ).G ( x ) − G (x ). f ( x )dx 1 I Inverse Trigonometry Functions
Here preference for first function in “BY PARTS” 2 L Logarithmic Functions
G(x) is integration of g(x) 3 A Algebraic Functions
4 T Trigonometric Functions
5 E Exponential Functions
Important conversions
1. tan 2 x = sec 2 x -1 2. cot 2 x = cosec 2 x -1 3. cos 2 mx =
(1 + cos 2mx ) 4. Sin 2 mx =
(1 − cos 2mx )
2 2
mx mx
5. 1 Sin x = 1 cos − x 6. 1+ cos m x = 2 cos2 7. 1- cos m x = 2 sin 2
2 2 2
Algebra of Integration
1. ( f (x ) g ( x ))dx = f (x )dx g (x )dx 2. f ( x )dx = f ( x )dx
3. f (ax)dx = F (x ) + c
1
a
4. f (x + b)dx = F (x + b) + c .
Types of integrations
1) In the integration if function have trigonometric ratio, logarithmic or exponential function in which the
index is f(x) put f (x) = t.
Sin xdx / Cos n xdx / sin n x.Cos n xdx here m or n is odd integer. Separate Sin x / Cos x having
n
2) For
odd index and express the balance as 1-Cos 2 x / 1- Sin 2 x and Put Sin x / Cos x = t.
S.S. Education Bathinda / Maths Online Bathinda 9464387372 Page 14
Sec x.dx / Co sec n x.dx with n positive even integer .Separate Sec 2 x / Co sec 2 x and express the
n
3) For
balance as 1 + tan 2 x / 1 + cot 2 x and put tan x / cot x = t.
dx
4) For with m + n = 2 k ,.Divide num. and deno. by Cos m+ n x and put tan x = t.
m
sin x. cosn x
ax + b
5) For (ax + b ). cx + d .dx OR dx Express a x + b = A (c x + d) + B and find A, B by
n
cx + d
comparing
ax + b
6) For (ax + b). cx 2 + dx + e .dx / dx
cx 2 + dx + c
Express a x + b = A (c x 2 + d.x + e) + B and find A, B by comparing.
7) If degree of Num. is greater than that of Deno. ,First divide Num. by Deno. And express as mix Fraction.
dx
8) , put x= t m.n 9. e x ( f ( x) + f ( x) )dx = e x . f ( x) + c
n
x− x m
cos.x sin .x dx
10) dx OR dx Put x a = t For Divide Num. and Den.
cos(x a) sin( x a ) sin( x − a) sin( x − b)
dx
By sin (b-a ) and in Num. and express sin( b-a ) = sin[(x-a)-(x-b)] For Divide
sin (x − a ) cos(x − b )
Num. and Den. By cos (b-a ) and express cos( b-a ) = cos[(x-a)-(x-b)]
11. e sin bx.dx OR e cos bx.dx integrate two times using “integrate by parts”
ax ax
dx dx
12. Quadratic OR Quadratic
Express Quadratic as perfect square.
x2 1
x 4 + kx 2 + 1 dx , Divide Num. and Deno. by x and express the denominator as perfect square with
2
13.
P ( x) Ax + B C P ( x) A B
= 2 + = 2 + 2
(x + )(x − ) (x + ) (x − )
3. 4.
2
( x + a)( x + b) x + a x + b
2 2
n(n + 1)
2
13 + 2 3 + 3 3 + ------------ + n 3 =
2
rn −1 eh −1
(ii) a + ar + ar 2 + ---------+ ar n = a iii) lim =1
r −1 h →0 h
Properties of definite intrigation:
a b a a a
1.
a
f ( x).dx = 0 2.
a
f ( x).dx = − f ( x).dx
b
3.
0
f ( x).dx = f (a − x).dx
0
b c b
5. f ( x).dx =
−a
0 if f (− x) = − f ( x) i.e. f ( x) is odd function.
6. f ( x).dx =
0
0 if f ( 2a − x ) = − f ( x )
2. f ( x).dx if f ( 2a − x ) = f ( x )
0
b b
7.
a
f ( x).dx = f ( z )dz
a
b b
8. f ( x).dx = f (a + b − x).dx
a a
➢ CURVE –
➢ LINE
• CIRCLE
• PARABOLA
• ELLIPSE
STEPS
1)
• Let 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥
•
• Substitute 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥 and in
• Then use variables and separables in terms of 𝑦 and 𝑣 only
• Let 𝑥 = 𝑣𝑦
•
• Substitute and
• Then use variables and separables in terms of and only
❖
❖
❖
❖
❖ ❖
VECTORS
➢ Position vector of the point
➢
➢ Let then
➢ Projection of
➢
❖ If are the direction cosines and are the direction ratios of a line then
2 2 2
where PQ= √ (𝑥2 − 𝑥1 ) + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 ) + (𝑧2 − 𝑧1 )
❖ Direction ratios of a line are the numbers which are proportional to the direction cosines of a line.
❖ Skew lines are lines in space which are neither parallel nor intersecting. They lie in different planes.
❖ Angle between skew lines is the angle between two intersecting lines drawn from any point
(preferably through the origin) parallel to each of the skew lines.
❖ If are the direction cosines of two lines; and is the acute angle between
the two lines; then
❖ If are the direction ratios of two lines and is the acute angle
❖ The vector equation of a line which passes through two points whose position vectors are
LINEAR PROGRAMMING
(i) LPP and its Mathematical Formulation
**Solving linear programming problem using Corner Point Method. The method comprises of the following
1. Find the feasible region of the linear programming problem and determine
points(vertices) either by inspection or by solving the two equations of the lines intersecting at the point.
2. Evaluate the objective function Z=ax+ by at each corner point. Let M and m, respectively
denote the largest and smallest values of these points
.
3. (i) When the feasible region is bounded, M and m are the maximum and minimum values of Z.
(ii) In case, the feasible region is unbounded, we have:
4. (a) M is the maximum value of Z , if the open half plane determined by ax+ by >M has no point in
common with the feasible region. Otherwise, Z has no maximum value.
(b) Similarly, m is the minimum value of Z, if the open half plane determined by ax+ by<m has no point in
common with the feasible region. Otherwise, Z has no minimum value.
PROBABILITY
Concepts
(i) Conditional Probability
(ii)Multiplication theorem on probability
(iv) Baye’s theorem, partition of sample space and Theorem of total probability
** Probability of an Event.
(i) If E be the event associated with an experiment, then probability of E, denoted by P(E) is defined
as
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝐸
P(E) = 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑆
It being assumed that the outcomes of the experiment in reference are equally likely.
(iii) If 𝐸1 , 𝐸2 , 𝐸3 … … , 𝐸𝑘 are mutually exclusive and exhaustive events associated with an experiment
(i.e. if 𝐸1 ∪ 𝐸2 ∪ 𝐸3 ∪, , , ,∪ 𝐸𝑘 ) = S and
𝐸𝑖 ∩ 𝐸𝑗 = ∅ for i, j ∈ {1,2,3,…,k} i≠ 𝑗) then
P (𝐸1 ) + P (𝐸2 ) + P (𝐸3 ) + …. + P (𝐸𝑘 ) = 1.