IS 1893(PART-I)-2016

PROVISIONS ON
SEISMIC DESIGN
OF BUILDINGS

Dr. M. M. Murudi
Professor,
Structural Engineering Department
Sardar Patel College of Engineering
Mumbai.
 ACKNOWLEDEMENT

OUR SINCERE THANKS TO PROF. SUDHIR

K. JAIN AND PROF. C.V.R. MURTY OF IIT
KANPUR FOR TECHNICAL CONTENT AND
PRESENTATION AIDS.
Equivalent Static Method
WHY TO DESIGN THE STRUCTURES

FOR EARTHQUAKE LOAD?

 SEISMIC DESIGN CRITERIA
● Facts
● Earthquake proof construction is
practically impossible
● Structures to resist most severe shaking
are too expensive to build
● Most severe earthquakes are not frequent
 SEISMIC DESIGN CRITERIA
● Design objectives
● Structure should be able to resist:

Minor and frequent

No damage
earthquakes<DBE

Moderate earthquakes No structural damage, some

non-structural damage
(=DBE)

Severe and infrequent

earthquakes Structural damage but NO
COLLAPSE
(=MCE)
 ACTUAL VS DESIGN SPECTRA
● Design spectra values are much lower than
actual earthquake spectra
Actual Earthquake
(>MCE)
S
pe
ct
ra Code Spectra
l (MEC)
A Design
cc Spectra
el
er
ati LOWER
on

Time Period (sec)

 SEISMIC DESIGN CRITERIA
● Earthquake-resistant design is based on dual design
philosophy
● Safety-level design : Safety of structure (or its
occupants) should not be compromised under extreme
earthquake events
● Serviceability-level design : Serviceability (utility) of
structure should not be unexpectedly disrupted under
more regularly occurring earthquake events
Design codes endeavour to satisfy both
performance requirements through a
combination of analysis, design and
detailing specifications
 GENERAL PRINCIPLES
● Ground Motion:
● Earthquake ground motions can be resolved in three mutually
perpendicular directions: 2 horizontal and 1 vertical
● Predominant direction is horizontal

● Vertical acceleration should be considered:

● In structures with large spans
● Those in which stability is a criterion for design
● For overall stability of structures
● May be critical for Prestressed horizontal members and of
cantilever members.
LOADSANDSTRESSES.

•LimitStateDesignforRCStructures
-Partialsafetyfactorsonloads
•1.5(DL+LL)
•1.2(DL+LL*‡EQ)
•1.5(DL#EQ)
•0.9DL#1.5EQ
LI*="Reduced"LiveLoad
 EARTHQUAKE LOAD
Design Horizontal Earthquake Load when the lateral load
resisting elements are oriented along orthogonal horizontal
directions:
 EARTHQUAKE LOAD
Design Horizontal Earthquake Load when the lateral load
resisting elements are not oriented along orthogonal
horizontal directions:
SEISMIC ZONES
 DUCTILITY
● Ductility is the ability of a member to deform
beyond its elastic limit without significant loss in its
strength and stiffness
● IS codes assume/enforce minimum ductility
specifications
M Ductile Moment
Member
o curvature
m
en relationship
t
Brittle Member
for beam
under
flexural
Elastic Limit
stress
Rotation
 DUCTILITY
● Objective of ductility provisions are:
● Provide large capacity for inelastic deformations
● Provide reliable and consistent inelastic capacity –
capacity of different members and structural systems
should be predictable
● Prescribe relative strengths of different members to
control failure mechanisms at joints
● Permit structure to undergo large inelastic deformations
before collapse – fail-safe design philosophy
● Buildings can be designed for lower earthquake
forces if ductile behavior is ensured
 DUCTILITY

Remember

Higher ductility implies

lower design forces but
greater acceptable
damage
 DUCTILITY

Remember

Higher ductility implies

greater damage to
non-structural
elements and
services
REDUCTION OF SEISMIC LOAD
EQUIVALENT STATIC METHOD
Sr.
Building Importance factor
NO
1 Critical and lifeline structures 1.5
2 Business continuity structures 1.2
3 Other buildings 1
Spectra for Equivalent Static Method as per
IS 1893- Part 1 – 2016
(corresponding to 5% damping)
 EMPERICAL TIME PERIOD FORMULAE - Ta

Bare MRF buildings (without any masonry infill)

RC MRF 0.075h0.75
RC-STEEL
0.080h0.75
COMPOSITE MRF
STEEL MRF 0.085h0.75

h = height of building in metres

IS 13920-2015
IS 13920-2015
DESIGNLATERALFORCE…SCM

•DistributionofDesignLateralForce
-Alongheighttodifferentfloorlevels
W.h?
Qi=V N

EWh
j=1

-Ateachfloorleveltodifferentlateralforceresisting
elements

•Ifrigidfloordiaphragm,
inproportiontotheirstiffnesses
•Iffloordiaphragmflexible,
consideringin-planeflexibilityofdiaphragm
Minimum design lateral force

Seismic zone ρ
percent
II 0.7
III 1.1
IV 1.6
V 2.4
 DYNAMIC ANALYSIS

● Linear dynamic analysis shall be performed to obtain

the design lateral force for all buildings, other than
regular buildings lower than 15m in Seismic Zone II

● METHODS BASED ON DYNAMIC ANALYSIS:

● Time History Method

● Response Spectrum Method

 TIME HISTORY METHOD

The Time History method of analysis, when used, shall

be based on an appropriate ground motion and shall

be performed using accepted principles of dynamics

 RESPONSE SPECTRUM METHOD
➢Design Lateral Force at Each Floor in Each Mode
The peak lateral force Qik at floor i in mode k is given by

Qik = A k Φ ik Pk Wi

A k = Design horizontal spectrum value using the natural period Tk of

mode k

Pk = Mode Participation Factor of Mode k

Pk =

Wi = Seismic weight of floor i

Φ ik = Mode shape coefficient at floor i in mode k

RESPONSE SPECTRUM METHOD
●Modal Mass:
The modal mass Mk of mode k is given by

g = Acceleration due to gravity ,

= Mode shape coefficient at floor i in mode k and

Wi = Seismic weight of floor i

 RESPONSE SPECTRUM METHOD
➢Storey Shear Forces in Each Mode:
The peak shear force ( Vik ) acting in storey i in mode k is given by

➢Storey Shear Forces due to All Modes Considered:

The Peak storey shear force (Vi ) due to all modes considered is obtained by

combining those due to each in accordance with modal combination rules

➢Lateral Forces at Each Storey Due to All Modes Considered:

The design lateral forces F roof and Fi at roof and at floor i are given by

F roof = Vroof Fi = Vi - Vi+1

 MODAL COMBINATION RULES
The Peak Response Quantities Shall be Combined as per :
● Complete Quadratic Combination (CQC)

● Square Root of Sum of Square (SRSS)

● Absolute Sum (ABS)

➢Complete Quadratic Combination Rule:

l=

r = Numbers of modes being considered

li = Response quantity in mode i (with sign)

lj = Response quantity in mode j (with sign)

MODAL COMBINATION RULES
 MODAL COMBINATION RULES
➢Square Root of Sum of Square Method:
If the building has well separated modes, then the peak response quantity due to

all modes considered shall be obtained as

l=

= Absolute values of quantity in mode k

r = Number of modes being considered

 MODAL COMBINATION RULES

➢Absolute Sum Method:

If the building has few closely spaced modes, then the peak response

quantity l* due to these modes shall be obtained as

Where the summation is for the closely-spaced modes only. This response

quantity due to the closely spaced modes is then combined with those of

the remaining well separated modes by SRSS method.

 NUMBER OF MODES TO BE
CONSIDERED
➢The no. of modes to be used in analysis should be such that the sum
total of modal masses of all modes considered is at least 90 percent
of the total seismic mass

➢If modes with natural frequency beyond 33 Hz are to be considered,

modal combination shall be carried out only for modes with
frequencies up to 33 Hz

➢The effect of higher modes shall be included by considering missing

mass correction following well established procedures
 MISSING MASS CORRECTION
The missing mass correction for higher modes by static
correction method

u(t) = The total displacement response

n = No. of lower modes considered for dynamic response computation

[k]-1 = Total flexibility matrix

[F]k = Structural flexibility in mode k

{f} = Load vector

Spectra for Response Spectrum Method as
per IS 1893- Part 1 – 2016 (corresponding
to 5% damping)
From Equivalent Static Method, which
is based on empirical Ta
DESIGNLATERALFORCE...

Torsion
•Uncertainties
-Locationofimposedload
-Contributionstostructuralstiffness
•AccidentalEccentricity
•TorsiontobeconsideredinSymmetric
Buildings
•DesignEccentricity
1.5e,;+0.056, 1
en=Worstoryc,-0.056,
DESIGNLATERALFORCE..

-TwocasesofDesignEccentricity

CM* СМ CM*

0.05b, 0.05b,
eri
105 + ++
e; e

1.5es;+0.056; e;-0.05b,
Cracked section properties

For structural analysis, the moment of inertia may be taken as

:

For RC and masonry structures

70% of gross moment of inertia for columns
35% of gross moment of inertia for beams

For steel structures

Gross moment of inertia for both beams and columns
 DEFORMATIONDESIGN
•ThreeAspects
-Inter-storeyDrift
-SeparationBetweenAdjacentUnits
-DeformationCompatibilityRequirement
•RelaxationincaseofDynamicAnalysis(RSM)
-Fordeformationdesign,if
IRSM SCM

thendisplacementsfromRSMneednotbemultipliedby
VB
VB
•UseoflargerTusuallyobtainedfromRSM(byneglecting
infillwalls,say)isconservativefordisplacementcalculation
DEFORMATIONDESIGN..

•Inter-storeyDrift
-Storeydriftunderdesignlateralloadwithpartial
loadfactor1.0
8<0.004h,
§.
DEFORMATIONDESIGN.

•SeparationBetweenAdjacentUnits
-Twoadjacentbuildings

-Tivoadj acentunitsofsamebulling3,5448.o.
-Amountofseparation

•Floorslevelsareatsameelevation

^> R.(51 design

+152ldesig
n.
•Floorslevelsareatdifferentelevations
A>R.US,|des +8,
ign design
For buildings located in seismic zones III,IV,V, it
shall be ensured that structural components, that
are not a part of seismic force resisting system in
considered direction of ground motion but are
monolithically connected, do not lose their
vertical load carrying capacity under induced net
stress resultants, including additional bending
moments and shear forces resulting from storey
deformations equal to R times storey
displacements calculated under design lateral
force n that direction
DEFORMATIONDESIGN..

-Applicabletonon-seismicelements
•e.g.,Columnsinflatslabbuildings::
Say,shearwallsaredesignedfortotalseismicforce
andcolumnsonlyforgravityloads

MRE

ShearWall

ShearWall
 BUILDINGCONFIGURATION

•Configurationemphasised
-Comprehensivesectiononidentifyingirregularities
-Qualitativedefinitionsofirregularbuildings

•Twotypes
-PlanIrregularities
-VerticalIrregularities
 Amax
Aminen
PLAN Amax>1.5Amin
•For torsionally irregular buildings, when the
ratio of Δmax to Δmin is :

•1.5-2.0 – the building configuration shall be revised

to ensure that the natural period of fundamental
torsional mode of oscillation shall be smaller than
those of first two translational modes along each of
principal plan directions and 3D dynamic analysis
method shall be adopted

•> 2.0 – building configuration shall be revised

 If the geometric area of the cutout is :

• ≤50% - slab shall be considered rigid or flexible depending on

location and size of opening

• >50% - floor slab shall be considered flexible

In a building with out-of-plane offsets in vertical elements, following two
conditions shall be satisfied, if building is located in Seismic Zone III, IV or V:
(a) Lateral drift shall be less than 0.2% in the storey having the offset and in the
storeys below; and
(b) Specialist literature shall be referred for removing the irregularity arising due to
out-of-plane offsets in vertical elements.
- A soft storey is a storey whose lateral stiffness is less than that of
the storey above

- The structural plan density (SPD) shall be estimated when

unreinforced masonry infills are used.

-When SPD of masonry infills exceeds 20%, the effect of URM

infills shall be considered by explicitly modelling the same in
structural analysis.

The design forces for RC members shall be larger of that

obtained from analysis of:

a) Bare Frame, and

b) Frames with URM Infills,
using 3D modeling of the structure.

In buildings designed considering URM infills, the inter-storey

drift shall be limited to 0.2 percent in the storey with stiffening and
also in all storeys below.
L2 > 1.25L1
 b>a
• In Seismic Zone II, the
lateral drift shall be limited
to 0.2% of the building
height
a

• In Seismic Zones III, IV and

V, buildings with in-plane
discontinuity shall not be
permitted.
b
Floating and stub columns
•Such columns are likely to cause concentrated damage in the
structure
•This feature is undesirable and should be prohibited if it is a
part of or supporting the primary lateral load resisting system
Irregular modes of oscillation in two principal
plan directions
•A building is said to have lateral storey irregularity
in a principal plan direction if :

•The first 3 modes contribute <65% mass participation

factor in each principal plan direction. This should be
avoided in all 4 seismic zones

•The fundamental lateral natural periods of the building in

two principal plan directions are closer to each other by
10% of larger value. This should be avoided atleast in
seismic zones IV and V
RC frame buildings with unreinforced
masonry infills (URM)
•
•
• In such buildings measures shall be adopted, which increase both stiffness and
strength like:
a) RC structural walls, or b) Braced frames, in select bays
• When the RC structural walls are provided, they shall be:
a) founded on properly designed foundations;
b) continuous preferably over full height of building; and
c) connected preferably to the moment resisting frame of building.
d) Not cause additional torsional irregularity in plan than already present
e) Lateral stiffness in the open storey >80 percent of that in the storey above;
and
f) Lateral strength in the open storey > 90 percent of that in the storey above.
g) Have at least 2 percent (SPD) along each principal direction in Seismic
Zones III, IV and V and well distributed in the plan of the building along each
direction.
• Piles shall be designed to withstand maximum
curvature imposed (structural response) by
earthquake ground shaking

• Design of anchorage of piles into the pile cap

shall consider combined effects of axial force
due to uplift and bending moments due to
fixity of pile cap
Thank You