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    DAV PUBLIC SCHOOL (Physics) XII A

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    Anish Sahoo
    1) Anish Kumar Sahoo of DAV Public School completed a physics investigatory project on the factors that affect the internal resistance of a cell under the guidance of his teacher Mr. Chittaranjan Patra. 2) The project analyzed how internal resistance is affected by the distance between electrodes, electrode surface area, electrolyte temperature, and electrolyte concentration through a set of experiments. 3) The results showed that internal resistance increases with greater electrode separation, lower electrode area, lower electrolyte temperature, and lower electrolyte concentration, in agreement with theoretical expectations.

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    DAV PUBLIC SCHOOL (Physics) XII A

    Uploaded by

    Anish Sahoo
    178 views14 pages
    1) Anish Kumar Sahoo of DAV Public School completed a physics investigatory project on the factors that affect the internal resistance of a cell under the guidance of his teacher Mr. Chittaranjan Patra. 2) The project analyzed how internal resistance is affected by the distance between electrodes, electrode surface area, electrolyte temperature, and electrolyte concentration through a set of experiments. 3) The results showed that internal resistance increases with greater electrode separation, lower electrode area, lower electrolyte temperature, and lower electrolyte concentration, in agreement with theoretical expectations.

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    Physics class 12 investigatory project factors affecting emf

    Original Title

    DAV PUBLIC SCHOOL (physics)XII A

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    1) Anish Kumar Sahoo of DAV Public School completed a physics investigatory project on the factors that affect the internal resistance of a cell under the guidance of his teacher Mr. Chittaranjan Patra. 2) The project analyzed how internal resistance is affected by the distance between electrodes, electrode surface area, electrolyte temperature, and electrolyte concentration through a set of experiments. 3) The results showed that internal resistance increases with greater electrode separation, lower electrode area, lower electrolyte temperature, and lower electrolyte concentration, in agreement with theoretical expectations.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    178 views14 pages

    DAV PUBLIC SCHOOL (Physics) XII A

    Uploaded by

    Anish Sahoo
    1) Anish Kumar Sahoo of DAV Public School completed a physics investigatory project on the factors that affect the internal resistance of a cell under the guidance of his teacher Mr. Chittaranjan Patra. 2) The project analyzed how internal resistance is affected by the distance between electrodes, electrode surface area, electrolyte temperature, and electrolyte concentration through a set of experiments. 3) The results showed that internal resistance increases with greater electrode separation, lower electrode area, lower electrolyte temperature, and lower electrolyte concentration, in agreement with theoretical expectations.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 14

    DAV PUBLIC SCHOOL

    MCL, KALINGA

    AREA ,TALCHER

    ACADEMIC SESSION 2023-2024


    PHYSICS INVESTEGATORY
    PROJECT

    TOPIC: To study various factors on


    which the internal resistance/EMF of a
    cell depends.
    PREPARED BY:- ANISH KUMAR SAHOO
    GUIDED BY:- Mr. CHITTARANJAN PATRA

    CERTIFICATE
    This is to certify that Anish ku sahoo a
    student of class XII [SCIENCE] of DAV
    PUBLIC SCHOOL MCL KALINGA AREA
    has successfully completed the PHYSICS
    Investigatory Project titled as “TO STUDY
    VARIOUS FACTORS ON WHICH THE
    INTERNAL RESISTANCE/EMF OF A
    CELL DEPENDS”under the guidance of
    Mr.CHITTARANJAN PATRA, PGT
    (Physics) as per the requirement of CBSE
    ISSCE-2023-24 .
    Mr.C.R PATRA Mr.S.K
    BHOI
    PGT, PHYSICS
    PRINCIPAL
    DAV P.S, MCL,KALINGA AREA DAV P.S, MCL
    KALINGA AREA

    ACKNOWLEDGEME
    NT
    I extend my heartful gratitude to my physics
    teacher Mr. CHITTARANJAN PATRA for
    his help and cooperation without his support
    and valuable suggestion it would have been
    impossible on my part to complete this
    project “TO STUDY VARIOUS FACTORS
    ON WHICH THE INTERNAL
    RESISTANCE/EMF OF A CELL
    DEPENDS’’
    I extend my special thanks to our esteemed
    Principal Sir Mr. S.K. BHOI for his
    cooperation and encouragement.
    I am thankful to CBSE Authorization for
    their idea about the project for it which
    helped me to come across many facts about
    which I don’t know.

    NAME:- ANISH KUMAR SAHOO


    CLASS:- XII [SCIENCE]
    ISSCE ROLL NO.

    INDEX
    S.no topics

    1 Introduction
     internal resistance
    2 Practical analysis
     Objective
     Apparatus
     Theory
     Circuit diagram
     Procedure
     Result & inferences
     Precautions
     Sources of error
    3 Flowchart conclusion
    4 Bibliography

    INTRODUCTION
    There is a great need of batteries in our daily use
    electronic appliances and the use is increasing every
    day. Thus, the batteries need to be made more powerful
    so that their potential can be increased greatly.

    Thus, this project report is based on practical analysis


    for the factors affecting the internal resistance of a cell.
    When the internal resistance of the
    cell is decreased we can increase the
    potential difference across it, and
    hence make it more reliable

    INTERNAL RESISTANCE:-
    Internal resistance is defined as the resistance offered
    by the electrolyte of the cell to the flow of ions.
     It’s S.I unit is ohm (Ω)
    For a cell of e.m.f (E) and internal resistance(r),
    connected to an external resitance (r) such that (i) is the
    current flowing through the circuit,

    Internal Resistance E= v +ir


    r=e-v
    i

    PRACTICAL ANALYSIS
    OBJECTIVE:
    To study the various factors on which the internal
    resistance of a cell depends.
    APPARATUS:
    A potentiometer, a battery(or battery eliminator), two
    one way keys, a rheostat, a galvanometer, a resistance
    box, an ammeter, a cell(leclanche cell), a jockey, a
    setsquare, connecting wires and sand paper.
    THEORY:
    The internal resistance of a cell is the resistance offered
    by its electrolyte to the flow of ions. The internal
    resitance of a cell
     Is directly proportional to the distance between the

    electrodes.
     Is inversely proportional to facing surface area of
    the electrodes in electrolyte.
     Decreases with increase in temperature of
    electrolyte.
     Is inversely proportional to concentration of
    electrolyte.
    The internal resistance of a cell is given by:
    r = (E – V)/I
    CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
    PROCEDURE:
    i. Clean the ends of the connecting wires with
    sand paper and make tight connections
    according to the circuit diagram.
    ii. Tighten the plugs of the resistance box.
    iii. Check the e.m.f of the battery and of the cell
    and make sure that e.m.f of the battery is more
    than that of the cell, otherwise null or balance
    point will not be obtained.
    To study variation of internal resistance with distance of
    separation
    iv. Keep both the electrodes at a distance of 16cm.
    v. Take maximum current from the
    battery,making rheostat resistance small.
    vi. Without inserting a plug in key K2, adjust the
    rheostat so that a null point is obtained on the
    last wire of the potentiometer.
    vii. Determine the position of the null point
    accurately using a set square and measure the
    balancing length (L1)between the null point
    and the end P.
    viii. Next introduce plugs in both keys k1 and k2 at
    the same time, take out a small resistance (1 –
    5w) from the shunt resistance box connected in
    parallel with the cell.
    ix. Slide the jockey along a potentiometer wire
    and obtain the null point.
    x. Measure the balancing length (L2)from end P.
    Record these observations.
    xi. Then remove the plugs of keys k1 and k2. Wait
    for some time and repeat steps 7 and 10.
    xii. Next, keep the electrodes 9cm apart to obtain
    another set of observations.

    OBSERVATIONS:
    S.no Ammeter with R Without Shunt Internal
    Reading (L1) R resistance resistance
    (A) (L2) R (Ω) R(Ω)
    1. 0.3 660.5 35.5 1 0.94
    2. 0.3 660.5 77.2 2 1.77
    3. 0.3 660.5 108.3 3 2.51

    Table for effect of separation between electrodes


    S.no Separation Balancing Balancing Internal r/d
    Between Point point resistance
    electrodes L1(cm) L2(cm) r(Ω)
    d (cm)
    1. 1.2 326.6 276.9 0.456 0.38
    2. 2.5 320.7 219.1 0.95 0.38
    3. 3.7 660.5 350.9 1.406 0.38

    Table for effect of temperature


    S.no Temperature L1(cm) L2(cm) Resistance Internal Tr
    T(˚c) R(Ω) resisitance (Ω)
    r(Ω)
    1. 1.2 326.6 276.9 0.456 0.38 301.4
    4
    2. 2.5 320.7 219.1 0.95 0.38 291.9
    6
    3. 3.7 660.5 350.9 1.406 0.38 283

    RESULT & INFERENCES:


     The electromotive force of the cell is constant and
    is equal to E = 0.98 volt
     The internal resistance of a cell is directly
    proportional to the separation between the
    electrodes.
     The internal resistance of a cell is inversely
    proportional to the area of the electrodes dipped in
    electrolyte.
     The internal resistance of a cell is inversely
    proportional to the temperature of electrolytes.
     The internal resistance of a cell is inversely
    proportional to the concentration of the electrolyte.
    PRECAUTIONS:
     The connections should be neat, clean and tight.
     The plugs should be introduced in the keys only
    when the observations are to be taken
     The positive polls of the battery E and cells E1 and
    E2 should, all be connected to the terminal at the
    zero of the wires.
     The jockey key should not be rubbed along the
    wire. It should touch the wire gently.
    SOURCES OF ERROR:
     The auxiliary battery may not be fully charged.
     The potentiometer wire may not be of uniform
    cross-section and material density throughout its
    length.
     End resistances may not be zero.
    FLOWCHART CONCLUSION:
    BIBLIOGRAPHY
    For successfully completing my project. I have taken
    help from following website links:
    www.google.com
    www.documents.mx
    www.youtube.com
    www.wikipedia.org
    www.docfoc.com

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