Laforgia 1997
Laforgia 1997
Laforgia 1997
Activity before exercise influences recovery metabolism in the lizard Dipsosaurus dorsalis
D.A. Scholnick and T.T. Gleeson
J Exp Biol, June 15, 2000; 203 (12): 1809-1815.
[Abstract] [PDF]
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Comparison of energy expenditure elevations
after submaximal and supramaximal running
J. LAFORGIA, R. T. WITHERS, N. J. SHIPP, AND C. J. GORE
Exercise Physiology Laboratory, School of Education, The Flinders
University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
Laforgia, J., R. T. Withers, N. J. Shipp, and C. J. Gore. by far the most exhausting bout for any of the EPOC
Comparison of energy expenditure elevations after submaxi- studies. They concluded that even after a 35-km run,
mal and supramaximal running. J. Appl. Physiol. 82(2): which is well beyond the capacities of sedentary per-
661–666, 1997.—Although exercise intensity has been identi- sons, the contribution of the postexercise increase in
fied as a major determinant of the excess postexercise oxygen metabolism to weight loss is relatively minor when
consumption (EPOC), no studies have compared the EPOC
after submaximal continuous running and supramaximal
compared with the net energy expenditure during the
interval running. Eight male middle-distance runners [age 5 run.
21.1 6 3.1 (SD) yr; mass 5 67.8 6 5.1 kg; maximal oxygen Bahr and Sejersted (6) have reported an exponential
consumption (V̇O2 max) 5 69.2 6 4.0 ml · kg21 · min21] therefore relationship between exercise intensity and the EPOC
completed two equated treatments of treadmill running for prolonged exercise. Furthermore, Gore and Withers
(continuous running: 30 min at 70% V̇O2 max; interval running: (17) demonstrated that exercise intensity was the
20 3 1-min intervals at 105% V̇O2 max with intervening 2-min major determinant of the EPOC because it explained
rest periods) and a control session (no exercise) in a counter- five times more of the EPOC variance than either
balanced research design. The 9-h EPOC values were 6.9 6 exercise duration or total work completed. This may be
3.8 and 15.0 6 3.3 liters (t-test: P 5 0.001) for the submaximal pertinent to athletes who perform supramaximal exer-
and supramaximal treatments, respectively. These values cise (intensity .100% V̇O2 max) during interval training.
represent 7.1 and 13.8% of the net total oxygen cost of both
Table 1. Weekly training loads Heart rate. Heart rate (HR) was monitored continuously
during all V̇O2 measurements by an electrocardiogram (Becton-
Subject Running, km Other Dickinson, Sharon, MA) by using a CM-5 electrode placement.
Rectal temperature. During the treatment and control days,
MJ 49–60 2 h of cycling; 2-h weight session
FA 120
rectal temperature (Tre ) was monitored continuously by cus-
SH 60–70 tomized equipment (18) that was calibrated before data col-
MM 80–90 2.5 km of swimming lection against a glass thermometer that had been certified by
MP 25–35 1.25 h of swimming, 2.5 h of cycling the National Association of Testing Authorities (Australia).
MH 50 2-h weight session Experimental design. All subjects participated in a control
MDH 55 day and two treatment days that were counterbalanced to
NT 95–100 eliminate any order effect. Such a design with eight subjects
Listed are average weekly training loads for 12 mo preceding is sensitive enough to detect (a 5 0.05 and power 5 0.9) an
experiment. EPOC difference of 5 liters [excess postexercise energy expen-
diture (EPEE) 5 ,100 kJ] between the two treatments.
Subjects were familiarized with the laboratory on three
separate occasions before the control and treatments. Two of
calorimetry system described by Sainsbury et al. (27). The
these visits involved RMR-habituation trials. Subjects in-
Beckman LB-2 CO2 analyzer (Anaheim, CA) and Ametek
gested a standard dinner (,5,800 kJ; 70% carbohydrate, 15%
S-3A O2 analyzer (Pittsburgh, PA) were calibrated before
fat, 15% protein) by 2000 h before the control and treatment
testing and checked for drift at the end of the test by using
days, which commenced at 0720, and they were only permit-
three gases that had been authenticated by Lloyd-Haldane
ted to drink water thereafter. On arriving at the laboratory,
analyses. Inspired volume was measured by a P. K. Morgan
subjects were asked to void and empty their bowel before
MK2 turbine-volume transducer (Rainham, Kent, UK) that
being weighed. After subjects were weighed, a rectal tempera-
was calibrated before and after testing by using a 1-liter
ture probe (18) was inserted and chest electrodes were
syringe in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions.
attached. The subjects then rested quietly on a bed with their
The accuracy of the turbine had previously been established
shoulders slightly elevated.
throughout the range spanning light to maximum exercise
RMR was determined after 50 min of bed rest and was
Table 2. Total and recovery oxygen and energy consumption for 2 treatments
Treatment EPOC, liters NTOC, liters EPOC/NTOC, % EPEE, kJ NTEE, kJ EPEE/NTEE, %
Submaximal running 6.9 6 3.8 97.3 6 10.4 7.1 133 6 82 2,019 6 206 6.6
Supramaximal running 15.0 6 3.3 108.4 6 12.2 13.8 268 6 87 2,256 6 264 11.9
Between-treatment comparison
t-Test 5.40 5.35 3.81 3.98
P 0.001 0.001 0.007 0.005
Values are means 6 SD; n 5 8 subjects. EPOC, excess postexercise oxygen consumption; NTOC, net total oxygen cost; EPEE, excess
postexercise energy expenditure; NTEE, net total energy expenditure.
undertaken regularly. Although the EPEE resultant from untrained young male subjects completed one, two, and
supramaximal running in this study would be associ- three 2-min bouts of cycling at 108% V̇O2 max, which
ated with a greater cumulative effect, the exercise were associated with an elevation of recovery V̇O2 for
intensity and duration involved would be beyond the 30, 60, and 240 min and with EPOC values of 4.8, 10.4,
capabilities of nonathletes. It has also been reported and 16.6 liters, respectively. Although Brockman et al.
that exercise programs utilizing intensities .85% (8) also employed interval treadmill running, their
V̇O2 max are associated with significant increases in maximum workload was not supramaximal (7 3 2-min
dropout rates and injuries (22). exercise bouts at 90% V̇O2max with 2-min active rest peri-
Few researchers (1, 2, 17, 33) have reported the ods). They reported a 12.7% elevation in recovery V̇O2
precision of their indirect calorimetry system, and this after 1 h for their young female distance runners, which
is a key issue underlying our conclusions. The lack of is similar to that found in this study for the supramaxi-
reliability data, combined with inadequate controls for mal treatment. The difference in recovery times be-
the factors known to influence RMR, often confound tween the preceding studies and our treatments could
the diurnal variation in RMR (17, 25) was 7.1 liters min more than the matched control values. Given that
compared with our value of 6.9 liters. In the only study the heart consumes ,10% of the resting V̇O2 (19) and
of supramaximal exercise, Bahr et al. (2) reported an the elevations in HR beyond 1 h of recovery were low
EPOC of 16.3 liters for 14 h postexercise. However, they (2–6 beats/min), the contribution of extra myocardial
utilized untrained men who exercised supramaximally V̇O2 to the EPOC would be negligible.
for only 6 min compared with the 20 min used in our Several other factors have been proposed to contrib-
investigation, which was associated with a 9-h EPOC of ute to EPOC. These include the potentiated thermic
15.0 liters. It is interesting to note that the Gore and effect of feeding (TEF), elevated ventilation (V̇E), lac-
Withers (17) data for 80 min of treadmill running at tate metabolism, hormonal influences, substrate cy-
70% V̇O2 max, which is over double the work performed in cling, and glycogen synthesis from ingested carbohy-
our supramaximal protocol, produced a similar 8-h drate. Bahr and Sejersted (5) reported that a 4.5-MJ
EPOC of 14.6 liters. test meal 2 h after cessation of 80-min cycling at 75%
The dip in RER values for both treatments before 1 h V̇O2 max did not potentiate the TEF. Hence, it is unlikely
postexercise (Fig. 1B) is indicative of CO2 retention that any of the EPOC differences in this study can be
after strenuous exercise to replenish the bicarbonate attributed to a 5.8-MJ meal 3 h after the cessation of
used to buffer lactic acid. The more pronounced fall for exercise. V̇E for the treatments in this study was
the interval treatment was probably due to greater elevated above the control V̇E by ,9% at 1 h postexer-
lactate buffering. Recovery RER values were signifi- cise but had returned to control levels for both treat-
cantly lower than the control values during the first 4 h ments by 2 h postexercise. The V̇O2 of the respiratory
of recovery for the supramaximal treatment. Muscle muscles at rest is 1–2% of the RMR (26); it is therefore
glycogen stores would have been depleted to a greater likely that the modest elevation in V̇E before 2 h postexer-
extent during the supramaximal treatment, thereby cise would have a negligible effect on the EPOC. The
leading to a greater reliance on fat metabolism in the impact of the other factors on the EPOC have been
recovery period. For the same V̇O2, fat yields less energy reviewed by Bahr (1) and lactate metabolism could
This study was supported by a grant from the Australian Research 16. Garrow, J. S. Energy Balance and Obesity in Man. Amsterdam:
Council. North Holland, 1978, chapt. 5, p. 79–98.
Address for reprint requests: R. T. Withers, Exercise Physiology 17. Gore, C. J., and R. T. Withers. Effect of intensity and duration
Laboratory, School of Education, The Flinders Univ. of South Austra- on post-exercise metabolism. J. Appl. Physiol. 68: 2362–2368,
lia, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia. 1990.
18. Gore, C. J., R. T. Withers, G. F. Woods, and L. Day. Inexpen-
Received 23 April 1996; accepted in final form 20 September 1996. sive probes for the determination of body temperature. Br. J.
Sports Med. 21: 127–129, 1987.
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