Lecure#3 - Local Area Network
Lecure#3 - Local Area Network
Lecure#3 - Local Area Network
LAN Technologies
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Purpose of the Data Link Layer
The Data Link Layer
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Purpose of the Data Link Layer
IEEE 802 LAN/MAN Data Link Sublayers
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Purpose of the Data Link Layer
Providing Access to Media
At each hop along the path, a router performs four basic Layer 2
functions:
• Accepts a frame from the network medium.
• De-encapsulates the frame to expose the encapsulated packet.
• Re-encapsulates the packet into a new frame.
• Forwards the new frame on the medium of the next network segment.
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Purpose of the Data Link Layer
Data Link Layer Standards
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3.2 Topologies
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Topologies
Physical and Logical Topologies
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Topologies
WAN Topologies
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Topologies
Point-to-Point WAN Topology
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Topologies
LAN Topologies
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3.3 Media Access Methods
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Topologies
Half and Full Duplex Communication
Half-duplex communication
• Only allows one device to send or receive at a time on a shared medium.
• Used on WLANs and legacy bus topologies with Ethernet hubs.
Full-duplex communication
• Allows both devices to simultaneously transmit and receive on a shared medium.
• Ethernet switches operate in full-duplex mode.
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Topologies
Access Control Methods
Contention-based access
All nodes operating in half-duplex, competing for use of the medium. Examples are:
• Carrier sense multiple access with collision detection (CSMA/CD) as used on legacy
bus-topology Ethernet.
• Carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA/CA) as used on
Wireless LANs.
Controlled access
• Deterministic access where each node has its own time on the medium.
• Used on legacy networks such as Token Ring and ARCNET.
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Topologies
Contention-Based Access – CSMA/CD
CSMA/CD
• Used by legacy Ethernet LANs.
• Operates in half-duplex mode where only one device sends or receives at a time.
• Uses a collision detection process to govern when a device can send and what
happens if multiple devices send at the same time.
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Topologies
Contention-Based Access – CSMA/CA
CSMA/CA
• Used by IEEE 802.11 WLANs.
• Operates in half-duplex mode where only one device sends or receives at a time.
• Uses a collision avoidance process to govern when a device can send and what
happens if multiple devices send at the same time.
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3.4 Data Link Frame
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Data Link Frame
The Frame
• Data is encapsulated by the data link layer with a header and a trailer to form a frame.
• A data link frame has three parts: i) Header, ii) Data and iii) Trailer
• The fields of the header and trailer vary according to data link layer protocol.
• The amount of control information carried with in the frame varies according to access
control information and logical topology.
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Data Link Frame
Frame Fields
Field Description
Frame Start and Stop Identifies beginning and end of frame
Addressing Indicates source and destination nodes
Type Identifies encapsulated Layer 3 protocol
Control Identifies flow control services
Data Contains the frame payload
Error Detection Used for determine transmission errors
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Data Link Frame
Layer 2 Addresses
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Data Link Frame
LAN and WAN Frames
The logical topology and physical media determine the data link
protocol used:
• Ethernet
• 802.11 Wireless
• Point-to-Point (PPP)
• High-Level Data Link Control (HDLC)
• Frame-Relay
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