Test Bank For College Physics 5th Edition Alan Giambattista
Test Bank For College Physics 5th Edition Alan Giambattista
Test Bank For College Physics 5th Edition Alan Giambattista
Answer: C
Type: MC
Topic: Talking Physics
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Chapter: 01
2
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written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
4) Algebraic symbols in physics equations represent physical quantities, therefore
A) the symbols represent numbers only.
B) the symbols represent numbers and units.
C) the symbols consist of units only.
D) the symbols are only abstract.
E) the symbols are only imaginary.
Answer: B
Type: MC
Topic: The Use of Mathematics
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Chapter: 01
5) The last page of a book is numbered 814 and the book is 3.00 cm thick. What is the average
thickness of each page?
A) 2.54 × 103 cm
B) 2.54 × 10-3 cm
C) 7.37 × 10-3 cm
D) 3.92 × 10-3 cm
Answer: C
Type: MC
Topic: Approximation
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Chapter: 01
Answer: C
Type: MC
Topic: The Use of Mathematics
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Chapter: 01
3
Copyright 2020 © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior
written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
7) The radius of a circle is increased by 5%. The percentage increase of the circumference is
A) 5%.
B) 10%.
C) 12%.
D) 16%.
Answer: A
Type: MC
Topic: The Use of Mathematics
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Chapter: 01
Gradable: automatic
8) The radius of a circle is increased by 5%. The percentage increase of the area is about
A) 5%.
B) 10%.
C) 12%.
D) 16%.
Answer: B
Type: MC
Topic: The Use of Mathematics
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Chapter: 01
Answer: C
Type: MC
Topic: The Use of Mathematics
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Chapter: 01
4
Copyright 2020 © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior
written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
10) What is the percentage increase in area when ordering a 14 inch rather than a 12 inch pizza?
A) 16%
B) 26%
C) 36%
D) 46%
Answer: C
Type: MC
Topic: The Use of Mathematics
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Chapter: 01
11) By what approximate factor is a 12 inch pizza larger in area than a 10 inch pizza?
A) 1.2
B) 1.1
C) 1.4
D) 1.6
Answer: C
Type: MC
Topic: The Use of Mathematics
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Chapter: 01
12) If the surface area of a sphere increased by a factor of 3, by what factor did the radius of the
sphere change?
A) 1.14
B) 1.73
C) 2.00
D) 2.24
Answer: B
Type: MC
Topic: The Use of Mathematics
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Chapter: 01
5
Copyright 2020 © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior
written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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and learn to know you, and feed tamely out of your hand, would you
not desire to have some food to give it?”
“O yes: I would give it part of my dinner.”
“But if you had very little dinner, scarcely enough to satisfy your
own hunger, you would buy more bread for your rat if you could. If
your jailer asked you much more than the bread would be worth out
of prison, you would give it him rather than your rat should not come
and play with you. You would pay him first all your copper, and then
all your silver, and then all your gold.”
“Yes, because I could not play with money so pleasantly as with a
live animal, and there would be nothing else that I could buy in such
a place. I had rather have the company of my rat than a pocket full of
gold.”
“So White thought,” observed Marguerite, “and he gave the
turnkey every thing he had left for bread, till his buttons, and his
pencil case, and even his watch were all gone. It was a long time
before he could bring himself to part with his watch; for the moving of
the wheels was something to look at, and the ticking kept his ears
awake, and made him feel less desolate: but when it came to giving
up his watch or his rat, he thought he could least spare his live
companion: so he carefully observed for some time the shifting of the
glimmering light upon the wall, as the morning passed into noon, and
noon into afternoon and evening, and then he thought this sort of dial
might serve him instead of a watch, and he gave it to the turnkey on
condition of having an ounce more bread every day for a year.”
“He must have been pleased to have made his bargain for a whole
year.”
“His pleasure lasted a very short while. The turnkey came earlier
than usual one day when the rat was there, and twisted its neck
before White could stop him.”
Julien stamped with grief and anger when he heard this; but
presently supposed the turnkey was honest enough to restore the
watch. Charles shook his head in answer, and told his little son that
poor White had been quite crazy since that day, and had talked
about nothing but a rat, and shown no desire for any thing but bread
and water since, though it was six years ago that his misfortune had
happened.
“Did you ever hear of paying for water, Julien; or for air?”
No: Julien thought that God had given both so freely that it would
be a sin to sell them. His father thought this not a good reason; for it
seemed to him fair that men should buy and sell whenever one
wanted something that another person had too much of; as much air
and water as corn and flax, which were also given by God.
“Ah, but, papa, it costs men a great deal of trouble to prepare corn
and flax.”
“True; and now you have hit upon the right reason. If corn and flax
grew of themselves on land which belonged to nobody, would you
pay for them, or just gather them without paying?”
“I should be very silly to pay when I might have them without.”
“So I think: but would corn and flax be less valuable then than
now, when we have to pay very dear for them?”
“The corn would be just as good to eat, and the flax to make linen
of: but they would not to change away.”
“No more than the air, which is very useful in breathing, or water
which we could not do without, and which yet would be a very poor
thing to carry to market. Now, would you call water a valuable thing
or not, Julien?”
“No, not at all, because it will buy nothing——O yes, but it is
though; because we could not do without it.—Mamma, is water
valuable or not?”
“Very valuable in use, but not usually in exchange. When things
are valuable in exchange, it is either because they cost labour before
they could be used, or because they are very scarce.”
“So,” observed Charles, “if a mine should ever be dug so deep that
the air is not fresh at the bottom where the miners work, the owner of
the mine would be very glad to buy air of any one who could convey
it down by a machine. Such an one would be wise to charge so
much a gallon for the fresh air he supplied, to pay for the labour and
expense of his machine, and for the trouble of working it.”
Marguerite then mentioned that she once staid in a small country
town during a drought. There was no reservoir of water, and all the
pumps and cisterns were dry. The poor people went out by night into
the neighbouring country, and watched the springs; and any one who
was fortunate enough to obtain a gallon of fresh water was well paid
for it. The price rose every day, till at last one woman gave a calf for
a pailfull of water, hoping to save her cow, it being certain that both
must die without this supply.
“And did she save her cow?”
“Yes. While the woman was anxiously sitting up in bed, planning
what she should change away next, she fancied there was a
different feel in the air; and on looking out of the window, she found
the sky covered with black clouds; and before morning, the trade in
water was over. There was nobody to give a doit for a cistern-full.”
“It was just so with me,” observed Charles, “when I was besieged
in the cellar. I was parched with thirst, and would have given a pipe
of my best wine to any one who would have let me down a quart of
water through the trap-door. Three hours after, I myself threw
hundreds of gallons on the fire at the guard houses, when the order
was given to take them down in an orderly way; and I did not
consider such use of the water any waste. So much for the value
which is given by scarcity.”
“But, papa, though things are more valuable to people when there
is a scarcity of them, the people are less rich than they were before.
That seems to me very odd.”
“Because you have been accustomed to consider value and
wealth as the same things, which they are not. Our wealth consists
in whatever is valuable in use as well as in exchange. Owing to the
storm of last year, I have less wealth in my possession now than I
had then, though what I have may, perhaps, exchange for more
wealth still. I have as much furniture, and as many clothes and
luxuries, and as much money; but I have fewer growing vines, and
much less wine. If I were to use up my own grapes and wine instead
of selling them, they would last a much shorter time than my stock of
the former year would have lasted. So I have less wealth in
possession. But the value of wine has risen so high, in consequence
of scarcity, that I can get as much now of other things in exchange
for a pint, as I could, fourteen months ago, in exchange for a gallon.”
“But that is partly because the wine is older. Mr. Steele is very
particular about the wine being old, and he pays you much more, he
told me, the longer it has been kept.”
“And it is very fair he should, for reasons which you can hardly
understand yet.”
“Try him,” said Marguerite.
“It is impossible, my dear. I refer to the charges I am at for the rent
of my cellar, the wear of my casks, and the loss of interest upon the
capital locked up in the wine. All this must be paid out of the
improvement in the quality of the article; and all this, Julien must wait
a few years to understand.
“Now tell me, my boy, whether you think it a good thing or not that
there should be a scarcity of wine?”
“Why, papa, as we do not want to drink all you have ourselves,
and as people will give you as much for it as they would for twice as
much, I do not think it signifies to you; but it must be a bad thing for
the people of Paris that there is so little wine to be had. At least you
said so about the bread.”
“But if my wine should be as dear next year, and I should have no
more losses from storms, and no more expense than in common
years, in growing my wine, would the high price be a good thing for
me or not?”
“It would be good for you, and bad for your customers; only I think
they would not give you so much for your wine. They would
remember that there had been no more storms, and they would find
people that had cheaper wine to sell, and then they would leave off
buying of you.”
“And they would be very right, if there was anybody to sell
cheaper; as there would be, if labourers had less wages, and so
made it less expensive to grow and prepare wine. But if some way
was found of making more wine than ever, in a cheaper way than
ever, who would be the better for that?”
“The people that buy of you, because I suppose you would let
them have it cheaper.”
“And papa too,” said Marguerite, “for many people would buy wine
who cannot afford it now.”
“Therefore,” concluded Charles, “a high exchangeable value is not
at all a good thing for everybody, though it may be for a time to some
few. And a low exchangeable value is a very good thing to
everybody, if it arises from the only cause which can render it
permanent,—a diminution of the cost of production.”
“But if this happened with every article,” pursued Marguerite,
“there would be an end of the cheapness, though not of the plenty.
As many of one thing would exchange for a certain number of other
things as before.”
“True; but less labour would purchase them all; and this is the
grand consideration. As less labour will now purchase a deal table
than was once necessary to procure a rough hewn log in its place,
less labour still may hereafter buy a mahogany one; and this is a
desirable thing for the purchasers of tables, and no less for the
makers, who will then sell a hundred times the number they can
dispose of now.”
Chapter VI.
NEW DEVICES.
The Parisians soon after showed that they knew little of the
resources on which the supply of the wants of the state should
depend, by having recourse to a measure which, however popular,
was one of great folly;—folly to be exceeded only by an act of the
populace which took place nearly at the same time.
The coffers of the government had long been empty. Loans of
almost every kind, and under every species of pretence, had been
raised upon the suffering nation, some of which proved failures in
their primary object, while others, however great the proceeds in
amount, seemed to be exhausted with somewhat the same speed as
water that is poured into a sieve. Never money went away so fast
before; and whilst the government was dismayed at its magic
property of disappearance, the people grew more and more angry at
what they thought the extravagance of their rulers. Neither of them
took into the account the scarcity of most of the necessaries of life,
and both regarded money as having the same value as ever,—as
being, in itself, the thing required to supply the necessities of the
state. To both it was equally inconceivable why, if so much had
defrayed such and such expenses in former years, double the sum
would go no way at all at present. The ministers and the court could
only tremble at the necessity of owning the truth, while the people
raged, and could be appeased only by court largesses for the relief
of the starving: which largesses went as little way when they had
changed hands as before. Neither party suspected that money,
although scarce, had become very cheap through the still greater
scarcity of other things; and in the absence of this necessary
knowledge, everybody was eager about gold and silver.
The National Assembly had tried all means, first by themselves,
and then with the assistance of Necker, to raise a supply, without
which the affairs of the state could not, they believed, proceed; and
all in vain. Then Necker had leave given him to pursue his own
methods; and, popular as he was, no one had a doubt that he would
succeed. But he failed, though he issued the most tempting
proposals; offered the highest interest that ever was heard of, even
in such an emergency; and exerted his utmost personal influence in
favour of the loan. The subscription was not half filled: the reason of
which was that many had no money, having spent it all in buying
necessaries; and as many in France as had taken their money
(much of it had gone into other countries) expected to want it
themselves for the same purposes, or had not confidence enough in
the stability of the government to take it for a creditor. So the king’s
horses went on to eat borrowed hay or to want it; and the king’s
servants to clamour for their wages; and the king’s tradesmen to
decline orders on one pretence or another; and the police threatened
to leave the home minister to keep order by himself; and state
couriers went unwillingly forth on their journies; and business lagged
in every department of the administration.
At this moment, it entered some wise head that, if people would
not lend money, they might lend or give something else; not corn or
hay, or any of the necessaries of life; for every one knew there was
still less of these things than of money; but gold and silver in any
form. It would have been hard to say what lasting good this could do
amidst the impossibility of procuring the necessaries of which gold
and silver are only the representatives: but no matter for that.
Nobody was asked to explain the affair, and apparently none
troubled themselves to think about it; so delighted were all with the
new notion of giving away trinkets to save the state. The idea of a
patriotic contribution was charming,—a contribution in which almost
everybody could join; women and children, and persons of many
degrees below the class of capitalists. The court joined: the
gentlemen sacrificing nearly half their watches and seals, and the
ladies adopting simplicity as a fashion, and sending away the
jewellery they could not wear as Arcadian shepherdesses and
Sicilian nymphs. The Assembly followed, every member thereof
stooping down at the same moment to strip his shoes of their
buckles, so that their act of patriotic devotion made really a very fine
show. This gave the signal to the whole country, and all France was
forthwith unbuckled in respect of the feet. She became also
quakerlike as to the hands, for not a maiden but took out her lover’s
hair from his parting gift, and flung the ring into the lap of the nation;
not a wife that did not part with the token of her wifehood in the
cause. Pecks of gold rings, bushels of silver buckles, with huge store
of other baubles, were at once in the possession of the state; and
the people no longer doubted that all would henceforth be well.
And what was really the event?—The gold answered the same
purpose as it does when a basin full of it coined stands on the
banker’s counter during a run. It satisfied the ignorant that all must
be safe where there is so much wealth actually before one’s eyes. It
hushed the clamours of the people for a little while; and made the
servants of the government willing to go on somewhat longer upon
credit; so that more industry and briskness prevailed for a time, at
the risk of ultimate disappointment, and an aggravation of popular
fury,—now diverted but not dispersed. A mob went about to levy
these voluntary offerings, an act ludicrously inconsistent with their
next proceeding; if, indeed, any of the events of this extraordinary
time could be regarded as ludicrous.
They called at Charles’s house among others, whence, as it
happened, no such offerings had yet gone forth. Charles had
resisted Pauline’s wish to lend the queen her thimble, and Julien’s
offer to pay his first tax with the silver-tipped riding-whip grandpapa
had given him. Neither would he allow Marguerite’s few ornaments,
all keepsakes, to be thrown away in any such manner. He would give
the coat off his back to the state, he said, when it could do any
service; but the proposed gifts could only help to make jewellery a
drug, without supplying one more person with bread, or lessening by
so much as one scruple the burdens of the state. He was disposed
to be vexed when he came home one day, and found a short
allowance of spoons at the dinner-table, the clock on the mantel-
piece gone, and his wife as destitute of external ornament as any
Arcadian shepherdess at Versailles. He laughed, however, at his
wife’s apologies for having made a voluntary offering against her
own will as well as his, and hoped that she would be as little the
worse as the state would be the better for the sacrifice. Goldsmiths
and jewellers of enterprise and capital would profit by the fancy, he
observed, if nobody else did; and the many losers might find some
comfort in sympathy with the very few winners.
The people, meanwhile, were bitterly complaining of famine, and
the more gold was carried to the treasury, the more bread was
bought up before the eyes of those who were deprived of it from its
increased price. It mattered not that some was given away in charity
by the king, and more, to suit his own purposes, by the duke of
Orleans; the people were rendered unable to purchase it, and
furnished with the plea of want, wherewith to make the streets of
Paris echo. It would have been better to have let the exchange of
wedding rings for bread be made without the interposition of the king
or his ministers, even without taking into consideration the events
which followed. A report was soon industriously spread that the
bread furnished by court charity was of a bad quality. It was believed,
like everything that was then said against the court; and the
consequence was that an anomalous and melancholy sight was
seen by as many as walked in the city. Clamorous, starving crowds
besieged the bakers’ shops, and carried off all the bread from their
ovens, all the flour from their bins; while the discontented among the
mob politicians of the Orleans faction were on the way to snatch the
food from the mouths of the hungry and throw it into the river, and to
cut the sacks, and mix the flour with the puddles of the streets. Want
and waste, faction and delusion were here seen in their direct
extremes.
At this time, Charles and Marguerite did not allow their children to
go out under any guardianship but that of their father, as it was
impossible to foresee what might happen in the streets before they
could get home again. They were as safe as any could be at such a
time;—safer than the few who ventured abroad in carriages at the
risk of insult wherever they turned; safer than the sordidly fed and
clad, who were seized upon by the agents of faction to augment their
mobs, and be made the instruments of violence under the penalty of
suffering it themselves. The parents and children were also safer
together than separate; as a domestic party, abroad to take the air,
presented as unsuspicious a group, and one as likely to pass
unnoticed, as could well be imagined. Yet they had their occasional
alarms; and when there was no cause to fear for themselves, were
too often grieved and shocked at what they beheld inflicted on
others.
“O papa!” cried Julien, one day, as they were walking; “what are
they doing at Maigrot’s shop? I do believe the crowd is coming there
next.”
Maigrot was a baker, well known to Charles’s family, and much
beloved by the children, on account of the little hot cakes which
seemed to be always ready to pop out of the oven and into their
mouths, when they went with the servant to deliver orders or pay
bills.
Instead of his usual smiling face, Maigrot was now seen in a state
of desperate anxiety, as well as could be judged from the glimpse of
him at his door, trying first to slip out, and then to force his way
between the two men who were evidently placed at the entrance as
guards till the mob should come up. Foiled in his attempt, Maigrot
disappeared, and Charles thought that it might depend on whether
there was a way of exit at the back of the house, whether his head
would presently be carried on a pike, between two loaves of his own
bread, or whether he would be kneading and baking in peace ten
years hence. There seemed to be just time to run and give a word of
advice to whomsoever might be waiting in the shop, and Charles ran
forward to do so. He was prevented entering; but seeing Maigrot’s
wife sinking and trembling behind the counter, and looking absolutely
incapable of any resolution whatever, he called out to her to assist in
emptying the flour bins and distributing the bread, and to fear
nothing, and all would be well. The woman tossed off a glass of
water which stood beside her, and rallied for the effort. In such effort
lay the only resource of sufferers under violence in those days; for
the magistracy were unable to afford assistance; or, if able, were not
to be depended on. The shop was presently emptied and gutted, and
its stock carried away, without, however, being in this instance
preceded by the horrible display of a human head. Maigrot had
escaped and actually joined in with the mob in time to see his own
flour cast into the Seine. Nobody thought more of the baker, and he
took advantage of this disregard to learn a great deal of his own
doings which he did not know before. He now overheard that his
flour was mixed with hurtful ingredients by order of his customer, the
king; that an inferior kind was sold at high prices as the best; and
that there were stores of meal concealed somewhere about his
premises, to victual the soldiers who were to be brought to rule the
city, and give the king his own way. All this was news to Maigrot, who
was compelled to listen to these falsehoods in silence: more
fortunate than many who had lost their lives as well as their good
name under similar charges. A defender sprang up, however, when
he least expected it.
Charles and his little son could not help following to look on, when
the mob proceeded with the flour down to the river. They stood on
the outskirts of the crowd, watching sack after sack as, with hoarse
shouts, it was heaved into the water so as to make the heaviest
splash possible. A new amusement presently occurred to some of
the leaders; that of testing the political opinions of the passers by by
the judgment they should pronounce on the quality of the flour.
Those who declared it good must, of course, be parasites of the
court; those who made mouths at it were the friends of the people;
and the moment this point was settled, every gazer from a distance
was hauled to the water’s edge to undergo the test; every
approaching carriage was waylaid and stopped, and its inmates
brought on the shoulders of the mob. Of course, all gave judgment
on the same side;—a thing likely to happen without much
dishonesty, when the raw flour was crammed into the mouth by foul
and sometimes bloody hands. It would have been difficult to
pronounce it very good under such circumstances of administration.
Among the most piteous looking of those under test was the
marquis de Thou, who was taken from a non-descript sort of
carriage, on his way, as he vowed, to the duke of Orleans, but
certainly attended by more than one servant of the royal household.
While prosecuting his explanations with gesture and grimace,
uplifted as he was above the crowd, he looked so like a monkey
riding a bear that a universal shout of mockery arose. He was
lowered for a moment, out of sight; and the laugh rose louder than
ever when he reappeared, held at arms’ length by a hundred hands,
powdered all over like a miller. His position made the judgment he
had to give all the more difficult, for it enabled him to perceive the
royal servants watching him on one side, the duke of Orleans and
some of his fiercest followers on another, and the pitiless mob
around.
“Ah! it is very, very good food for the poor, without doubt,” he
declared, while in full view of the court party, and with his mouth
stuffed with a compound which had just been taken from a puddle
underfoot. “Very fine nourishment for a good king to buy dear, and
give away to a hungry people.—Ah! no more,—no more, I pray you! I
shall presently dine, and it is enough. I cannot praise it more than I
have done.—Ah! but” (seeing the duke frowning) “I do not say but it
may be a little sour,—and somewhat bitter,—yes, O yes, and gritty,—
and, O do not murder me, and I will also say hurtful.—And
poisonous? Yes, no doubt it is poisonous,—clearly poisonous.—But,
how bountiful of the king to think of how the poor should be fed!”
The marquis might think himself fortunate in getting off with a
ducking in the yeasty flood, into which he was let down astride on a
flour sack. While sneaking away through the crowd, after shaking his
dripping queue, and drawing a long breath, he encountered Charles,
whom he immediately recognised, and with inconsiderate
selfishness, exposed to the notice of the crowd by his appeal.
“Ah, my friend, here is a condition I am in! For our old friendship’s
sake,—for the sake of our vicinity in Guienne, aid me!”
“Do not answer him. Take no notice,” whispered Maigrot from
behind; “’tis as much as your life is worth.”
But Charles could not be inhuman. He gave the old man his arm to
conduct him to the carriage which he intended to order to his own
house. Before he had well turned his back, however, a piercing
shriek from Julien made him look round. The mob were about to
carry the boy towards the sacks.
“Do not be alarmed, my dear,” said he. “Taste the flour, and say
whether you think it good; and I will come to you in a moment to do
the same.”
Julien shrieked no more, but he looked ruefully in his father’s face,
when Charles returned. As soon as he had gulped down his share
and could speak, he said he had never tasted raw flour before, but it
was not so good as the hot cakes that were made of it sometimes.—
The boy escaped with being only laughed at.—His father’s turn
came next.
Charles stipulated, when laid hold of, to be allowed to feed
himself, and refused laughingly to taste what came out of the puddle
till his neighbours should have separated the mud from the flour.
With a very oracular look, he then proceeded from sack to sack,
tasting and pronouncing, apparently unmoved by the speculations he
heard going on all round him as to whether he was a royalist from
about the court, or a spy from Versailles, or only an ignorant stranger
from the provinces. When he had apparently made up his mind, he
began a sort of conversation with those nearest to him, which he
exalted by degrees into a speech.
“When I,” he observed, “I, the very first, opened a prisoner’s cell in
the Bastille——”
He was interrupted by loud cheers from all who heard; and this
drew the attention of more.
“——I found,” continued Charles, “a mess of wholesome food in
that horrible place. Every other kind of poison was there,—the
poison of damps and a close atmosphere; the poison of inactivity
which brings on disease and death; the poison of cruelty by which all
the kindly feelings are turned into bitterness in the soul of the
oppressed; and the poison of hopelessness, by which the currents of
life are chilled, and the heart of the captive is sunk within him till he
dies. All these poisons we found in every cell; but to all their inmates
was denied that quicker poison which would have been welcome to
end their woes. Some, we know, have lived thirty-five years under
this slow death, while a very small mixture of drugs with their bread
would have released them in fewer hours. That this quicker method
was ever used, we have no proof; that it was not used in the case of
those whom we released, we know, not by their state of health alone;
for that, alas! was not to be boasted of;—but by the experience of
some of us. When we were heated with toil and choked with dust, we
drank the draughts which the prisoners left untasted in their cells.
When a way was made among the ruins, women came to see what a
work their husbands had achieved; and when their children craved
food, rather than return home before all was finished, they gave their
little ones the bread which the captives had loathed. Many thus ate
and drank; and I appeal to you whether any evil came of that day;
whether the sleep of the next night was not sound as became the
rest which succeeds to an heroic effort. No one was poisoned with
the food then provided by the government; and yet that horrible
dungeon was the place, if there be any, for poison to do its work.
And if not attempted there, will it be here? Here, where there are a
million of eyes on the watch to detect treasons against the people?
Here, where there are hundreds of thousands of defenders of the
public safety? No, fellow citizens: this is not the kind of treason which
is meditated against us. There are none that dare practise so directly
on your lives. But there is a treason no less fatal, though more
disguised, which is even at this moment in operation against you.
You ask me two questions;—whether this food is of a bad quality;
and whether you are not half-starved; and both these evils you
ascribe to your rulers.—To the first I answer, that this food is, to the
best of my judgment, good; and, whether good or bad, that the
government has nothing to do with it, since it forms no part of the
stores that the king has bought up for distribution. It is flour of the
same harvest, the same field, the same mill, the same bin, that I and
mine have been supplied from; and it has nourished me well for the
work I have had to do; for letting in the light of day upon the foulest
dungeon that ever deformed the earth,—for watching over those who
have been released from it,—for attending to the proceedings of the
Assembly,—for meditating by night and consulting by day how the
rights of the people may best be attained and secured. Keep the
same food to strengthen you for the same purposes. Do not forget
your other complaint;—that you are starving: and remember that
however much this may be owing to the misrule and courtly
extravagance you denounce, the grievance will not be removed by
your feeding the fishes with that which your children are craving. I
spoke of another kind of treason than that which you suspect, and I
see about me too many tokens of its existence;—the treason which
would not poison but starve you.
“Of the motives of this treason I have nothing to say, for I am
wholly ignorant of them. I only insist that there can be no truly
patriotic aim under the project of depriving you of the food which is at
best but scantily supplied. Do you find in the most plentiful seasons
that we have corn enough to make sport with in the river? Are your
houses even then so filled with grain that, after feeding your children
and domestic animals, you have enough left for the eels of the
Seine? Is it to give you this over-supply that the peasantry of the
provinces live under roofs of rushes, and couch upon beds of straw?
Tell me,—is there in the happiest of times such a superfluity that no
Frenchman has a want or wish for more?”
Furious cries of denial rose from all sides, joined with curses upon
the government which year by year, by its extravagance, snatched
the hard-earned bread from the labourer’s hands.
“This is all true,” replied Charles, “and is in course of being
reformed: but when did even a tyrannical government inflict upon
you such evils as you are this day inflicting upon yourselves? When
has it robbed the shops of one of the most useful class of men
among you, and carried away boat-loads of the food for which
thousands are pining, and destroyed your means of life before your
eyes? A worse enemy than even a weak king and a licentious court
is making sport of your miseries, and overwhelming you with such as
cannot be repaired. Yes! let it not hurt your pride to hear of woes that
cannot be repaired; for even the power of the sovereign people is not
unlimited, great as you have proved it to be. You have abolished
servile parliaments, and obtained a virtuous assembly of
representatives. You have swept away the stronghold of oppression,
and can tread with free steps the turf from which its very foundations
have been extracted. You have rejected a constitution which was an
insufficient warrant for your liberties, and are in the way to obtain
universal assent to that noble Declaration of Rights which shall
become the social contract of every civilized nation.—All these
things, and others which would have been called impossibilities ten
years ago, you have achieved. But there are impossibilities
remaining which more truly deserve the name. You cannot prevent
multitudes dying when famine is in the land; you cannot call up a
new harvest before the seed has sprouted; you cannot insist upon
supplies from other lands which are already drained. You can waste
your resources, but you cannot recall them. With however much
pride or levity you may at this hour fling away the staff of your life,
you cannot retard the day when you will sink for want of it,—when
you will kneel in the mud by the brink of this very current, and crave
the waters to give up what you have buried in them, or to drown your
miseries with your life.—Will you suffer yourselves thus to be made
sport of? Will you permit yourselves to be goaded into madness, in
order that you may be ready for madmen’s deeds? Will you throw
away what is in your own hands, that others may reduce you to
crave the small pittance which will remain in theirs? Those who have
incited you to the deeds of this day take very good care that all our
granaries shall not be emptied. They reserve a few, that you may at
length,—when all their schemes are ripe,—be their tools through
your literal dependence on them for bread.—Disappoint this plot as
far as you can. It is now too late to keep plenty in your own hands;
but baffle the approaches of famine to the last moment; for with
hunger comes slavery; or, if you will not have slavery, death; and in
either case, your country must surrender your services at the very
moment when she wants them most.—Where is the patriotism of
bringing things to this pass?—Where also is the justice of
condemning unheard so useful a class of men as those from whom
you have taken their property without accusation, and, in many
cases, their lives, on nothing better than suspicion of their having
communicated with the court?—We must respect rights, as well as
frame a Declaration of them. We must cherish the innocent and
useful of society, if we wish to restrain those who are neither the one
nor the other. Let there be a contrast between the oppressors and
the friends of the people. Let tyrants tremble, while industrious
citizens dwell in peace.”
It was now easy to wind up the discourse to the point
contemplated. Charles proposed that Maigrot should be permitted,
under proper guardianship, to bake a provision of loaves out of this
very flour; and if they proved good, that all that remained of his
property should be restored to him. The crowd rather relished the
idea of waiting the operation, in full prospect of a batch of hot rolls
gratis as the result, and the proposal was received with
acclamations.—Charles immediately singled out Maigrot, as he
stood on the outskirts of the mob, requested him to lead the way
homewards, put a loaf into each arm of his little son, swung a sack of
flour on his own shoulders, and headed the most singular of all the
extraordinary processions which attracted the gaze of Paris in those
times.
The duke of Orleans made no opposition. He saw that the game
was up for this day, and departed in an opposite direction, having no
particular wish to hear the verdict which he knew would be passed
upon the bread, or to witness the exultation of the baker.—Before
night, Maigrot not only felt his head safe upon his shoulders, but was
the most eminent baker in Paris; and, if he had but had any flour
remaining, might have boasted such a business as he had till now
never thought of aspiring to.
Chapter VII.
MOB SOVEREIGNTY.