Solution Manual for Introduction to Digital Communication, 2/E 2nd Edition Rodger E.

Ziemer,

Solution Manual for Introduction to

Digital Communication, 2/E 2nd Edition
Rodger E. Ziemer, Roger W. Peterson
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This book provides a comprehensive and in-depth practical introduction to
digital communications, from fundamental theory to state-of the-art
material. It incorporates many practical examples of design issues. The
book offers a broad perspective through a wide range of discussion topics,
as well as basic background material. It covers a wide range of topics,
including digital modulation; signal-space methods; coding; spread
spectrum communications; digital cellular communications; and satellite
communication link analysis. The book includes derivations as well as
tables of special functions. It also provides applications of MATLAB
programs useful in communication system design. A valuable reference
book for professional communications engineers.

From the Inside Flap

Preface
The philosophy of this book remains the same as that of the first edition, in particular to provide an
introduction to the essentials of digital communications based on sound mathematical underpinnings
and anchored in the literature of the various topics considered. After providing a treatment of the
basic theory of digital modulation and coding in the first eight chapters, the three additional
specialized areas of spread spectrum, cellular, and satellite communications are given one-chapter
overviews. The intent is to not only provide firm foundation in the basic theory of digital
communications, but to give an introduction to three areas that have provided the basis of a number
of applications in recent years and show avenues of research that are currently receiving much
attention. For example, spread-spectrum communications includes the subareas of code families
with good correlation properties, multiuser detection, and ultra wideband communications for
resolving multipath channels. Cellular radio provides a host of research areas, such as capacity
optimization of multiuser communication systems and means for accommodating mixed-rate traffic.
Satellite communications has enjoyed a resurgence of interest with the proposed (with one realized)
low-earth orbit mobile voice communication systems, satellite navigational systems, and small
aperture antenna system applications. With this philosophy, we feel that both the needs of the
practicing engineer in the communications industry and the senior/beginning graduate student are
met. The former is provided with a means to review or self-study a topic of importance on the job,
and the latter is provided background in basic theory with an introduction to possible topics for
further research.

Virtually all electrical engineering programs include a course on linear systems in the junior year,
and this book is written under that assumption. However, since the content of these linear systems
courses varies from program to program, an overview of linear systems is included in Chapter 2. An
additional reason for providing this information is to set notation and define special signals used
throughout the book.

Another assumption of the authors is that the typical student taking a course using this book will
have had a junior-level course on probability. Often such courses contain additional topics from
statistics and random processes. However, since coverage of these topics varies from program to
program, the necessary material on random processes for this book is included in Chapter 2. For
those students that may not have had a prior course on probability, our recommendation is that one
be taken before a course taught using this book is taken. However, for very diligent students who
may not wish to do this, or whose probability course was taken in the distant past, Appendix A of this
book provides a brief overview of the necessary topics from probability. This material may be
reviewed in conjunction with Chapter 1 and will not be needed until the latter part of Chapter 2,
where random processes are covered.

After an introduction to the general features of digital communication systems, Chapter 1 includes an
overview of channel characteristics and an introduction to link power calculations. The latter subject
is returned to in Chapters 10 and 11 in conjunction with a consideration of cellular radio and satellite
communication links, respectively. The introduction of this subject in Chapter 1 provides a link
between performance requirements of communication systems in terms of signal-to-noise ratio at
the receiver input and the requirements of transmitter power implied by the performance desired and
the channel attenuation characteristics.

As already mentioned, Chapter 2 is a review of signal and system theory, analog modulation, and
random processes. In addition to providing definitions of basic signals and setting notation, a very
simple simulation of noise through a linear system (Butterworth digital filter) is illustrated by an
example. This sets the context for simulation of a simple digital communication system illustrated by
example in Chapter 3. The student is then encouraged to do his or her own simulations in several
problems of Chapter 3.

In Chapter 3, the subject of digital data transmission is introduced. The receiver structure assumed
is that of a linear filter followed by a threshold detector. Optimization of the receiver filter through
maximization of peak signal-to-root-mean-square noise ratio at its output leads to the concept of the
classic matched filter receiver. The data transmission schemes considered are binary. Although the
channel is initially considered to be of infinite bandwidth, optimum systems for the strictly bandlimited
case are eventually considered. Equalization methods for compensating for intersymbol interference
introduced by bandlimiting in the channel are next considered. The chapter ends with a brief
consideration of signal design for bandlimited channels and noise effect in pulsecode modulation
systems.

The purpose of Chapter 4 is to provide a sound theoretical basis for the digital modulation systems
introduced in Chapter 3, as well as to extend the results in several directions. The approach used is
that of Bayes's detection couched in the language of signal space. The background noise is
assumed to be additive and white, which allows the use of any orthogonal basis function set that
spans the signal space, giving a very clear geometric picture of the digital signal reception process.
As an extension of Chapter 3, Chapter 4 considers M-ary digital data transmission and the explicit
treatment of modulation schemes suitable for practical channels. The concepts of equivalent bit error
probability and bandwidth efficiency in terms of bits per second per hertz of bandwidth are
introduced in order to provide a basis of comparison of M-ary systems. The chapter ends with
several example design problems and a basic introduction to orthogonal frequency division
multiplexing.

Building on the ideal systems covered in Chapter 4; Chapter 5 takes up several topics that can be
considered degradation sources for those ideal systems. Synchronization methods at various levels
(i.e., carrier, bit, and frame) are discussed, and the degradation imposed by imperfect carrier
synchronization is characterized. Fading channel effects are characterized and diversity
transmission for combating them is discussed. The chapter ends by discussing envelope plots, eye
diagrams, and phasor plots as means to characterize communication system performance and their
generation by computer simulation is illustrated.

Chapters 6 through 8 take up the subject of coding, with the elements of information theory and
block coding considered in Chapter 6 and the elements of convolutional coding is considered in
Chapter 7. Theoretical foundations are provided, but the major underlying objective of Chapters 6
and 7 is always one of system applications. All coding techniques considered in Chapters 6 and 7
are characterized in terms of their ability to lower the signal-to-noise ratio required to achieve a
desired probability of bit error (power efficiency) and the bits per second that can be supported per
hertz of bandwidth (bandwidth efficiency). Chapter 8 provides a brief treatment of another error
control scheme called automatic repeat request (ARQ), which utilizes a feedback channel.

Chapter 9 contains an overview of spread-spectrum communications. The important concept of

multiuser detection is considered where, when signals from multiple users are being received, the
detection process takes into account their statistical characteristics and the improvement of detector
performance over what could be obtained if the other-user signals were treated as noise.

Chapter 10 deals with cellular radio communications. The cellular concept is introduced along with
the major degradations experienced in such systems including other-user interference and multipath
fading. First- and second-generation cellular systems are discussed and provide an excellent
example of a case where the move has been made from analog to digital transmission for several
reasons.

Chapter 11 treats satellite communications as an example where digital communications concepts

and applications have come into extensive use over the years. The concepts are illustrated with
several design examples. Characteristics of several low-earth orbit satellite communication systems
for mobile phone communications are summarized.

The first edition of this book has been used successfully to teach courses on digital communications
to ambitious undergraduates and first-year graduate students for several years. Typically, after the
introduction provided in Chapter 1 is covered, basic digital modulation theory and coding (Chapters
3–7) are covered after spending some time on signal, system, and random process review. The use
of computer simulation is emphasized from the start, with the assignment at about mid-semester of a
computer simulation project to be worked on throughout the semester. Weekly problem sets are
assigned and graded. An in-class closed-book midterm examination is given to encourage students
to become intimately familiar with basic random process, modulation and digital detection principles
(usually, this occurs at the end of Chapter 3). Depending on the scope of the computer project and
the initiative shown by the class, a final examination may or may not be given.

We wish to thank the many persons who have contributed either directly or indirectly to this book.
These include our colleagues at various locations throughout the world. We specifically thank David
Kisak of SAIC for his careful review and constructive criticism of Chapters 6 through 8, Nick
Alexandru for his corrections of several examples in the first edition, Jerry Brand of Harris
Corporation and John Haug of Motorola for their reading and constructive criticism of Chapter 10.
The Office of Naval Research is acknowledged as indirectly supporting the writing of this book
through research grants to Rodger Ziemer, as well as the National Science Foundation, which
provided research and development time while he was a program officer there during the production
of the second edition. We also thank the reviewers of the book for their helpful comments and
suggestions, a majority of which have been incorporated. In particular, we acknowledge the input of
Professor Vijay K. Jain, University of South Florida; Professor Peter Mathys, University of Colorado
at Boulder; Professor Laurence B. Milstein, University of California at San Diego; Professor Peyton
Z. Peebles, Jr., University of Florida; and Professor William Tranter, Virginia Tech for the first edition.
And we would also like to acknowledge the input of Mohammad Maqusi, Texas Tech University, and
Richard J. Kozick, Bucknell University for this second edition.

Any errors or shortcomings that remain are the responsibility of the authors.

Most importantly, we thank our wives, Sandy Ziemer and Ann Clark, for their patience during the
writing of both the first and second editions of the book, and the second author thanks his daughter
Diane Peterson for love and support during this project. The first author wishes to specifically
mention his children, Amy and Mark Ziemer, who apparently paid more attention to his writing
activities than he thought—both are now published authors themselves!

Rodger Ziemer
Roger Peterson
January 17, 2000

TABLE OF CONTENTS
(NOTE: Most chapters begin with an Introduction and conclude with Summary, References, and
Problems.)

1. Introduction to Digital Data Transmission.

Components of a Digital Communication System. Communications Channel Modeling.
Communication Link Power Calculations. Driving Forces in Communications. Computer Use in
Communication System Analysis and Design. Preview of the Book.

2. Signals, Systems, Modulation, and Noise: Overview.

Review of Signal and Linear System Theory. Basic Analog Modulation Techniques. Complex
Envelope Representation of Bandpass Signals and Systems. Signal Distortion and Filtering. Practical
Filter Types and Characteristics. Sampling Theory. Random Processes. Computer Generation of
Random Variables.

3. Basic Digital Communication Systems.

The Binary Digital Communications Problem. Signaling through Bandlimited Channels. Equalization in
Digital Data Transmission. A Digital Communication System Simulation Example. Noise Effects in
Pulse Code Modulation.

4. Signal-Space Methods in Digital Data Transmission.

Optimum Receiver Principals in Terms of Vector Spaces. Performance Analysis of Coherent Digital
Signaling Schemes. Signaling Schemes Not Requiring Coherent References at the Receiver.
Comparison of Digital Modulation Systems. Comparison of M-ary Digital Modulation Schemes on
Power and Bandwidth-Equivalent Bases. Some Commonly Used Modulation Schemes. Design
Examples and System Tradeoffs. Multi-h Continuous Phase Modulation. Orthogonal Frequency
Division Multiplexing.

5. Channel Degradations in Digital Communications.

Synchronization in Communication Systems. The Effects of Slow Signal Fading in Communicative
Systems. Diagnostic Tools for Communication System Design.

6. Fundamentals of Information Theory and Block Coding.

Basic Concepts of Information Theory. Fundamentals of Block Coding. Coding Performance in Slow
Fading Channels.
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The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Builder, No.
1, December 31, 1842
This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and
most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms
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before using this eBook.

Title: The Builder, No. 1, December 31, 1842

Precursor number

Author: Various

Release date: September 1, 2023 [eBook #71539]

Language: English

Original publication: London: Publishing Office 2 York Stree Covent

Garden, 1844

Credits: Charlene Taylor, David Garcia, Jon Ingram and the Online
Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This
file was produced from images generously made available by
The Internet Library of Early Journals. Noted on site that this
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*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE BUILDER,

NO. 1, DECEMBER 31, 1842 ***
The Builder, No. 1, December 31,
1842.

THE BUILDER.
PRECURSOR NUMBER.
THIRD IMPRESSION OF FIVE THOUSAND.

No. 1.] LONDON, DECEMBER 31, 1842. PRICE. {Unstamped, 1½ d.

{Stamped, 2½ d.
 ADDRESS.
Upon the occasion of addressing, for the first time, a particular
class, and that too through the medium of a decidedly class-paper, it
seems to us that the views and intentions of its conductor should be
unreservedly stated. We commence, then, in the spirit that will
characterize our future advocacy of the varied interests enumerated
in another page. It is avowed that we enter upon this portion of the
wide field of literature and science as our legitimate province,
inasmuch as we were brought up, educated, and have long wrought
in it; mere qualification for any undertaking is, however, but one
amongst the elements of success, and unless combined with well-
timed efforts, frequently disappoints the possessor:—we invite the
reader to judge of the timeliness of our own by the following incident,
the explanations it gives rise to, and of the result in the publication
before him.
Conversing a few months since with a leading bookseller and
publisher in this metropolis, we had occasion to remark upon the
costly, not to say exorbitant, price of Architectural books; this fact
was not disputed, and the cause at once ascribed to the smallness
of the number of readers, which made it impossible it should be
otherwise. We almost held up our hands in astonishment, as we
repeated his words “smallness of the number of readers!” Call you
five hundred thousand a small number? Can a class of half a million
male adults, whom we may emphatically term all readers, and
members of reading families; a class of half a million of the pick of
British Artisans; a class of the highest intelligence, and (measured by
their wages and numbers) highest in wealth: can we talk of the
smallness of the number of readers, and assume to know any thing
of this large and influential body? It was in this strain that we
interrogated our friend the bookseller; it was a burst of somewhat
indignant feeling, for we had long thought on the subject, and felt
convinced that the fault lay, not with the reader, but rather with the
writer and publisher. We have since put the case in a familiar way to
other parties, as we will now proceed to do to our readers.
Suppose the Grocers, whose business it is to supply the
commodities of their shops in a way suited to the daily wants of
customers, were to act upon the principle of refusing to parcel out
their tea and sugar, or to dispose of it in less quantities than a chest
of the former, or a hundred weight of the latter; or, bringing the
parallel nearer, suppose the Bakers, in dispensing the “staff of life,”
were to set themselves above the standard of purveying the
quartern, and half-quartern loaf; or again, that the Butcher should
sell his meat in nothing less than the carcase; or that these
tradesmen were to study only the palate and appetite of dainty and
refined stomachs; what, let us ask, would be the condition of men of
moderate means, and homely requirements? Why, just that which in
regard to the food of the mind is the condition of the Working Builder.
There are in England, Scotland, and Wales, one hundred and
twenty thousand Carpenters, of full age, and we may assume for
Ireland (the compiled accounts not assisting us here) thirty thousand
more, making a total of one hundred and fifty thousand, exclusive of
apprentices, in this trade alone, who, in common with the other co-
operating Building Artificers, require to read and study (and in some
instances to abstruseness) on all subjects connected with their craft.
For these hundreds of thousands there has hitherto been no retailing
of proper food for the mind; no books at moderate prices, and in
suitable parcels; and if we except the issue in parts and numbers of
works such as those of Mr. Peter Nicholson, the large sale of which
confirms the truth of our convictions, nothing in the shape of a trade
instructor, or magazine, adapted to their several pursuits has yet
been offered to this immense body. The “Architectural Magazine,” by
Mr. London, indeed, did wonders in its way; and other journals which
have followed in its track are, no doubt, well adapted to the particular
departments whose cause they espouse, and promote;[1] but what is
there, we ask again, for the work-shop, and for the fire-side circle of
the Building Artisan?
Examine our Prospectus, and contemplate the numbers forming
an array of what we have advisedly termed “the pick of British
Artisans.” Be it remembered, however, that we do not use these
words in an invidious sense, or in disparagement of other bodies of
the industrious citizens of the empire; but, considering the standard
of perfection, in body and mind, required for the proper practising of
the Building Arts, and considering also the healthful nature of their
occupations, it will not be deemed arrogant in us to speak thus of the
class to which we have the honour to belong; in addition, we have
the influence which numbers, intelligence, and wealth, if united, must
ever secure to us. With all these advantages present to literary eyes
and ears, in an age of professed catering, printing, and publishing, is
it not one of the greatest marvels—a huge paradox—that there is no
such thing as a Builder’s Newspaper and Magazine?
We have just said Newspaper and Magazine, for it has occurred to
us (rather happily, we opine and trust), to combine them; that is to
say, the particular features which distinguish either. We would relieve
the Working Builder from a double charge for matter less available to
him in practice, as well as from the still greater evil, in many
instances, of a dry magazine at home, and a well moistened
newspaper at a public-house. We have an eye to the superior
household and domestic economy which prevails, and which we
would have still more constant in the Builder’s Circle. We would give
him a book on his trade, worth preserving, and a newspaper for the
reading of his wife and family, as well as for himself; and, finally, we
would make the weekly pence set apart from his earnings, for the
gratification of a common feeling of curiosity, not begrudged by the
partner of his cares on the one hand, or to be regretted by the most
thrifty economist on the other, since, even the news will be the
vehicle of trade knowledge, and consequently of the means of trade,
with its advantages and profits.
In designating our paper, we use the word “Builder” in its most
extended sense—instancing a house, or other edifice, we regard it
from the procurement and preparation of the materials, to the fixing
upon its site, and to its full completion for the residence, use, and
enjoyment of man, and which includes the making of the design or
plan, “breaking” ground, as it is termed; the erection, or building up;
decorating, fitting, and furnishing; the supply of water and drainage;
and even the laying out of the garden, pleasure grounds, and park.
This is the whole art of building, or, in other words, of providing and
perfecting human habitations. To all, therefore, who are engaged in
the Art so defined, we address ourselves without distinction, and
without preference; the interests of all will, to the best of our power,
be consulted, promoted, and advocated.
It now becomes us to say a few words as to how far this step (that
is, the issuing of the “Precursor Number”) is to be considered on
our part as an experiment; for, without being clear and explicit, we
should, in case of failure, or rather abandonment, of our enterprise
(for failure there can be none, where provision is made against that
result), incur the blame of not having given our friends, the Building
Classes, a clear view of the part which we humbly conceive it is their
duty and interest to take in the business.
The “Precursor” is a trial number; and we make the avowal plainly
and distinctly. Our part of the affair is to make every effort to supply
what we consider a useful and most desirable public object. The part
of the building fraternity, to whom it is particularly addressed, and the
part of those who regard as a duty all the exertions they are making
in the cause of public education; and also of those who pursue the
arts out of a pure love and liking, is to support our humble efforts if
they deem them worthy of appreciation. The less the sacrifice called
for on either side the better. Let the covenants between us be of an
equitable nature, and as we start upon the principle of
discountenancing, as far as practicable, all lottery and riskful
speculation (of which we will say more presently), so in the basis of
this compact with our friends and readers, we would remove all
unnecessary hazard, or complexion of adventure. We give our best
exertion in what appears to us a work of common good; if our friends
think well and approvingly of these exertions, and that work, let them
contribute their part, were it alone for economy and fairness sake.
We do not rely upon the leviathan power of capital for our success;
but we purpose building it up by an honest and diligent pursuit of the
objects defined, aided by a fair share of judgment, and other
necessary qualifications; and we anticipate it in the cheerful and
generous response of our countrymen: and this Precursor Number,
as its name implies, has its office in searching out the way, and
exploring the track which its successor “The Builder” is designed to
follow. If the Precursor finds a ready passport, and a significant
welcome, of which we have no doubt, it will be promptly followed by
that of which it will have been the harbinger.
We invite, therefore, an active dispersion of the Precursor
amongst our friends; but, above all, we respectfully invite
communications from the many distinguished patrons and favourers
of works of this class. We invite also the Architect, Engineer,
Landscape Gardener, Master Builder, Manufacturers in ornamental
processes, and proprietors generally, Clerks of Works, Foremen, and
Workmen, to avail themselves of the ready means of the penny-
postage, to aid us by their supporting voices, and by any
suggestions they can commit to paper. A Supplement will be issued
with a subsequent impression of the Precursor (without increase of
price), and in that Supplement our correspondence, and additional
advertisements will appear; we, therefore, scarcely need say that the
more promptly our friends reply to the invitation the better.
It now remains for us to say something of the peculiar character
proposed to be given to the “Builder.” The Prospectus, which serves
as the basis of this exposition, sets forth that the trade essays and
descriptions will be accompanied by illustrations and diagrams: that
is, we shall supply drawings, to render clearer the accounts we may
give of mechanical inventions and processes; drawings of ornament,
or enrichment in Plasterwork, Painting, Sculpture, Carving, Iron, and
other metals; drawings of Mouldings, and Moulded work, for the
Carpenter, Mason, and Bricklayer; drawings of construction, in roofs,
floors, trusses, and framing, hand-railing, &c., centering of arches
and groining; drawings of Buildings, both ancient and modern; plans,
elevations, sections, and details: drawings of Architectural orders
and styles; drawings for instruction in perspective, geometry, and the
like; and, occasionally, coloured printing, in such matters as pertain
to painting and staining.
We shall also give patterns for the paperhanger and upholsterer,
and designs for furniture; and a comprehensive range of constructive
and ornamental design suited to that immense territory of British pre-
eminence, the Iron-foundry and its workshops: as connected with
these, we come to that creative and directing science, Civil
Engineering, and here drawings of constructed works, of Engines
and Machinery, will have a prominent place, accompanying the
descriptive treatises and essays.
From this enumeration it must be evident that a large space will be
devoted to the sciences in the nature of connected and consecutive
essays; another part to the record of progress in the Building Art;
and a third to news relating to Building and Builders.
Reviews and notices of publications intended for or likely to be
useful to Builders, will also be given, and biographical sketches of
eminent men connected with science and the arts. These separate
heads, together with correspondence and inquiries, will constitute
the peculiarities of our Journal, and the remaining space will assume
the aspect of the general weekly press—home and foreign news;
digest of Parliamentary reports; political opinions of the leading
Journals; dramatic notices; general literary reviews; police and law
reports; markets, and advertisements.
So ample is the field before us, that there can be no lack of matter
or subjects; our business will be to cull the choicest for the literary
banquet of our friends. Much that is valuable we hope and look for in
the shape of correspondence; one of the chief merits of “The
Builder” being, that it is a direct and fitting medium for conveying
instruction from the liberal and enlightened of every department—a
free exchange of knowledge—which we anticipate may result in
mutual good service to all.

[1] We would instance the Civil Engineer and Architect.

 WILLIAM OF WYKEHAM.
We have selected the portraiture of this illustrious man, whose
fame lives in national works, as the first wherewith to embellish our
Gallery of Architects—a man who was eminent, not only as an
architect, but as a liberal patron of the arts—not only as a builder of
colleges, but as a munificent donor to the cause of education, and
whose institutions still flourish among the proudest in the land. “Many
there are,” says Bishop Lowth, in his Life of Wykeham, “who have
felt the influence of his liberality, or who are actually partakers of his
bounty.”
It is rarely that instances approaching in interest to that of our
subject present themselves; of successful talent we have many, but
they are limited to its mere exercise for ordinary reward; others,
where ambition and ostentation, as in the case of Wolsey, stimulated
to a patronage of great works, while in that of Wykeham we have a
memorable example of true nobility of mind, soaring from humble
origin to the most elevated stations in church and state, and fulfilling
its duties by an active exercise of all the kindred virtues.
William of Wykeham was born at the village of that name in
Hampshire, in the year 1324, of reputable but poor parents, whose
deficiency of means to afford him education was supplied by the
generous intervention of Nicholas Uvedale, lord of the manor of
Wykeham, and constable of Winchester Castle, then one of the great
offices of the kingdom. After going through the course of study
afforded by the school at Winchester, we find him officiating as
secretary to Uvedale, and subsequently executing commissions of
trust as attorney for Edyngdon, Bishop of Winchester, his immediate
predecessor in that see, in whose service he appears at that time to
have been engaged.
The piety, diligence, and early acquirements of Wykeham had
recommended him to the notice of many patrons, both lay and
ecclesiastical, and paved the way for his introduction to that of the
reigning monarch, Edward III., and of his son, the renowned Black
Prince; he had already entered the subordinate ranks of the clergy,
and the fitness of his choice was confirmed in after times by the
dignities he attained to; that elevation was, however, preceded by
the execution of works which have stamped his fame as an
Architect.
It is natural that we should ask, how was this talent in architecture
acquired? We find no account of the preparation or training, beyond
that of the general knowledge he had gained at the school of
Winchester, aided by the intuitive genius and taste proper to
comprehensive intellectual powers. No record exists of his having
studied at either of the universities, and if it had been so, the regard
and confidence of the King must be attributed to acquirements very
superior to those at that time current at Oxford or Cambridge, where
theological controversy was the leading and absorbing theme. We
are told, indeed, that Wykeham had studied “arithmetic,
mathematics, divinity, and, above all, the canon and civil law;” and
we see no reason to the contrary. The school of Winchester, a city
then second to none in the kingdom in splendour and opulence,
would scarcely be deficient of teachers in these courses of study; in
the mode, and according to the then understanding of their relative
uses and value.
It is, upon the whole, probable that Wykeham gave the first proofs
of skill as an Architect in the extension and reparation of Winchester
Castle, during his employment by Nicholas Uvedale. That it was a
fortress of considerable extent and consequence, history abundantly
proves; and it continued so down to the period of the civil strife
between the adherents of Charles I. and the Parliamentary armies;
but whatever may have been the extent or description of building
previously executed by him, it led to his appointment, by patent,
dated May 10th, 1356, of Clerk of all the King’s works in the manors
of Henley and Yesthampstead; and by a second patent, under date
30th October of the same year, he was made Surveyor of all the
King’s works at the Castle and Park of Windsor; and subsequently of
all the royal castles south of Trent.
 In these capacities he was furnished with extensive powers; such
as directing the issue of the King’s writ to the sheriffs of counties,
requiring them to impress workmen, who were compelled to labour
at fixed wages; to purvey and apply all material fitted for building; to
hold courts for pleas of trespass and misdemeanours; and to inquire
of the King’s liberties and rights within his demesne lands. The
prelude to the erection of Windsor Castle was the assembling of 360
impressed workmen, by forties, from nine adjoining counties, in
addition to those voluntarily engaged; the original Norman building
was levelled, and on its site, under the eye of a warlike monarch who
delighted in embattled towers and gorgeous halls fitted for the
display of chivalric institutions, was reared this far-famed fortress
and palace of our kings.
Windsor Castle occupied from ten to twelve years of continued
labour, and comprised the King’s palace; the great hall of St.
George; buildings for various purposes, on the east and south sides
of the upper ward; the keep, or tower; the chapel of St. George; the
residences of the custos and canons, in the lower ward, with the
whole circumference of the walls, towers, and gates. Many parts of
the original building remain, but the lapse of nearly five hundred
years, frequent repairs, the enlargements and alterations required to
meet the conveniences or tastes of successive kings, most of whom
have expended immense sums in real or fancied improvements,
have, in a great degree, obliterated a plan and style which was, in
Castellated Architecture, the perfection of the fourteenth century.
His second work was the Castle of Queenborough, in the Isle of
Sheppy, which, from the lowness of the site, and nature of the
foundations, required unusual skill in the Architect. It was
commenced in 1361, and completed in about six years, when the
King, holding his court there, made the town a free borough, naming
it Queenborough, in honour of his Queen Philippa. Of this structure
no part remains; but its position and extent are ascertained by the
moat which surrounded it. There can be no doubt this was one of the
principal castles of the kingdom, designed both as a means of
defence against invasion, and as a point for the assembling of fleets
and armies for offensive purposes. We are told of this building, that it
was “large, strong, and magnificent;” a fitting residence for royalty,
and one of the strongholds of the realm; and its importance may be
estimated by the rank of its constables, who were, in the reign of
Edward III., John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster; Richard II., Robert de
Vere, Earl of Oxford; Henry IV., John Cornwall, Baron Fanhope;
Henry VII., Humphry Stafford, Duke of Buckingham; Edward IV.,
George, Duke of Clarence, &c. The last repairs were done in the
reign of Henry VIII., 1536.
Pending these works, Wykeham grew into high favour with his
royal master, and church preferment was heaped upon him with a
lavish hand; he filled also in succession the offices of Secretary of
State, Keeper of the Privy Seal, and Chancellor of England; and
upon the death of Edyngdon, Bishop of Winchester, in 1366, he
succeeded to that see, one of the richest and most influential in the
kingdom. With his career as a prelate or a statesman, we can have
little to do in this sketch, but we may be permitted to notice that it
was replete with great and disinterested actions. Prosperity so
brilliant had, however, its hour of adversity, but which only served to
place in bolder relief the virtues of the Christian and the dignity of the
man. In the dotage of Edward III., charges of malversation, in the
execution of his high offices, were preferred against the Bishop of
Winchester, at the instigation of John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster,
who had always manifested an irreconcilable jealousy of his
influence with the king. This proceeding was followed by an arbitrary
sequestration of the temporalities of the bishop, and he retired to the
monastery of Merton, and subsequently to the Abbey of Waverly,
near Farnham, amid the universal regrets of the nation. The
aspersion of a character so singularly exempt from the besetting sin
of avarice, and its twin vices, peculation and sensualism, could not,
however, be long sustained; and at the end of seven months he was
happily restored to the means of carrying forward magnificent
designs for the benefit of posterity.
From this period Wykeham seems, as much as possible, to have
relieved himself from the burthen of secular affairs, although we find
him again Chancellor in the unsettled reign of Richard II., but which
office he took the earliest occasion to resign. Long and faithful
services to the state had entitled him to repose; but there was no
cessation in the activity of a mind fraught with benevolent purposes.
Possessed of great wealth, he seems to have considered himself but
as a steward intrusted with a useful application of it, and he devised,
with as much judgment as human foresight is permitted to exercise,
the establishments we are now to mention.
With the year 1373 began the formation of a school at Oxford, that
of Winchester having much earlier been taken under his especial
care; at each, masters were provided, and scholars, to the number of
seventy, lodged and boarded at his sole charge. These were,
however, but preliminary steps to the great and original plans
contemplated, namely, the founding of colleges at Oxford and
Winchester, with buildings, masters, and suitable appointments, and
a perpetual maintenance for two hundred scholars, who, while
receiving the advantage of liberal support, were trained from
elementary learning through the whole circle of the sciences. So
costly was this undertaking, that no individual, with a single
exception, has had the means or generosity to emulate the example.
This occurred in the person of King Henry VI., whose colleges at
Eton and Cambridge were founded upon principles scarcely varying
from these models.
Wykeham was now fifty-five years old, and, in realizing his plans,
found full scope for the display of matured genius. Neither the cares
of state which he had encountered, nor the personal ease which so
frequently inclines even great minds to passive inaction, could
obliterate his predilections for architecture. Under this master of his
art were perfected improvements in Gothic style which have
procured for examples of this period the distinction of the pure or
decorated English. These consist in increased boldness, highly
wrought and varied sculpture, and enriched vaultings, with exterior
ornaments of statuary, niched or canopied, upon the western or
great entrance fronts of ecclesiastical buildings. With the taste to
dictate and the wealth to execute such magnificent designs, he
entered upon his tasks, and, in 1379, personally laid the first stone of
the college familiarly termed New College, Oxford, but by himself
“Sainte Marie College of Winchestre in Oxenford,” which was
completed and its establishment inducted with much ceremony in
1386.
We may here be permitted to observe, that with every disposition
to dwell upon the details and beauties of this and his succeeding
works, want of space compels us, for the moment, to relinquish an
intention to do so; but, as subjects of national interest, we shall recur
to them, aided by illustrations calculated to render many peculiarities
of this style available in modern practice.
But to resume our brief notices. Scarcely a year elapsed before
the second, or St. Mary’s College, at Winchester, was in progress,
and in six years fitted for the reception of its professors and students.
In extent and style this edifice bears the strong impress of its
founder, whose memory lives freshly in the veneration of his
children, for such we may term those who are here nurtured and
taught, and from amongst whom have stood forth many worthies of
the church, and others of the highest attainments in science.
The next, and last, work of this eminent and excellent prelate, the
construction of the western front, and the nave and aisles of his
cathedral at Winchester, was commenced in 1394, and the 70th of
his age; and in this instance the unimpaired vigour of his
conceptions, and the extreme liberality with which he appropriated
his resources, are equally subjects for lasting admiration. It was built
by Walklyn, the first Norman bishop after the conquest; and in its
governing features, extent and massiveness, is in the style so called.
We have before mentioned the western front as the work of
Wykeham, which, though mutilated by barbarian fanaticism, retains
much of its splendour, and is a marked example of his manner.
Entering by this door-way, we are at once upon the scene of his
mightiest achievement;—the eye becomes fixed for a moment by the
gorgeous colouring of the eastern window, then wanders upwards
amidst the infinite tracery and adornment of the vault, and, having
scanned the vastness of the pile, seeks repose in a more leisure
examination of the isolated, but not less beautiful, objects of
sculpture below.
 Apart from associations and impressions induced by the aspect of
Gothic temples upon the great scale, we here find the elements of
solidity, propriety, and uniformity carefully preserved, and the
enrichments distributed with a masterly hand; the groining of the roof
springs from single shafts rising from octangular bases; the capitals
are highly embellished with busts and foliage, and the frieze charged
with bold and finely-sculptured bosses; in fact, we have here before
us an era in the Gothic style, and a perfect adaptation of its
capabilities, carried out with all the originality that distinguished the
genius of the architect.
The various writers who have treated on the antiquities of
Winchester agree that the effect produced by the columnar vista of
the nave, in combination with the group of chantries and screens, is
not surpassed by any spot in England, or in Europe. In minute
Gothic, or shrine-work, it is also unrivalled. The tomb of Wykeham,
executed, according to the practice of the middle ages, under his
own direction, is the purest of all authorities in this style: it is placed
within the mortuary chapel, or chantry, occupying the fifth arch from
the west end, and is rich in canopies and tabernacle work; the latter
originally contained statues of saints, particularly that of the Virgin,
which stood against the same pillar, when in his youth he had
worshipped here; but these have long since been destroyed, and the
tomb despoiled also of the enchased escutcheons which adorned it.
The marble figure represents the prelate as possessing full features,
and a placid, benign, and intelligent countenance; it is clothed in full
episcopal costume, the head resting upon a pillow supported by
angels, and at the feet are three figures of one of the religious
orders, in the attitude of prayer.
The life so usefully spent closed in the year 1404, leaving more
durable and splendid memorials than it has been the lot of any other
individual to rear. Having, for nearly half a century, held the highest
stations, and possessed almost unbounded influence, we find it to
have been exerted in a spirit far in advance of his times; and
personal aggrandizement grew upon him as a consequence of
undeviating integrity and universal benevolence; these great and
marked qualities were evinced in pure and unabated loyalty to his
prince, courtesies and services to his equals of the church and the
nobles of the land; and, above all, in the kindness, forbearance, and
mercy which he caused to be exercised towards the people of a yet
unenlightened age.
William of Wykeham expired at his manor house, or palace, of
Waltham, Hants, A.D. 1404, in the eightieth year of his age, and his
remains rest under the tomb we have described. His life affords,
perhaps, the most brilliant example on record of the combined power
of industry and genius; the industry to acquire knowledge, and the
genius to apply it in advance of preceding theories. His earliest
employments seem to have been merely such as a tolerably well-
educated man of the fourteenth century would find little difficulty in
obtaining. Architecture was his diverging point from the monotony of
ordinary life towards the greatness he achieved, his first essays
appearing to have resulted from opportunities which casually fell in
his way, but embraced with an alacrity inspired by self-confidence.
Having once engaged in it, his fondness for the science knew no
abatement, for however lofty his position in the state, or onerous his
duties as a churchman, he found leisure to cultivate it; and having
engrafted new and more impressive features upon the style he
delighted in, may be said to have died in the exercise of this
profession, just before the completion of his cathedral at Winchester.
So exalted were the stations and so extensive the influence he
possessed, that the spirit of benevolence by which he was actuated
had full scope for exertion. While serving his prince with unswerving
loyalty, he found means to protect the people from oppression and
exactions, and by numerous courtesies and services to the nobility,
won them to a milder exercise of their territorial privileges; while in
the relations of private intercourse, we are told that he was “the
kindest and most generous of patrons, and the most constant and
affectionate friend, rarely changing his officers or domestics, none
leaving, or being deserted by him, and all receiving in their turn
testimonies of his favour.”
By his hand the revenues of the church were disbursed in her
service and to her honour, and, to use the words of Lowth, the whole
period from the meridian of life to the end of his days was employed
“in one continued series of generous actions and great designs, for
the good of his friends, of the poor, and of his country.”
 OUR SERMON.
In adopting this heading for a series of articles, which will be
continued as occasion offers, we are very far from intending to
startle our readers with a rush of theological disquisition. In proof of
our sincerity, and as an earnest of the gist of our discourses, we
have chosen as a standing text, or motto, the golden rule of “peace
and goodwill to all men;” but while we leave intact the functions of
the divine, it is our business, as we conceive it to be our duty, to
sermonize on the morals of trade, the social relations of every-day
life, and even the proprieties which enhance every species of
domestic enjoyment.
A right understanding of the relative duties of master and man, or
of employer and the employed, yields to no subject in importance;
peculiar incidents, induced by a rapidly increasing population, the
tendency of commercial wealth to accumulate in masses, and its
employment under the familiar term “capital,” through the agency of
individuals, in the construction of great works, constitutes, however,
an era in the Building trade to which former periods bear no very
strict analogy. In offering our humble opinions upon actuating causes
and their effects, be the subject what it may, we will never lose sight
of our text; we shall make use neither of angry words nor
denunciations; peace is too lovely to our minds, and charity too
imperative to be abandoned; we would dispel the darker and sterner
passions, giving every brother full credit for good intentions, and
assign occasional deviations from the path of right rather to
misfortune than intention. Whatever the class of men addressed or
dealt with, this, we are convinced, is the best and only true policy. It
may be very well for any one to talk of their anger being aroused, or
their indignation excited, and so on, and under such pleas to vent
abuse, imprecate a thousand vengeances, and the like, but, depend
upon it, fear is less to be relied on than love; we would win a child to
our love, not deter it by frowns and coercion;—we would have a
thousand friends rather than a single enemy.
Who has not heard of the tale of the traveller, upon whom the sun
and wind essayed their power? These elements, as the fable puts it,
were at issue as to which was superior, and agreed to rest the
decision upon the effect they should produce upon the first wayfarer.
Well, first the wind fell to work, and blew with all his might, to compel
the subject of their experiment to throw off his cloak, but the more
vehemently the man was assailed, the closer he wrapped the
garment about him; in turn the sun made trial of his power, and
genial warmth soon accomplished what the bluster of the ruder
element had made more and more difficult. So in human policy the
kindly glow excited by generous sentiments and actions will succeed
where threats, force, and even punishments have failed. The human
heart has no such obduracies but that charity will overcome them.
It is a part of our present purpose to refer to practical benevolence
of this nature, and it will be found in an extract from the Leeds
Mercury, given in another part of our paper, on the subject of the
treatment of workpeople, by Sir John Guest, at Merthyr Tydvil, and
the Messrs. Marshall, of Leeds. These, thank God, and for the
honour of our country, are not solitary instances. These gentlemen
stand not alone in the practice of that soundest principle of Christian
political economy which instructs the rich to dispense of their
abundance for the benefit of their poorer brethren. We have Master
Builders in every department, proprietors of large works and
establishments, whose names we could hold up to the admiration of
their craft and country, but we will not do this violence to their
unobtrusive merit, neither will we invite invidious comparisons by
such selections; we would rather hold up these Christian duties for
common emulation, and call upon all to “go and do likewise.”
We open, then, our exhortations to Masters, because we know
that the first impulse of benignant power must originate with them;
kindness from them may be likened to the sun in its influence, and
most surely will it be returned with usurious interest “into their basket
and their store.”
 Who ever saw the good father of a family putting firm faith in virtue
and honour, and regulating his household by their dictates, failing to
raise up virtuous, amiable, and honourable citizens? or, to put the
case stronger, who ever knew the man that acted upon opposite
principles succeed in sowing any thing but vice and discord? Depend
upon it, then, the same principles and rules apply in business, from
the overseer of the smallest undertaking to the governor of a nation.
Fatherly solicitude for those under our care, or for whom we bear
any responsibility, is as solemn and sacred a duty as the fulfilment of
contracts or engagements; nay, it is the first of duties between man
and man.
On the other hand, as to the workman,—fidelity—and more, the
same generous kindness towards his master is required, as that he
would receive; in fact, “to do unto others us you would be done by,”
is the great and universal secret of social happiness.
It is with this view of relative duties that we deem it of as much
importance to engage ourselves in giving good counsel to our craft,
as in enlightening them on principles of science pertaining to their
several callings; for of what avail will it be to a man to possess all the
knowledge of his art, if his heart be corrupt, or continue under vicious
influences? Away with, as dross, all the ability of the engineer,
architect, master builder, or workman, if the man be not endowed
with moral excellence. What are beautiful designs, imposing
structures, mechanical skill, or ingenious artifice in workmanship,
without a mind and heart in harmony with the superior inspirations
which virtue alone bestows? This, this indeed must come first as the
base of the pyramid. In any other case the pyramid may be there,
but it topples, leans, or lies on its side; the same inherent beauty
may exist, but its position and action are superadded elements of
deformity. Oh, how beautiful the human mind when lit up and guided
by the impulses of virtue! how terrible and loathsome when passion
and gaunt sensuality have their sway!
Guard, my beloved countrymen, against avarice, envy, malice;
avoid contentions; be moderate in the desire of gain; repine not at
another’s success in life, or the distinctions he may attain to; cast all
rancorous suggestions far from your heart; contend not in any unholy
spirit of craving competition; “live, and let live,” is a maxim which we
conjure you at all times to observe.
In times of commercial depression, aggravate not your own or
another’s suffering; these, like seasons of sickness and malady,
must and will have their recurrences, and they will recur more
frequently, and press more grievously, where brotherly love and
charity, the great preventative and remedy of human ills, are
neglected. Let none imagine it his privilege to be exempt from these
obligations; let us not, because we see a neighbour unmindful of his
duties in any of the multifarious walks of life, think ourselves justified
in departing from our superior policy; neither must we judge and
condemn; inflict, if you will, pains and penalties on yourself, but you
have no right to do so on another.
Pardon us, good brothers of our building fraternity, and you who
do us the favour to lend an ear to our counsellings, if we thus seek to
engage your attention, and offer our well-meant importunings.
Should your approving suffrages incite a continuance of our
vocation, it will be our ambition to discuss the relative duties of the
stations you respectively fill—master, apprentice, or workman; father,
brother, son, or husband; neighbour or friend; and to do as we have
now done, namely, try to improve each and all, and in doing so,
promote, in some degree, the cause of human happiness.
 TREATMENT OF WORK-PEOPLE BY
THEIR EMPLOYERS.
In an article under this head it was mentioned that the
parliamentary inquiry into the payment of wages in goods had
shewn, that there are persons extensively engaged in manufactures
of various kinds, who feel that the employment of bodies of
workpeople involves a degree of responsibility to care for their
general well-being, and who act on that conviction in a manner
highly creditable to themselves, and conducive to the excellent
object they have in view. These employers are of opinion that to
regard as a machine a man whose skill or industry assists them to
maintain their own families in respectability, is altogether unchristian,
and that by viewing workpeople in such a light, they would deprive
themselves of some of the finest opportunities of usefulness, and of
cementing the bonds of society.
Of course, as the intention in moving for a committee of the House
of Commons was to expose grievances, it was not likely that any
examples of conduct distinguished for its humanity would be found in
the pages of the report. As we remarked, however, when formerly
writing on the subject, illustrations of this kind might be obtained by
any one from our own neighbourhood. We had only last week the
pleasure of visiting an extensive range of school buildings just
erected on the best principles, in connection with Messrs. Marshall’s
mill at Holbeck. In that suite of rooms there are between 300 and
400 children under daily instruction, independent of about 160 boys,
who work half-time at the factory, and are at school either in the
morning or afternoon of every day; the same gentlemen have also
instituted girls’ and infant schools (which are situated elsewhere),
and a night school, attended by young men and women from the
mill, whose improvement in conduct as well as attainments, in
consequence of this arrangement, is spoken of as highly gratifying.
In the several schools every thing seems to be done to promote the
comfort of the young, and to cultivate habits of cleanliness and
decorum, as well as to impart an excellent plain education.[2] Plans
for affording the means of recreation to the adult workpeople have
also been devised in connection with these buildings; and all
manifests that a sincere interest is felt by the members of the firm in
the welfare of every class in their employ.
The principal example of attention to the interests of workpeople
which came under the notice of the parliamentary committee, was
that of Sir John Guest and Co., at their iron and coal works, Dowlais.
These works, which were established from thirty to forty years since,
“in an isolated place on the top of a hill,” in Glamorganshire, have
now a town around them (Merthyr Tydvil), and nearly 5,000 persons
are employed by this firm alone. In the first instance, great difficulty
was experienced by the workpeople in procuring the means of
lodging, but in the course of time this was removed by the erection of
a large number of cottages at the expense of the company, and by
the people being encouraged to build dwellings for themselves. The
cottages belonging to the firm are stated to be low-rented,
convenient, well built, well drained, and the taking of them is quite
optional with the workpeople; while the granting of loans to steady
men to build cottages for themselves has been pursued to a
considerable extent, and has been found to attach them to the place,
to keep them from the ale-house, and to produce and confirm in
them a feeling of independence.
The amount of each individual’s wages at this extensive
establishment is settled every Friday evening, and the whole of the
hands are paid on the morning of Saturday; shewing that a large
number of workpeople is no barrier to the early payment of wages if
employers are determined to adopt that highly beneficial practice.
Nearly twenty-four years ago, Sir John Guest and his partners
recognised the responsibility which attached to them as employers
by erecting large schools, near the works at Dowlais, chiefly for the
education of the children of their workmen, but (like Messrs.
Marshall) not confined to them. There are at present about 220 girls
and 250 boys under instruction, the children being admitted at the
age of six, and usually remaining until thirteen years old. The
teachers are well paid, and the whole expenses of the schools are
defrayed by the workpeople and employers together, in the following
manner:—Twopence in the pound is stopped every week “for the
doctor” from the wages of every one in the works, of which 1½d. is
appropriated to provide medical attendance for the families of the
workmen, and the remainder goes towards the support of the
schools. Each child is also expected to pay one penny a week, and
whatever is wanting to make up the amount incurred in maintaining
the educational establishments is contributed by the company. In
connection with the schools, it is worthy of notice that Mr. Evans, the
manager at Dowlais (from whose evidence our facts are drawn),
expressed before the committee a strong conviction, as the result
both of his own observation for above twenty years, and of the
statements of colliers themselves, that for a collier to put his child to
work in the pits very young is decidedly bad economy; instead of
gaining, the family loses by it in the long run, while the unfortunate
victim of error or cupidity becomes decrepit and unfit for work when
individuals of the same age are in possession of mature strength.
Very few of the children taught in the schools at Dowlais become
colliers, the greater number being qualified for employment as
carpenters, smiths, and, in some instances, even book-keepers. “We
derive very great advantage,” says Mr. Evans, “from having children
in the works who have been educated there; they are of great use to
us.” Here, then, is a proof to masters who have not yet exerted
themselves for the elevation of the families dependent on them, but
are disposed to do so, that such a course is not only beneficial to
others, but brings a reward to every one who adopts it. The medical
attendants on the workpeople at Dowlais consist of three regular
surgeons and a dispenser, whose services are remunerated chiefly
by the money stopped from the wages. In 1827 a fund for the relief
of the sick and aged was formed, one penny in the pound being
stopped every week to furnish the necessary supply for the wants of
those who are thus unable to provide for themselves; this fund is at
the disposal of a committee, elected yearly by all the contributors.
From the peculiar circumstances of the district, when the works of
Sir John Guest and Co. were established, and for many years after,
it was desirable and even needful that the firm should afford their
workpeople the means of obtaining the necessaries of life by
maintaining a shop on the premises. In 1823, however, they closed
it, but once again opened it at the request of the men in 1828. On the
act against truck shops being passed in 1831, the workmen were
called together and desired to state whether they wished the store
belonging to the firm still to be continued. The votes were taken by
ballot, and thirteen only were given for the discontinuance; but as
there was not perfect unanimity, the company thought it best that the
shop should be finally closed at that time; and the increase of
population having had the usual effect of attracting private
individuals to supply the wants of the community, the only result of
this step was to shut up an establishment where the labouring
classes were always sure of buying good articles at a moderate
price. The accommodation being no longer necessary, we think the
company’s decision was a wise one.
It is gratifying to find that no loss whatever has been entailed on
Sir John Guest and Co. by all the beneficial regulations adopted by
them on behalf of their workpeople. On the contrary, “by the
education of the people,” Mr. Evans states, “we have gained more
than we have spent upon them.” And this gentleman expressed
himself as feeling certain that if a similar system were extended over
the manufacturing and mining districts of the whole country, it would
prove the cheapest and most effectual mode of benefiting both the
working classes and employers, and consequently society at large.
Of course, the details of the system at Dowlais, or at any other
establishment of which an account is before the public, are not
essential to its being adopted with advantage in other parts of the
country, though the success which has attended those plans gives
them a title to careful consideration; the thing to be desired is, that
each employer should ask himself how far he can adopt the
principle, and then carry into operation the dictates of his own
judgment and conscience.—Leeds Mercury.

[2] The ventilation of the new school-rooms appears to be

remarkably effective—a point of great importance where so many
individuals are for three hours at a time congregated together.
The playground also is being extremely well laid out.
 Reviews.
Temples, Ancient and Modern, or Notes on Church Architecture. By
William Bardwell, Architect. London: Fraser & Co., and
Williams.
Mr. Bardwell, in the Preface to this work, states his object to be
—
“To endeavour to excite among architects a spirit of inquiry such
as cannot fail to prevent a repetition of those improprieties the
existence of which in our public edifices has so long afforded subject
for complaint and matter for criticism;” and “to put an end to that
inconsistency which is the cause of error,—namely, the tyranny of
custom and the caprice of fashion: which, while they compel the
modern architect to copy in little and with meaner materials the
sublime works of revered antiquity, indulge a laugh at his expense,
because his reproduction fails to excite those sensations of pleasure
and admiration which are inseparable from a contemplation of the
original.”
Passing over the first three chapters of the work, which, although
they contain much excellent matter of opinion, to which all may
subscribe, do nevertheless open a door to controversy, and this it is
our desire to avoid,—we come to Chapter IV. This is headed “Errors
in the details of late-erected Churches, a connected series of critical
observations;” and has for its object, by stringing together a number
of critiques from the Gentleman’s Magazine and other sources, to
call attention to the prevalent errors of past design, and to enunciate
correct principles for future practice. We quite agree with Mr.
Bardwell, that “notwithstanding the querulous tone in which the
writers have occasionally indulged, the extracts contain many hints
that may be permanently useful;” and would wish that the spirit of a
following paragraph could be always borne in mind by the critic and
reviewer. “The legitimate object of criticism,” says our author, “is to