© 2022 JETIR June 2022, Volume 9, Issue 6 www.jetir.

org (ISSN-2349-5162)

HYDRAULIC BRAKING SYSTEM

Authors: -MAYANK, PRIYANK VISHWAKARMA, MOHD MUDASSIR, MAYANK KUMAR MAURYA
COLLEGE: - IIMT COLLEGE OF POLYTECHNIC
Guide: - Mr SANJAY MAVI
successfully shows the shift of mechanical force
(generated when the user squeezes the handle)
ABSTRACT
to hydraulic force (on the moving of piston) to
The focus of this project was the development of mechanical force, which creates friction between
a physical model to show the transfer of forces the callipers’ and the brake rotor to bring the
from the mechanical domain to the hydraulic rotating wheel to a stop.
domain, and round back to the mechanical
1. INTRODUCTION
domain. To do this, a wheel was designed to be
stopped untold a brake connected hydraulically Hydraulic braking system is a type of braking
to a set of calliper’s and a brake rotor. Using a system which compared to the mechanical
motor the wheel on the dead axle was spun and braking system utilizes the hydraulic fluid to
once the wheel acquired enough speed, transmit the brake pedal or brake lever force
mechanical force was applied to the hand brake towards the final drum shoes or disc calliper so
to bring the wheel to a stop. Calculations for the that one can achieve braking. In this type of
model were made to determine flexure, stress braking system the mechanical force applied by
concentrations, natural frequency and the the driver on the brake pedal is changed into the
mechanical advantage of the braking system.. hydraulic pressure by a device known as master
Once all these calculations ensured that the cylinder and then the obtained hydraulic
successful working of the model, it was pressure is sent to the final drum or disc calliper
proceeded with construction of a physical model in order to enable the deacceleration the vehicle.
was constructed. The physical model was tested Brake fluid is used in hydraulic brake mechanism.
during its operation and it showed that the Glycol is used to transfer pressure from
calculations were accurate. The final model controlling system to brake apply system.

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2. LITERATURE REVIEW humans as it enabled them to transport their

objects and to travel on carts from place to
Brakes and tires are two essential component of
another. However, metal tires were used in first
the automation system in a car. Meanwhile, a
car in history. Then metal tires were replaced by
large portion of safety factors are focused on the
rubber filled with air in 1905 which was the first
selection of the most efficient brake system along
pneumatic tire with a tread. In 1931 the synthetic
with the most durable and fit tires. That's why
rubber was introduced by the DuPont Company
since the early times in the history of car
which led to increase in tire production. In 1947
manufacturing the form and functionality of both
tubeless tire were introduced in order to reduce
brake systems and tires have been in continual
costs. It helped reduce weight and make saving of
development. For brake systems, mechanical
fuel. It was followed by the invention of radial
drum brake was the earliest brake form that was
tires in the 1950s, with cords and carcass plies.
invented in 1902 by Louis Renault, the French car
Then in 1979, the run-flat tire were developed
manufacturer .Meanwhile, the concept of brake
which allowed the enabled tires to run with
system was initiated by Gottlieb Daimler who
puncture. With enhancements for brakes and car
devised a drum with an anchoring cable to the
drivability, the tires are now greater in size than
vehicle's body is useful for stopping the car
16 inches
.Then, the internal shoe brake was invented and
used widely then it was abandoned by the 3. TYPES AND CONSTRUCTION DETAILS
invention of hydraulic brakes in 1920s to avoid
Types
the problem of shoe brake that was susceptible
to many factors like temperature. In the middle The Hydraulic braking system has been classified
of the 20th century, the Disc brakes were on 2 basis-

invented to go with the new types of vehicles 1. Based on frictional contact mechanism
that were faster ad heavier in weight as well.
(i) Drum brake also referred as internal
However, some companies decided to make a
expanding hydraulic brakes
mix between the two systems for example the
Chrysler Imperial to get the advantages of both (ii) Disc brakes also referred as external

system, so that we can have the new hydraulic contracting hydraulic brakes.

disc brake system. Recently, with the progress in 2. Based on brake force distribution
development, the world has the new anti-lock
(i) Single acting hydraulic brakes
brake system, or (ABS) that prevented the lock of
(ii) Dual acting hydraulic brakes
brakes while one is driving. Wheels were the
most significant invention in the history of

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Drum brake: -It is a brake that utilizes the friction

caused by the shoes or pads that press outwards
towards a rotating cylinder-shaped part referred
to as brake drum. The term drum brake usually
refers to a brake in which shoes are pressed on
the inner surface of the drum. When shoes are
pressed on the outside region of the drum, it is
Fig 2: Disc brake
commonly called a clasp brake. A pinch drum
brake refers to when the drum is pinched 3. METHODOLOGY
between two shoes, quite similar to a
The friction between the pads and the rotor
conventional disc brake. Another type called a
causes a braking torque to be generated, which
band brake makes use of a flexible belt or "band"
bring down slow speed. Heat generated by this
wrapping around the outside of a drum.
friction is released through vents and channels in
the rotor or is transferred through the pads,
which are made of special heat-tolerant
substances such as Kevlar or sintered glass. In
similar fashion, in a drum brake, the fluid moves
into the wheel cylinder and presses one or two
brake shoes towards the inside of the spinning
drum. This action first relieves the hydraulic
Fig 1 Drum brakes
pressure on the calliper, and then applies suction
Disc brake makes use of the callipers to squeeze to the brake piston in the calliper assembly,
pairs of pads against a disc or a rotor to generate moving it back into its housing and enabling the
friction. This action slows down the rotation brake pads to release the rotor.
movement of a shaft, such as a vehicle axle. The
motion energy is converted into waste heat
which must be distributed. These are the most
commonly used types of brake for motor vehicles

Fig 3: Construction of Hydraulic braking system

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Working of master cylinder of hydraulic brake: aid of pressure bleeder, one can bleed the
hydraulic system without requiring helper.
i) Brakes applied:

When the brake pedal is used, the pushrod

moves the piston towards the action of the spring
force. When sufficient pressure is built up, the
rubber cap of fluid check valve deflects and the
high-pressure fluid enters the wheel cylinder
through fluid lines and operates the brake shoe
against the revolving drum.
Fig 5: Pressure bleeding
ii) Brakes released:
2) Manual Bleeding
When the pedal is allowed to release, the piston
return towards its initial position due to the
spring force and stops the fluid check valve for a
short duration to avoid entry of any air. The fluid
from the lines also comes back in the
compression chamber by lifting the check valve
off its seat.

Fig 6: Manual bleeding

Two service technicians are required for the

operation of manual bleeding process. One
technician works towards opening the bleeder and
the other operator depresses the pedal, to force out
air and brake fluid from the bleeder screw.
Fig 4: Hydraulic braking system
Method of Bleeding of hydraulic brakes: 3) Gravity bleeding

1) Pressure Bleeding Gravity bleeding is the method of bleeding that

utilizes the earth’s gravity to bleed air from the
The master cylinder is supplied pressurized brake
hydraulic system. It requires no application of
fluid from the pressure bleeder. the pressure
external force is to the brake fluid.
force air and brake fluid out of the bleeder screw
on the opening of the bleeder screw. With the
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4. CONCLUSION 3. Csere, Csaba (January 1988), "10 Best

Engineering Breakthroughs", Car and
The conventional braking system has ability to
Driver, vol. 33, no. 7, p. 61
developed maximum <80% of the braking effort
4. "Stopping Power Put Duesenberg’s
that required to stop the vehicle in desired
Forever in Industry's Winner's Circle".
distance. While, the braking system is designed
13December 2005.
to develop 100% braking effort to stop the car in
5. "Motor Age". 1915.
desired distance corresponding to the speed. The
6. Sean Bennett (3 November 2006).
lacking of the braking effort development due to
Modern Diesel Technology: Brakes,
the slow response of the driver Chances of brake
Suspension &Steering. Cengage Learning.
failure are reduced in the hydraulic braking
p. 97. ISBN 978-1-4180-1372-1.
system compared to the mechanical types,
7. "Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards
because of the direct connection between the
and Regulations".
actuator (brake pedal or lever) and the brake disc
www.nhtsa.gov.Retrieved 2016 10-01.
or drum. The hydraulic braking system is very
8. Dr A.K.SINGH Automobile Eng, Vayu
easy to fix due to its less complexity compared to
Publication
mechanical brakes. The Hydraulic Brake System is
being more popular due to its advantages and
easy to use. The modern automobiles like bikes,
cars, and heavy vehicles are adapting this
technology. The fluids used in this system can
vary according to its application because the
heavy vehicles require more effort or pressure to
push the brakes and stop the rotary wheel. Few
of its applications can be seen in mopeds
nowadays.

REFERENCES

1. Automobile Engineering, Vol. II., p. 183.

American Technical Society, Chicago, 1919
2. Loughhead, Malcolm, "Braking
apparatus," U.S. Patent no. 1,249,143
(filed: 1917January 22 ; issued: 1917
December 4).

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