03 Chapter 1 Introduction

Why Motive is important?
• If direct evidence is there then it is not important, but when only circumstantial
evidence is there motive plays important role to establish intention.
Mens Rea not required in following cases:
1. When you don‘t know it is illegal because of ignorance of law;
- Ignorantia jurist non excusat ignorance of law is no excuse.
State of Maharashtra v. M.H. George (1965)

A pilot was transporting way more than the allowed limit of gold and when caught he
gave the defence that he didn‘t know of the newly made regulation prohibiting such
transporting. He was held liable.
2. Cases, which are not criminal in nature, but are prohibited in the interest of public at
large, ex. Damaging environment, liability under consumer protection.
3. Strict Liability offences.

4. Absolute Liability offences.
In the following offences Under IPC - Mens Rea is not required:
Waging war Section 121
Sedition Section 124A
Public Nuisance Section 268
Kidnapping Section 359
Abduction Section 363
Counterfeiting Coins Section 232
CHAPTER I – INTRODUCTION
Section 1: Indian Penal Code, 1860 extends to whole of India with J & K Reorganisation
Act, 2019 with effect from 31.10.2019 [Section 95 (1) Table 1 of the Fifth Schedule S.no.
48]
Section 2: Punishments for offences committed w/n India: Intra-territorial jurisdiction of
the courts
“Every Person”- Includes citizens, non-citizens and foreigners and relates to all persons
without limitation and irrespective of his nationality, allegiance, caste, creed, rank, status
and colour.
Certain persons though have been exempted from criminal proceedings and punishment
under the constitution vide Article 361(2) example: President, Governor, ambassadors,
foreign sovereign, diplomatic agents.
Section 2: determines liability and punishment for the (O) committed w/n India.
Section 3 & 4: (O) committed outside India, it deals with the extra-territorial jurisdiction
of the IPC.
Section 3: Provides that any person liable, by any Indian law, to be tried for an offence
committed beyond India shall be dealt with according to the provisions of this code for
any act committed beyond India in the same manner as if such act had been committed
within India. ―Any person‖ means citizen or a non-citizen committing the (O) outside
India.
It simply provides that an act constituting an offence in India shall also be an offence
when committed outside India.
Section 4: Clause (1) deals with (O) committed without (i.e. on any ship, aircraft or
vessel whether on territorial waters or otherwise) and (O) committed beyond (i.e. outside
India).
Clause (2) deals w/- (O) committed by any person on any ship, aircraft or vessel
registered in India.
Clause (3) was added in Sec.4 by the IT (amendment) Act 2008 vide which any person
who is targeting the computer resource in India for any (O) will be held liable u/IPC.
Section 4 also provides for a period of limitation which was earlier silent in the crpc1898
the new act of 1973 limitation to the launching of criminal proceedings are applicable acc.
to S.468 (2) of CRPC.
Mobarak Ali Ahmed v. state of Bombay [AIR 1957 SC857]

A Pakistani citizen while staying at Karachi made false representation to the complainant
at Bombay through telephonic calls, letters, etc and induced him to part payments over 5
lakhs to his agents at India for the delivery of the rice as per agreement. Later he flew to
England and the agreement was never honoured.
Thereafter, he was arrested from England under the extradition proceedings.
State of Maharashtra v. Mayer Hans George [AIR 1965 SC 722]

The common law doctrine of mens rea is not applicable to statutory crimes in India.
• Section 5: This Section is a saving clause to S.2 IPC and in accordance with the
maxim “generalia specialibus nonderogant” – general words do not repeal or
modify special legislation.
• This Section excludes the operation of this code, wherever some separate law is
prevailing u/ special or local laws to deal with such (O).
CHAPTER II GENERAL EXPLANATIONS
It consists of 47 Sections and runs from S.6 to S.52A

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Why Motive is important?

State of Maharashtra v. M.H. George (1965)

3. Strict Liability offences.

Mobarak Ali Ahmed v. state of Bombay [AIR 1957 SC857]

State of Maharashtra v. Mayer Hans George [AIR 1965 SC 722]

It consists of 47 Sections and runs from S.6 to S.52A

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