Tutorial Water Technology

AMITY SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
AMITY UNIVERSITY
APPLIED CHEMISTRY-I Semester
Tutorial Sheet - I (Water Treatment) (THEORETICAL)
1. What are the specifications of water for various industrial applications .
2 . What is the cause of hardness in water ? Distinguish between temporary and

permanent hardness .
3 . State chemical reactions, which remove bicarbonate hardness and justify your answer
4. What is CaCO3 equivalent ? Why it is necessary to express hardness in terms of
CaCO3 equivalent ?
5. Discuss which of the following substances will increase, decrease
or have no effect on the hardness of water: Ca (OH)2, Mg(HCO3)2, MgSO4,
Ca(HCO3)2, CaSO4, CaCl2, KCl, NH4Cl, NH4OH, NH4)2CO3, Na2SO4, BaCO3,
NaCl, NaOH, Na2CO3, Na3PO4, NaAlO2, Na2[Na4(PO3)6].
6. What are the various units to express hardness ? Establish the relation between mg/l
and ppm.
7. What do you understand by complexometric titration ? Give the chemical reactions
involved in the determination of hardness of water by EDTA method .
8. Give the full forms of EDTA and EBT and draw their structures .
9. How is water analysed for alkalinity ? How the alkalinity due to various ions
can be determined ?
10. Can alkalinity of water be due to presence of OH-, CO32- and HCO3- simultaneously?
Explain. Prove that if P>1/2M, CO32- = 2(M-P).
11. Ca(HCO3)2 causes scale formation in low pressure boilers and not in high pressure
boilers. Why?
12. What is priming? How is it caused? What are its disadvantages?
13. What is boiler corrosion ? What are its different contributing factors ? How it can be
minimized ?
14. What is caustic embrittlement and how can it be controlled ?
15. Is it necessary to pass water through cation exchanger and then through anion
exchanger? What will happen if the process is reversed?
16. Draw the structure of cation and anion exchange resin. Give reaction for regeneration
of the exhausted exchangers.
17. What are zeolites? Discuss regeneration of zeolites
18. Differentiate between ion exchange and zeolite process.
19. Why silica, oil and dissolved gases should not be present in boiler feed water.
20. What may be the consequences of using water containing MgCl 2, CaCO3 and SiO2 in
boilers? Also give remedial measure for the same.
21. Justify the statement that “ Phosphate Conditioning is pH dependent “. Identify from
the following compounds , those suitable for treating acidic, neutral and highly
alkaline water : NaH2PO4 , Na2HPO4 and Na3PO4 .
22. Why is calgon conditioning better than phosphate conditioning?
23. Compare carbonate conditioning and phosphate conditioning of boiler water with
respect to the principles involved, advantages and limitations .
24. What is the basic principle applied to remove the hardness of water by Lime – Soda process
Give the reactions for the same .
25. Why does Mg(HCO3)2 require double amount of lime for softening? State chemical
reactions , which remove bicarbonate hardness and justify your answer .
26. Why is hot lime -soda process better than cold process ? Why is sodium aluminate added
in cold process ?
27. Give the advantages and disadvantages of Lime – Soda process .

28. Distinguish between primary and secondary standards of drinking water .
29. What is sedimentation with coagulation ? What are the coagulants used for treatment
of drinking water ?
30. What do you understand by disinfection ? Which among the following is a better
disinfectant and why ?
(i) Bleaching powder (ii) free chlorine (iii) chloramines , Explain with equations .
31. Why is it essential to maintain the pH of water around 7 for effective chlorination ?
Give the different forms of chlorine at different pH .
32. Explain Break point chlorination with the help of chlorine dosage graph .
33. Why chloramines are preferred over bleaching powder during chlorination ?
34. What is the process of dechlorination? Give two examples of dechlorinating agents .
AMITY SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
AMITY UNIVERSITY
APPLIED CHEMISTRY-I Semester
Tutorial Sheet -II (Water Treatment) (NUMERICALS)
1. 50 ml of standard hard water containing 1 mg pure CaCO 3 per ml consumed 20 ml

of
EDTA . 50 ml of water sample consumed 25 ml of the same EDTA solution , using
EBT as indicator . Calculate the total hardness of the water sample?
2. 100 ml of a sample of water required 15 ml of 0.01 M EDTA for titration using EBT
as indicator . In another experiment , the same sample was boiled to remove the
hardness . 100 ml of this sample water required 8 ml of 0.01 M EDTA solution for
titration . Calculate (i) total hardness (ii) permanent hardness
3. 0.5 g CaCO3 was dissolved in dil HCl and diluted to 500 ml. 50 ml of this required
40 ml EDTA. 100 ml hard water sample required 50 ml EDTA and after boiling 50 ml
consumed 20 ml EDTA. Calculate the temporary hardness of the water sample?
4. 0.4 g of CaCO3 was dissolved in HCl and diluted to 400 ml . 25 ml of this solution
required 20 ml EDTA solution for titration . 25 ml of hard water sample required 12.5
ml of EDTA solution for titration . After boiling 25 ml of this required 10 ml of
solution for titration . Calculate total , permanent and temporary hardness of the water
sample?
5. Calculate the hardness of a water sample , whose 10 ml required 20 ml EDTA .
20ml of CaCl2 solution, whose strength is equivalent to 1.5 g of CaCO3 per litre ,
required 30 ml of EDTA solution?
6. A sample of water was alkaline both to phenolphthalein and methyl orange. 50ml of
this water sample required 15 ml of N/50 H 2SO4 for phenolphthalein end point and
another 10 ml for complete neutralization. Calculate the type of alkalinity in ppm?
7. A water sample is not alkaline to phenolphthalein . However , 100 ml of the sample
water on titration with N/ 50 HCl required 16.9 ml to obtain he end point , using
methyl orange as indicator . What are the types and amont of alkalinity present in
the water sample ?
8. 200ml of a sample required 20 ml of N/ 50 HCl using methyl orange as indicator .
Another 200ml of the same water sample required 8 mlof N/ 50 HCl using phenol-
phthalein as indicator . Express alkalinity in terms of mg of CaCO3 per litre?
9. A water sample contains the following impurities: Mg(HCO3)2 = 73mg/ltr, CaCl2
= 222 mg/ltr, MgSO4 = 120mg/ltr, Ca(NO3)2 = 164 mg/ltr. Calculate the quantity
of lime (74% pure) and soda (90% pure) needed for softening 5000 litres of water?
10. Calculate the amount of lime and soda required to soften 25,000 litres of water
having
the following analysis : Ca(HCO3) 2 = 4.86 ppm ; Mg(HCO3)2 = 7.3 ppm ; CaSO4 =
6.8 ppm ; MgCl2 = 5.7 ppm; MgSO4 = 9.0 ppm ; SiO2 = 3.5 ppm NaCl = 5.85 ppm?
11. A water sample , using FeSO4.7 H2O as a coagulant at the rate of 278 ppm gave the
following analysis : Ca2+ =240 ppm ; Mg2+ =96 ppm CO2 = 44 ppm HCO3 - = 732
ppm. Calculate the amount of lime and soda required soften 250,000 litres of water ?
12. A zeolite softener was completely exhausted and was regenerated by passing 100
litres of NaCl solution , containing 120 g/L of NaCl . How many litres of a sample of
water of hardness 500 ppm can be softened by this softener ?
13. 10,000 litres of hard water was softened by zeolite process . The zeolite required a
total amount of 8 litres of NaCl solution containing 150 g/L of NaCl for regeneration.
Calculate the hardness of water.

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AMITY SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

1. What are the specifications of water for various industrial applications .

2 . What is the cause of hardness in water ? Distinguish between temporary and

27. Give the advantages and disadvantages of Lime – Soda process .

1. 50 ml of standard hard water containing 1 mg pure CaCO 3 per ml consumed 20 ml

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