Unit 4 - Timber BMC

Building Materials & Construction
Timber
Mukesh Kumar Shankhwar

Department of Architecture & Interior Design
S.R Govt. Polytechnic College ,Sagar (M.P.), India
Email ID: [email protected]
INTRODUCTION
• Wood is hard and fibrous substance which
forms a major part of trunk and branches of
tree. It can also be defined as natural
polymeric material which practically does not
age.
• Wood has many advantages due to which it is
preferred over many other building materials.
Its easily available and easy to transport and
handle, has thermal insulation, sound
absorption and electrical resistance as
compared to steel and concrete. It’s the ideal
material to be used in sea water.
• Wood is a good shock absorber and so is
suitable for construction work in hilly areas.
CLASSIFICATION OF TREES BASED ON
MODE OF GROWTH
1. Endogenous trees- Trees grow end wards e.g.
palm. Bamboo etc
2. Exogenous trees- Trees grow outwards and are
used for making structural element .
Further divided in to
I. Conifers are evergreen trees having pointed
needles like leaves e.g. deodar, chir, fir, pine
etc.
II. Deciduous trees have flat broad leaves, e.g.
oak, teak, shisham etc
TIMBER
 WOOD AND WOOD PRODUCTS,
 CLASSIFICATION OF TREES,
 GROWTH OF TREES,
 CLASSIFICATION OF TIMBER,
 CHARACTERISTIC OF GOOD TIMBER,
 SEASONING OF TIMBER,
 DISEASES OF TIMBER,
 DECAY OF TIMBER,
 PRESERVATION OF TIMBER,
 PROPERTIES OF WOOD,
 WOOD PRODUCTS,
 APPLICATION OF WOOD PRODUCTS
Chir Tree Conifers Fir tree
Oak Teak Shishum
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SOFT WOOD AND HARD WOOD
SOFT WOOD
• LIGHTER COLOR
• FASTER GROWTH
• LIGHT IN WEIGHT
• DISTINCT ANNUAL RINGS
• RESINOUS MATERIAL EXIST IN PORES
HARD WOOD
• DARKER IN COLOR
• SLOWER IN GROWTH
• HEAVEIER IN WEIGHT
• INDISTINCT ANNUAL RINGS
• RESINOUS MATERIAL DOESN’T EXIST
Classification of Timber IS:399
Based of its On the basis of Basis of

position Grading IS: Modulus of
• Standing timber 6534 Elasticity
implies a living • Structural Grading • 12.5 kN/mm2
tree • Commercial or • Above 9.8 to 12.5
• Rough Timber Utility Grading kN/mm2
forms a part of • Above 5.6
felled tree kN/mm2 to 9.8
• Converted Timber kN/mm2
are logs of timber
sawn into planks
Structural Grading is also known as stress grading.
However, there is small distinction between the two. Structural
grading refers to the principle by which the material is graded
on the basis of visible defects which have known effects on
the strength properties of the material. Stress grading refers to
the principle by which the material is graded by consideration
of maximum principle stresses to which it can be subjected.
Commercial grading is also known as yard grading or utility

grading refers to the principle by which material is graded by
consideration of usefulness of the material and price factors.
A. Based on dimensions and general appearance (Kerala and
Mysore)
B. Best ultimate use of material ( Tamil Nadu, AP) BAL (Beam,
A class and Long) PBS ( Plank, B class, and Short)
STRUCTURE OF TIMBER
• Tree can be divided into three portions, crown,
composed of branches, leaves, trunk, and roots.
• The structure of timber visible to naked eye or at small
magnification is called macro structure, and that only at
great magnifications, the micro structure.
• Macro structure of the timber can be studied by cutting
the trunk in three directions.
• The Bark protects the tree from against the mechanical
damage
• Bast conveys the nutrients from the crown downwards
and stores them.
• The function of Cambium is to grow wood cells on the
inside and smaller bast cells on the outside.
STRUCTURE OF TIMBER
• The Sapwood assist in the life process by storing up

starch and conducting sap.
• The Heart wood gives a strong and firm support to tree.
With the growth of tree, the cells in the inner older
portion of trunk gradually become lifeless, but do not
decay. This is called Heart Wood.
• At the centre of the cross section is the Pith, a small area
occupied by friable tissue consisting of thin walled,
loosely connected cells called Pith.
CROSS SECTION OF TREE
CHARACTERISITIC OF GOOD TIMBER
• Narrow annual rings, closer the rings, greater
is the strength
• Compact Medullary rays
• Dark color
• Uniform Texture
• Sweet Smell, and shining fresh cut surface
• When struck sonorous sound is produced
• Free from Defects
• Heavy Weight
SEASONING OF TIMBER
Reduce the shrinkage Increase strength,

and warping after durability and
placement in structure workability
Reduce its tendency to Make it suitable for

spilt and decay painting
Reduce its weight

Sample Questions:-
Write short notes on any 6 of the following?
1. Endogenous Trees
2. Exogenous Trees
3. Conifers
4. Deciduous
5. Classification Of Trees
6. Growth Of Trees
7. Classification Of Timber
8. Characteristic Of Good Timber
9. Seasoning Of Timber
10. Cross section of a Timber
Sample Questions:-
Objective Type-
Choose the correct one-

Q.1. Which is not a CLASSIFICATION OF
TREES?
a) Exogenous
b) Endogenous
c) Conifer
d) Seasoned
Q.2. Which is a Chir Tree?
a) b) c)
d)
Q.3. Which is a Shishum Tree?

i) ii) iii)
iv)
Sample Questions:-
Q.1. Explain Classification Of Trees Based On
Mode Of Growth?
Q.2.What is wood? Explain its Uses?
Q.3. What is Difference Between Soft Wood
And Hard Wood ? explain ?
Q.4.Explain structure of Timber?
Q.5. Explain with using sketch Cross section
of a Tree?
Q.6.What are the Characteristics Of Good
Timber?
References:-
https://www.slideshare.net/mohitmanchanda123
/introduction-to-timber
https://images.google.com/
THANK YOU…….

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Building Materials & Construction

Mukesh Kumar Shankhwar

Based of its On the basis of Basis of

Commercial grading is also known as yard grading or utility

• The Sapwood assist in the life process by storing up

Reduce the shrinkage Increase strength,

Reduce its tendency to Make it suitable for

Reduce its weight

Choose the correct one-

Q.3. Which is a Shishum Tree?

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