BALANCING WORK AND STUDY:EFFECTS OF PART-TIME EMPLOYMENT

ON ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF CRIMINOLOGYSTUDENTS

An Undergraduate Thesis
Presented to the Faculty of the College of Criminal Justice Education
Ramon Magsaysay Memorial Colleges – Marbel Inc.
Koronadal City

In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of

Bachelor of Science in Criminology

JOHANNA GRACE G. OCUPE

2023
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Rationale

Part-time employment is common among college students, including those

pursuing degrees in criminology. With rising tuition costs and living expenses,

many students need to work part-time to support themselves financially. Part-

time employment may affect the learning process of students by reducing the

time available for studying, attending classes, and participating in extracurricular

activities. However, it can also provide students with valuable skills and

experiences that can enhance their future career prospects. It offers them the

opportunity to apply their academic knowledge, develop essential skills, build a

network, and gain valuable insights into the complexities of the criminal justice

system. This hands-on experience equips criminology students with the tools

they need to succeed in their future careers and contribute positively to society.

In contemporary higher education, the phenomenon of part time

employment among college students, including those pursuing degrees in

criminology, has become increasingly prevalent. The escalating costs of tuition

and the rising burden of living expenses have compelled many students to seek

part-time work to maintain financial stability (Nelson & Smith, 2018). In contrary,

more of hours students dedicate to work, the less they have to engage fully in

their studies, such as reading academic texts, performing research, and actively

engaging in intellectual discourse on campus. This lack of focus on education

may contribute to the decrease in the likelihood of achieving a high-quality

degree (Callender, 2018).

In the context of criminology students, this study delves into the practical

aspects of part-time employment, asserting that it represents a pragmatic

approach that can significantly benefit their educational and professional

development. By providing a platform for the practical application of academic

knowledge, the cultivation of essential skills, the establishment of professional

networks, and the acquisition of profound insights into the complexities of the

criminal justice system, part-time employment emerges as a critical tool in

equipping criminology students for success in their future careers and

empowering them to make meaningful contributions to society. Academic

performance is also a critical factor in higher education, where it affects college

admission, scholarships, and future career opportunities (Pamplona, 2021).

This research aims to examine the effects of part-time employment on the

academic performance of criminology students. It seeks to investigate the

potential consequences that arise from balancing part-time jobs with full-time

study. By exploring the nature of these consequences, this study contributes to

our understanding of the impact experienced by working students in the field of

criminology. Additionally, this research adds to the existing body of knowledge on

the increasing prevalence of part-time employment among college students.

Understanding the relationship between part-time employment and academic

performance is crucial for developing strategies to support students in effectively

managing their work and study commitments.

Research Objectives

This study was conducted to find out the balancing work and study: effects

of part-time employment in academic performance of criminology students.

Generally, the student will determine the balancing work and study: effects of

part-time employment in academic performance of criminology students.

Specifically, it sought to answer the following questions:

1. What is the profile of the respondents in terms of:

1.1 Name

1.2 Age

1.3 Gender

1.4 Year Level

1.5 Type of Job

2. To determine the effects of part-time employment of criminology students in

terms of:

2.1 Number of Working Hours

2.2 Workplace

2.3 Monthly Salary

3. To determine the academic performance of criminology students in terms of:

2.1 Truancy

2.2 Grades

2.3 Submission of Activities

4. Is there a significant relationship between the effects of part-time employment

in academic performance of criminology students?
Review of Related Literature and Studies

This section presents the Review of Related Literature and Studies obtained

by the researcher from journals, books and internet. This provides information

and references about topics and matters that are related to this research

investigation. This presents a discussion of relevant reviews and research related

to the effects of part-time employment on academic performance.

Local Literature

Part-time employment has become a prominent feature of the modern

workforce, with students, particularly college and university students, often

seeking such opportunities to support themselves financially during their studies.

One critical aspect of part-time employment that has garnered significant

research attention is the number of hours worked and its implications on various

aspects of students' lives (Martinez, et. al., 2020).

The need for employment while attending college is a common situation

faced by many students. While some students rely on loans, grants, or

scholarships to finance their education, others must work either part-time or full-

time to support themselves. It has been observed that approximately 80% of

college students are employed while pursuing their studies (National Center for

Education Statistics, 2018). This statistic has led to concerns about the potential

negative impact of work on students' academic performance, particularly on the

Gross Domestic Product (GDP). However, there are differing perspectives on the

effects of employment on students, with some arguing that work can have
positive outcomes. The prevalence of work among college students has indeed

increased, and many students struggle with balancing their work and academic

obligations to maintain a satisfactory quality of life. The decision to work while

attending college can have both advantages and disadvantages. On one hand,

employment can provide students with valuable skills, work experience, and

financial independence. It can also foster the development of time management,

organizational, and multitasking abilities, which can be beneficial in both

academic pursuits and future careers. Some studies suggest that working part-

time can enhance students' sense of responsibility and self-discipline (Ceci,

2019). On the other hand, the demands of work can sometimes interfere with

students' ability to fully engage in their academic responsibilities. Working long

hours or managing multiple jobs can lead to increased stress, fatigue, and

reduced time available for studying, attending classes, and participating in

extracurricular activities. Consequently, this may potentially impact their

academic performance and overall well-being (Martinez et al., 2020). Achieving a

balance between work and academics is crucial. Effective time management,

setting priorities, and seeking support from professors, advisors, and peers can

assist students in navigating these challenges.

According to Watts (2018) addresses the growing trend of students seeking

paid work to supplement their income while pursuing their studies. It begins by

providing a contextual background on the changes in the student funding

mechanism over the past few decades, highlighting the relevance of the research

in this evolving landscape.

Types of Jobs

According to Antonenko, et. al, (2020) understanding the types of jobs

students engage in while working part-time can shed light on their experiences

and how these jobs impact various aspects of their lives. This review explores

existing literature on the different types of part-time jobs held by students and

their implications for students' academic performance, well-being, and career

development.

Number of Working Hours

In 2018, approximately 27.7 million people were engaged in part-time work,

which refers to working less than 35 hours per week. Part-time workers can be

categorized based on the reasons they work part-time, which can be either

economic or non-economic. However, most analyses of part-time work focus on

individuals who work part-time for economic reasons, often referred to as

"involuntary part-time workers." This is because this type of part-time work is

influenced by the cyclical nature of the economy and has significant policy

implications. Involuntary part-time workers are individuals who desire full-time

employment but are currently working part-time due to either slack business

conditions or the fact that they were only able to find part-time job opportunities.

These individuals would prefer to work full-time but are constrained by external

factors such as a lack of demand for full-time employees or limited job

availability. It is worth noting that in 2016, less than one-fifth of all part-time

workers, which amounts to approximately 4.7 million individuals, fell into this
category of part-time employment. This represents about 3.1 percent of the total

workforce (Monthly Lab. Rev. 2018).

While part-time employment may impact students' academic pursuits by

limiting study time, class attendance, and extracurricular involvement. According

to Collica-Cox and Furst (2019), can be impact by several factors, among them

the absenteeism (class absences) is one of the main responsible one.

Part-time employment can contribute positively to a student's overall well-

being by fostering a sense of responsibility, financial independence, and skill

development.

However, the number of hours worked plays a critical role. A study by Robb

and Staley (2020), suggested that students who worked fewer hours (less than

20 hours per week) reported higher levels of overall life satisfaction compared to

those working longer hours. The number of hours worked can also affect

students' ability to engage in social activities and extracurricular pursuits.

A study of Rahaman (2018), a randomly selected sample of 109 students at

UIU (University of Information Technology and Sciences). The study aims to

estimate the impact of the number of hours dedicated to part-time jobs on the

academic performance of students across various departments or faculties within

UIU. The researchers employed the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) method to

examine the relationship between part-time activities and academic performance.

The findings reveal a consistent and negative association between the number of
hours spent on part-time jobs and CGPA, indicating a decline in academic

performance as students allocate more time to their employment commitments.

Foreign Literature

Numerous studies have explored the relationship between work hours and

academic outcomes. Carr et al. (2020) conducted a study on UK undergraduate

students and found that part-time employment had a mixed impact on academic

performance. While some students reported improved time management skills

and enhanced motivation due to their work commitments, others experienced

challenges in balancing their workload, resulting in lower grades. The impact of

work hours on mental well-being has also been extensively examined. Nelson

and Smith (2020) conducted a meta-analysis and discovered a significant

association between long work hours and increased stress levels among college

students. Students working over 20 hours per week reported higher stress levels

and lower mental well-being compared to those with shorter work hours.

The financial implications of the number of hours worked are evident.

Students working more hours can earn a higher income, which may alleviate

financial stress. However, it is essential to balance financial needs with the

potential negative consequences on academic performance and well-being (Carr

et al., 2020). Practically part-time employment can provide financial security,

working long hours has been linked to increased stress and mental health issues.
Workplace

Many students secure part-time jobs on their college campuses. These

roles can include working in on-campus jobs such as working in the library,

administrative offices, or as a teaching assistant are often convenient and

provide opportunities for students to connect with faculty and staff (Haelermans &

De Witte, 2019). These positions offer valuable real-world experience and may

lead to future career opportunities (Cameron & Ulferts, 2019). These roles can

offer exposure to academic research and provide valuable skills for future

academic or research careers (Ling, et. al, 2018).

Traditional part-time jobs often involve working in retail, food service, or

hospitality. Research (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2020) suggests that these jobs

are among the most common for students. With advancements in technology,

students can now find part-time jobs that are entirely online or remote. These

roles may include virtual assistants, content creators, or online tutoring. Remote

work provides flexibility and allows students to develop digital skills (Rosen &

Kim, 2018).

Retail sales positions are common among part-time workers. These jobs

provide customer service experience and may lead to opportunities for

advancement within the retail industry (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2020). The

type of job a student chooses can significantly impact their academic

performance, financial stability, career development, and overall well-being. As

the landscape of part-time employment continues to evolve, further research is

needed to explore how various job types affect students and their academic

journeys in today's dynamic job market (Dill, et. al, 2018).

Monthly Salary

It also presents an opportunity to acquire essential skills and practical

experiences that can enhance their future career prospects. The partial

employment of criminology students represents a pragmatic approach that can

significantly enrich their educational and professional development. It affords

them the chance to apply their theoretical knowledge, cultivate vital skills,

establish professional networks, and gain invaluable insights into the intricacies

of the criminal justice system. This hands-on experience equips criminology

students with the tools required for success in their future careers and empowers

them to make meaningful contributions to society.

Some studies may investigate in the academic performance of criminology

students, as well as potential reasons for any observed differences. Research

might explore the relationship between academic performance in criminology

programs and career outcomes. Beyond academic performance, some literature

may focus on the development of skills and competencies necessary for a

successful career in criminology, including practical experiences and

opportunities. Specifically in high-performing students may have more

opportunities in the job market and in pursuing advanced degrees or research

opportunities (Bravo-Agapito, et.al, 2021).

 Therefore, the researcher wanted to conduct study to determine the

balancing work and study: effects of part-time employment in academic

performance of criminology students. Combining part-time work and their

academics sparks different potential that concerns advantages and

disadvantages to criminology students’ attainment. The researcher is motivated

to conduct this study because it would help the researcher for his future

profession for a better crime solution and prevention. It would also help formulate

new ideas to response to these criminalities in times of crisis and as to the result

of this study, it would help the future researchers to back up their study related to

this research and serve as a basis for further study in this problem.

Locale Studies

In contemporary times, it is increasingly common for students to surpass

their limitations by effectively managing their time between work, education, and

social commitments. The primary motivation behind this phenomenon is the need

to cover the expenses associated with their education. Additionally, some

students engage in part-time employment to acquire supplementary income,

enabling them to fulfill personal desires without relying on parental financial

support. Notably, for those who lack access to university-provided student loans,

part-time work becomes the sole avenue for acquiring the necessary funds.

Many students bear financial responsibilities such as rent and tuition fees, which

necessitate their engagement in part-time employment. By undertaking such

work, they not only secure the financial means required but also develop a

profound understanding of the value of money. Furthermore, part-time work

fosters a sense of responsibility and enhances their ability to effectively manage

their obligations while simultaneously navigating the demands of work and

college life. Undoubtedly, the endeavor of balancing work and study can be

arduous, demanding proficient time management skills and the capacity to

handle multiple responsibilities concurrently (Barrios, 2018).

According to a meta-analysis study conducted by Allen, Robbins, Casillas,

and Oh in 2008, it was found that part-time work has a small but significant

negative impact on academic performance among college students. The study

revealed that students who worked part-time had lower GPAs and were more

likely to face academic difficulties compared to their non-working peers. The

negative effect was particularly noticeable for students working more than 20

hours per week. The study also identified several factors that influenced the

relationship between part-time work and academic performance. These factors

included the number of hours worked, the type of job, the student's year in

college, and their level of engagement in both work and school activities. The

findings of the study suggest that while part-time work can provide financial

benefits, it may also have adverse consequences for academic performance

among college students. Therefore, it is important for students to carefully

consider the number of hours they work and prioritize their academic

commitments in order to maintain a healthy balance between work and study.

Theoretical Framework

This research study aims to examine the impact of part-time employment on

the academic performance of criminology students using the lens of strain theory.

Strain theory suggests that individuals may experience strain when they face

obstacles in achieving their goals. For criminology students, these goals include

academic success and career advancement. Part-time employment introduces

social factors that can contribute to strain, such as limited study time, increased

stress levels, and financial pressures. The strain experienced by criminology

students balancing work and study commitments can potentially affect their

academic performance. Limited study time due to work obligations may lead to

reduced focus, decreased productivity, and difficulties meeting academic

requirements. Financial pressures can also contribute to strain, impacting

concentration and overall academic performance. To understand the effects of

part-time employment on criminology students' academic performance, empirical

research is needed. This study can investigate the relationship between work

hours, academic achievement, and the experience of strain among criminology

students. Quantitative empirical methods can explore coping mechanisms

employed by students to manage work-related strain. By applying strain theory to

this research, insights can be gained into how work-related strain influences

academic outcomes. This understanding can inform interventions and support

systems to help criminology students effectively manage work and study

responsibilities, ultimately enhancing their academic performance and well-being

(Agnew, R. (1992) Merton, R. K. (1938), and Messner, S. F., & Rosenfeld, R.,

(2017).

Conceptual Framework

The conceptual framework shows the presentation of independent and

dependent variables that will be used in the study. This will serve as a guide in

achieving all the objectives (Figure 1).

Independent Variable Dependent Variable

Academic Performance of Effects of Part-time

Criminology Students Employment

Figure 1. Conceptual Framework

Significance of the Study

The goal of this research is to provide important information about the study

Balancing Work and Study: Effects of Part-time Employment on Academic

Performance of Criminology Students holds significant importance for various

stakeholders.

This will explain why this study is required and how it will benefit a specific

group of people who may be impacted by the research. As a result, this study is

significant to the following:

 Schools and Educators, they can benefit by implementing strategies that

assist students in managing their work and study commitments effectively.

Educators can tailor support systems, including counseling services or flexible

schedules, to address the challenges faced by working students.

Policymakers, this study can guide policymakers in formulating policies that

support a conducive environment for criminology students. Understanding the

impact of part-time work on academic performance helps in crafting regulations

that strike a balance between work opportunities and educational success.

Department, as a whole can benefit from this study by recognizing the

unique circumstances and needs of criminology students who are concurrently

employed. The findings can inform departmental policies and practices, such as

providing resources and support systems tailored to the specific challenges faced

by working students. This can contribute to higher retention rates, improved

academic performance, and overall student satisfaction within the department.

Professors, the findings of this study can provide valuable insights to

professors in understanding the challenges faced by criminology students who

are balancing work and study. This knowledge can help them tailor their teaching

methods and assignments to accommodate the needs of working students,

ensuring a more inclusive and supportive learning environment.

Teacher Instructors, who directly interact with criminology students can

benefit from the study's findings by gaining a deeper understanding of the

potential impact of part-time employment on students' academic performance.

This knowledge can guide them in providing appropriate guidance and support to

help students effectively manage their work and study commitments.

Staff, the study's findings can also be valuable for the staff members who

support the administrative and logistical aspects of the criminology department.

Understanding the potential challenges faced by working students can help staff

members in creating a more supportive and accommodating environment, such

as flexible scheduling options or resources for time management.

Parents, they can better understand the potential effects of part-time

employment on their children's academic pursuits. This knowledge enables them

to provide appropriate guidance and support in decision-making regarding work

and study balance.

Students, Criminology students will gain valuable insights into the potential

consequences of part-time employment on their academic journey. This

knowledge empowers them to make informed decisions about their work

commitments and time management strategies, ultimately enhancing their

academic success.

Researchers, the findings of this study can guide researchers in developing

interventions and methodologies to further explore the complexities of work-study

balance. It encourages a deeper understanding of the multifaceted impacts of

part-time employment on various academic disciplines. In summary, this study's

significance extends across policymaking, educational institutions, student

decision-making, future research endeavors, parental guidance, and broader

academic exploration. Its insights pave the way for better-informed decisions and

targeted support systems to optimize the academic journey of criminology

students amidst part-time employment challenges.

Future Researchers, this study can serve as a foundational framework for

future research in similar areas. It highlights the need for continued investigation

into the relationship between work and academic performance among students in

different disciplines.

Definition of Terms

Balancing work and study. Refers to the act of effectively managing and

allocating time, energy, and resources between employment and academic

commitments. It involves finding a harmonious equilibrium between work

responsibilities and the demands of academic coursework, assignments, and

other educational activities (DesJardins, Ahlburg, and McCall 2002).

Effects. Refer to the outcomes, consequences, or impacts that result from a

particular phenomenon or action. In the context of your research, effects pertain

to the influence or changes observed in the academic performance of

criminology students as a result of their part-time employment (Cohen, Manion,

and Morrison, 2018).

Part-time Employment. Refers to a form of employment where an

individual works fewer hours than a full-time employee. It typically involves

working for a limited number of hours per week, allowing individuals to pursue
other commitments such as education, personal responsibilities, or additional

employment (Hanushek and Woessmann, 2011).

Part-time employment on Academic Performance. Refers to the

influence or impact that engaging in paid work for a limited number of hours per

week has on the educational achievements and outcomes of criminology

students. It involves examining how the combination of work and study

commitments affects factors such as grades, class attendance, completion of

assignments, research productivity, and overall academic success (De Hauw and

De Vos, 2010).

Academic Performance. Refers to the level of achievement or success

demonstrated by students in their educational pursuits. It encompasses various

aspects, including grades, test scores, class participation, completion of

assignments, research output, and overall mastery of the subject matter.

Academic performance is often used as an indicator of a student's

understanding, knowledge, and skills in their chosen field of study (Nitko and

Brookhart, 2018).

Criminology Students. Refers to individuals who are enrolled in an

academic program or course of study focused on the scientific study of crime,

criminal behavior, and the criminal justice system. They engage in coursework

and research related to understanding the causes, consequences, and

prevention of crime, as well as the functioning of the criminal justice system

(Brown. Esbensen, and Geis, 2010).

 Academic Performance of Criminology Students. Refers specifically to

the level of achievement, progress, and success demonstrated by students

enrolled in criminology programs or courses. It encompasses their ability to

comprehend criminological theories, apply analytical skills to understand criminal

behavior, conduct research, critically analyze criminal justice policies, and

effectively communicate their knowledge and ideas in an academic setting

(Siegel, 2019).

Criminology. Is an interdisciplinary field of study that focuses on the

scientific exploration of crime, criminal behavior, and the criminal justice system.

It involves analyzing the causes, patterns, and consequences of crime, as well as

studying the various aspects of law enforcement, criminal justice policies, and

crime prevention strategies (Siegel, 2019).

 CHAPTER II

METHODS

This chapter highlights the research design, research locale, population and

sample, instrument used, data collection procedure, statistical tools to treat the

gathered data and the ethical consideration.

Research Design

The study used a demographic survey method of research. It was the

most appropriate method to use because the main objective of the researcher is

to determine the balancing work and study: effects of part-time employment in

academic performance of criminology students. A quantitative demographic-

survey method is used to collect data on various demographic characteristics of

a population or sample that are easy to answer and straightforward design to

provide accurate information. This method helps researcher understand the

composition and diversity of the group being studied.

Research Locale

The study will be conducted in Arellano St, Purok Waling-Waling,

Zone II Koronadal City, South Cotabato at Ramon Magsaysay Memorial College

of Marbel Incorporated Arellano Campus. The focus of this research revolves

around the study about Balancing Work and Study: Effects of Part-time
Employment on Academic Performance of Criminology Students within the

establishment building.

Population and Sample

In facilitating the gathered data to answer the objectives of the study, the

researcher utilizes a random sampling data where the main goal of the

researcher is to generalize the findings from the sample to the entire population

of study. The respondents will be part-time employment criminology students that

are relevant to answer the research objectives of this study.

Research Instrument

The researcher developed a self-work questionnaire with a use of some

insight from internet samples which includes two parts of questionnaire to gather

necessary information about the balancing work and study: effects of part-time

employment on academic performance of criminology students. Part 1 of the

questionnaire is the respondent’s information or the respondent’s profile. While,

the Part 2 of the questionnaire will answer the existing demographic survey

questionnaire.

Data Collection

This data was gathered systematically by the researcher. The following

procedure was followed:

Step 1. The researcher wrote a formal letter with the note of their Adviser

requesting permission from ______________ to conduct a study on the

Balancing Work and Study: Effects of Part-time Employment on Academic

Performance of Criminology Students.

Step 2. Upon approval, the researcher made the arrangement to the

_______________ to conduct the study. Also, the researcher had shared and

imparted the significance and the importance of the study.

Step 3. After they approved, the researcher conducted its study in the

Ramon Magsaysay Memorial College of Marbel Incorporated Arellano Campus

and gather data needed for the researcher’s study.

Statistical Tools

In analyzing and interpreting the result of the study, the researcher used

statistical tool that was appropriate for the study. All the gathered data was

treated using the following statistical tools:

In finding out the effects of part-time employment in terms of number of

working hours, workplace, and monthly salary, the researcher used frequency

counts and percentage.

The tools that were used by the researcher was frequency counts and

percentage. The tally or frequency count is the calculation of how many people fit

into a certain category or the number of times a characteristic occurs. This

calculation is expressed by both the absolute (actual number) and relative

(percentage) totals (definition by University of Guelph).

Ethical Considerations
 The ethical guidelines are considered during the course of the research.

The dignity and well-being of the researcher had preserved and protected at all

times. The research paper and the data were completely disclosed and

confidential throughout the period study and names and their information’s of the

data involved in the study is not permitted to use by the researcher in the study.

The researcher was not permitted to observe during the listing of data. Therefore,

the data involved was completely protected by the organization and prohibited to

use in any other means except for the researchers’ study.

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