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5.2 Bio400

This document discusses the principles of classical genetics, including: - Genes are made up of alleles that control traits and are found on homologous chromosomes. Dominant alleles mask recessive alleles. - Genotype refers to an organism's alleles, while phenotype is its physical appearance. Monohybrid and dihybrid crosses can be used to predict offspring genotypes and phenotypes. - Mendel's laws of segregation and independent assortment describe how alleles separate and assort during gamete formation and fertilization. Test crosses can determine if a dominant-expressing organism is heterozygous or homozygous.

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24 views16 pages

5.2 Bio400

This document discusses the principles of classical genetics, including: - Genes are made up of alleles that control traits and are found on homologous chromosomes. Dominant alleles mask recessive alleles. - Genotype refers to an organism's alleles, while phenotype is its physical appearance. Monohybrid and dihybrid crosses can be used to predict offspring genotypes and phenotypes. - Mendel's laws of segregation and independent assortment describe how alleles separate and assort during gamete formation and fertilization. Test crosses can determine if a dominant-expressing organism is heterozygous or homozygous.

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m-5243143
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© © All Rights Reserved
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CLASSICAL GENETICS

Learning Outcomes
At the end of this session, you should be able to:

• Distinguish between the following pairs of term:


homozygous and heterozygous; dominant and
recessive; phenotype and genotype
• predict the genotypes and phenotypes of the
offspring of a monohybrid cross and dihybrid cross
using a Punnett squares and probabilities
The units of inheritance are alleles of genes

• Traits are controlled by alleles


– Alternate forms of a gene
– Found on homologous chromosomes
at a particular gene locus
The units of inheritance are alleles of genes
• The dominant allele masks
the expression of the other
allele - the recessive allele

• Genotype refers to the


alleles an individual
receives at fertilization
– Homozygous - an
organism has two
identical alleles at a
gene locus (PP or pp)
– Heterozygous - an
organism has two
different alleles at a
gene locus (Pp)
• Phenotype - the physical
appearance of the
individual
– PP and Pp are purple
– pp is white
DOMINANT AND RECESSIVE CHARACTERISTICS
DOMINANT AND RECESSIVE CHARACTERISTICS
Garden pea traits and
crosses studied by Mendel
The law of Segregation
Mendel’s law of segregation
ensures that alleles of each gene
separate from each other during
gamete formation.

The law of segregation states:

• Each individual has two


characters for each trait
• The character segregate
(separate) during the
formation of the gametes
• Each gamete contains only
one character from each pair
of factors
• Fertilization gives each new
individual two factors for
each trait
• A monohybrid cross
involves one (mono)
trait and different
factors (hybrid) .

→ monohybrid cross
between true breeding
yellow seeds and true
breeding green seeds
The law of Independent
Assortment
Mendel’s law of
independent assortment
suggests that alleles of
each gene separate
independently of the
other genes.

The law of independent


assortment states:

• Each pair of factors


separates (assorts)
independently (without
regard to how the
others separate)
• All possible
combinations of factors
can occur in the
gametes
• dihybrid (two traits)
crosses, or hybrid crosses
involving additional factors

→ Dihybrid cross between yellow


seed with round shape with
green seed with wrinkled
shape
Test Cross
• A test cross can be
performed to
determine whether an
organism expressing a
dominant trait is a
homozygote or a
heterozygote.

• the dominant-
expressing organism is
crossed with an
organism that is
homozygous recessive
for the same
characteristic
If the Then we know this about the The cross is
offspring parent called:
ratio is:
3:1 Both parents are heterozygous at Monohybrid
one locus. One allele is dominant cross
9:3:3:1 Both parents are heterozygous at Dihybrid
two loci. One allele is dominant at cross
each locus
1:1 One parent is homozygous Test cross
recessive. One parent is
heterozygous dominant (one trait)
1:1:1:1 One parent is homozygous Test cross
recessive. One parent is
heterozygous dominant (two
traits)
Incomplete dominance

Mirabilis jalapa

The heterozygote has the


intermediate phenotype
between its homozygous
parents
Example: AB of the
Co dominance human ABO blood group

Inheritance
pattern in
which both
alleles of a
gene are
equally
expressed

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