Module 2-Gender Spectrum

C.I.
10 Name___________________________________ Score ____________ 3rd Q

MODULE
2
Gender Spectrum
Gender and sex are often used interchangeably in spite of the growing advocacy on gender equality wherein different issues
are being raised for public awareness and government legislation both here in the Philippines and abroad. The interchanging of the
two concepts is common in Western societies.
It is hardly being questioned and causes no or little discord, but biological sex and gender are two different concepts. The
first is inherent physical anatomy and the latter is the state of being male of female and is typically used with reference to social and
cultural differences.
For so many years, gender has been viewed as binary concept (meaning male and female) and grounded on a person’s
physical anatomy. However, recent years have led to realizations on how gender is to be viewed- that gender is not a simple
division of male and female, but instead has a wide spectrum.
Concepts of Gender and Gender Roles

The country’s culture plays a big role on the concept of gender. Gender pertains to the different social roles, behaviors,
capacities, and emotional and social characteristics placed by a given culture on a person rather than the biological differences
between male and female. In traditional societies, there are two genders: the masculine, which is attributed to the male sex, and
the feminine, which is attributed to the female sex.
Gender expectations vary among different social classes within
traits for example women are nurturing and dependent while men
are assertive and independent.
The Subservience of Gender through History
Expectations on gender change through history.
 In the pre-Hispanic era, Filipino women enjoyed a great degree of freedom in acquiring property, social status, political
rights, and premarital sexual freedom.
 During the time of Spanish colonization, changes occurred: the idea that women should be pure and submissive to their
husband was promoted.
 Several Anthropologists such as Margaret Mead and the philosopher-social scientist Friedrich Engels rejected the theory
that there was male dominance even in the beginning of human society.
 For Engels, the change in the role and influence of women may have taken place in the era of private property, a change
from communal production where the role of women was very significant.
 The beginning of monogamous households resulted to the privatization of women’s ability to work in the field, which
therefore lessened her role in the formal communal setup.
The Socialization into Gender
According to Eleonor R. Dionisio, the socialization of a person into gender starts from the time a child is born. Babies are
identified as either boy or a girl by color. The parents used pink for girls and blue for boys.
For Judith Lorber, a child is taught into masculinity or femininity when a child starts to learn, he or she moves in a
gendered manner. Once the child grows up, identity is developed and the child learns to do role-play in society.
There are four key points in the process of socialization into gender roles according to Oakley and Ruth Harley Oakley.
1. Manipulation. The first stage includes the use of diverse physical and verbal manipulations. This includes dressing the
child in a masculine or feminine way.
2. Canalization. In this process, the attention of the child is directed toward gender-appropriate objects. This would
concentrate on toys wherein boys are given cars, basketballs, and war toys, while girls are given dolls and tea pots.
3. Verbal Appellation. The third process pertains to the use of verbal description for what boys or girls are and what is
expected of them, such as ‘girls are prim and proper’ or ‘boys are brave and strong’.
4. Activity Exposure. The last process involves the orientation into gender-appropriate tasks. Young girls are taught to help in
the household while boys are encouraged to play outside.
Institutions and the Gender Ideology and Inequality
Aside from the family which has extensive influence on a child’s development of gender role and identity, there are other
institutions that greatly influence the views of society about gender which assures the stability of the social order.
a. Formal Education. The attitude of Filipino parents toward the education of their children says that priority is given to boys
as compared to girls because parents believe that girls will eventually get married and just stay home.
b. Mass Media. On mass media, women are portrayed as dependent and victims of sorts while men are seen as courageous,
principled, and determined. Men are portrayed in a more positive note as opposed to women.
https://zee.ph/5-filipino-films-that-continue-the-conversation-on-women-empowerment/
c. Religion. Major religions such as Catholicism and Islam teach women to be faithful to their men. For Catholics, women are
supposed to be good housewives and obedient to their husbands, while the Muslims practice purdah or the seclusion of
women. Women must also not be seen in public unless covered heat to foot.
C.I. 10 page 2 3rd Q

d. Language. Language that is sexist is a very influential medium that maintains gender ideology. In the English language,
gendered words are used. Examples are the use of the word ‘man’ to refer to humankind, and the word ‘he’ to refer to any
abstract individual.
The Gender Spectrum

Sex and gender are often used interchangeably even if the two terms are distinct from each other. Sex is the person’s
biological status while gender, according to the American Psychological Association, refers to the attitudes, feelings, and behaviors
that a given culture associates with person’s biological sex.
To understand the intricacies of gender and its entire spectrum, let us define its basic term.
 Gender identity- is the person’s innermost or perception of self as male or female, or both, or neither.
 Gender expression- is the process of how a person communicates his or her gender identity to others through behavior,
clothing, haircut, voice, and other forms of expression.
 Gender role- is the set of roles, activities, expectations, and behaviors assigned to females and males by society. This is
based on the two gender roles, masculine and feminine.
 Transgender- refers to a person whose gender identity does not match his or her assigned birth gender. A transgender may
or may not choose to alter his or her body hormonally and /or surgically.
 Sexual orientation- refers to being romantically or sexually attracted to a person of a specific gender.
 Gender normative/Cisgender- refers to people whose sex assignment at birth corresponds to their gender identity and
expression.
 Gender fluidity- conveys a wider, more flexible range of gender expression, with interests and behaviors that may even
change from day to day. Gender fluid children do not feel confined by restrictive boundaries of stereotypical expectations of
girls or boys.
 Asexual- pertains to a person who is not sexually attracted to others or is not interested in sex.
 Bi- gendered- refers to a person who identify themselves as having both a “male” and “female” side to their personality.
 Bisexual- refers to a person who is attracted to both men and women.
 Closeted or in the closet- refers to a person who is hiding his or her sexual orientation.
 Coming- out- pertains to the process by which lesbians, gay men, and bisexual people recognize, acknowledge, accept and
typically appreciate their sexual identities.
 Gay- refers to a person whose emotional, romantic, and sexual attraction are primarily for individuals of the same sex.
 LGBT- an acronym, that stands for “Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender.” Other versions may add “Q” for Queer or
Questioning, “I”, for Intersex, and “A” for allied.
 Intersex- refers to a person who is born with physical sex markers that is neither clearly male nor female.
 Lesbian- refers to a woman whose emotional, romantic, and sexual attraction is primarily for other women or girls.
 Queer- is a term that describes people who transgress culturally imposed norms of heterosexuality and gender
traditionalism.
 Sex Reassignment Surgery (SRS)- is a procedure that physically transforms the genitals using plastic surgery.
 LGBTIQA-
FT1. Identify the following.
________________________1. The process of how a person communicates his/her gender identity to others through behavior,
clothing, haircut, voice and other forms of expression.
________________________2. It refers to a person whose emotional, romantic, and sexual attraction are primarily for individuals
of the same sex.
________________________3. Refers to a person who is hiding his/her sexual orientation.
________________________4. This refers to being romantically or sexually attracted to a person of a specific gender.
________________________5. It refers to a person whose gender identity does not match his/her assigned birth gender.
________________________6. Pertains to a person who is not sexually attracted to others or is not interested in sex.
________________________7. A procedure that physically transforms the genitals using plastic surgery.
________________________8. It refers to a person who is born with physical sex markers that is neither clearly male nor female.
________________________9. The person’s innermost concept or perception of self as male or female, or both or neither.
________________________10. This refers to a person who is attracted to both men and women. Bisexual
________________________11. The set of roles, activities, expectations, and behaviors assigned to females and males by society.
________________________12. It refers to people whose sex assignment at birth corresponds to their identity and expression.
FT2. Determine into which gender roles are the following examples.
______1. Men; aggression = women; cultivation ______6. Girls; barbie= boys; robot
______2. Men; provider= women; care taker ______7. Male; high-paying jobs= women; domestic care
______3. Men: farming= women; cooking ______8. Male; automotive= women; carpentry
______4. Women; cosmetology; men; drafting____9. Man; can marry for how many times= women; must remain faithful towards husband
______5. Women; nursing= men; engineering ______10. Women; purdah= men; control society
FT3. Answer thoroughly.
1. How do expectations of society affect the perception on gender roles?
2. Which institution do you think greatly affects society when it comes to gender role and identity? Explain your answer.
3. Is there gender role equality on how the society treats men and women? Justify.
END

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C.I.

10 Name_______________________ Score 3rd Q

Concepts of Gender and Gender Roles

Gender expectations vary among different social classes within

C.I. 10 page 2 3rd Q

The Gender Spectrum

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