SHEPHERDVILLE COLLEGE

(FORMERLY JESUS THE LOVING SHEPHERD CHRISTIAN COLLEGE)

Talojongon, Tigaon, Camarines Sur, Philippines
Tel. No. (054) 884-9536
“Excellence in truth in the service of God and Country”

Module

in

Teaching Science in Elementary Grades

(Physics, Earth and Space Science)
Midterm’s Module

1st Semester A/Y: 2023-2024

Prepared by:

JASON V. COMPETENTE
Instructor

COMPETENCY # 6: ENERGY, WORK AND SIMPLE MACHINES

  Objectives
At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:

 Identify and describe the different types and forms of energy.

 Investigate how energy transformed from one form to another.
 Explain how a simple machine makes work easier.
 Enumerate the different kinds of simple machines.
 Give importance in the different safety and precautionary measures in using machines.

MOTIVATION

How are different forms of energy involved in creating and in using electricity? How are sound, heat,
and light energy be transformed? Why are you always told to close the door when inside an air conditioned
room? What is its connection to energy consumption?

INTRODUCTION

Energy can be classified into two general types: kinetic and potential energy. Potential energy is energy
that is stored in an object at rest. For example, a ball held above the ground and a stretched rubber band in
the slingshot. Kinetic energy is energy in motion. Examples are a stone released by the slingshot and a ball
rolling on the ground. Potential energy can be changed to kinetic energy and kinetic energy can be changed to
potential energy. Discover the kind of energy present in different objects.

 Context

The Different Forms of Energy

Energy exists in different forms. The different forms of energy include mechanical, electrical, radiant or
light, sound, chemical, thermal, and nuclear energy. Find out the different forms of energy present in different
objects.

Mechanical energy
Mechanical energy is the energy possessed by an object due to its motion or its stored energy at
position. Mechanical energy can be either kinetic (energy of motion) or potential energy (energy of position).
Mechanical energy is energy stored in objects by the application of a force. Compressed springs and stretched
rubber bands are examples of stored mechanical energy.
A cyclist with his moving legs can make a bicycle run. Moving water can turn wheels grind the grains. A
running horse can pull the kalesa. A falling rock from cliff can crush other rocks. All of these are examples that
show they possess kinetic energy.
An object that possesses mechanical energy is able to do work. You can do same activities like running,
dancing, and doing simple exercises because your muscles have mechanical energy. In the activity, the blades
of the pinwheel turned because of the wind. Wind is the source of mechanical energy, which enables the
pinwheel to move. Mechanical energy is also involved in the operation of simple machines. Mechanical energy
is involved in simple machines.
Potential energy is the mechanical energy of an object due to its position or condition. It is stored
energy. Water in a dam, rock on a cliff and a ball on a table have potential energy or stored energy.
Chemical Energy
Chemical energy is the type of energy stored in molecules. Chemical reactions can either use or release
chemical energy. One example of chemical energy is that present inside the dry cell. The chemical energy
stored in a dry cell is turned into usable form when put in an appliance. Chemical energy changes to electrical
energy and then to radiant energy when you connect a wire to a light bulb.
All fuels like coal, gasoline, petroleum, and firewood contain chemical energy. When burned, the
chemical energy is released. Coal is useful because they contain chemical energy, which can easily be released.
Food from plants and animals also contains chemical energy. During photosynthesis, glucose is stored as
chemical energy in plants. When we eat the food that comes from plants, this chemical energy is used by our
body. The body converts chemical energy into a form that makes you walk, run, think, or perform other
activities.

Radiant or Light Energy

Radiant or light energy is a form of energy that travels through an empty space. This energy is also
known as electromagnetic energy. Radiant energy radiates in all directions. It can travel through a vacuum or
an empty space, and it can be transferred to another body. Radiant energy may be in a form of light,
ultraviolet rays, x-rays, infrared radiation, radio waves, microwaves, and radar.
The lighted candle produced radiant energy. The radiant energy of the lighted candle travels through
air. The air becomes warm. You can feel the warm air after some time in the room because particles of warm
air move faster.
Solar energy is an example of radiant energy. Radiant heat from the sun brings the earth warm. The
sun’s energy falls on earth at a rate of about 1 400 watts/m 2. Not all of this energy reaches the earth’s surface
even on a clear day. About one-fourth of the energy is reflected back to outer space by the earth’s
atmosphere.

Electrical Energy
Electrical energy is the energy produced by moving electrons. It is the flow of charged particles called
electrons. You know that an atom is made up of electrons, protons, and neutrons. An electron is negatively
charged, a proton has a positive charge, and a neutron has no charge.
An atom holds its proton and neutron tightly. But electrons can move more freely in their orbits.
Sometimes, an atom gains electrons from another atom. An atom that gains electrons become negatively
charged. The atom that loses electrons will be positively charged. Two objects with opposite charges pull each
other. Two objects with the same charges push away from each other.
Electricity occurs in two forms: static electricity and electric current. Static electricity consists of electric
charges that stay in one place. An electric current is a flow of electric charges between objects or locations.
Static electricity can be produced by rubbing two objects made of different materials together.
Electrons moves from the surface of one object to the surface of the other. The second material holds onto its
electrons more strongly than the first does. The object that gains electrons becomes negatively charged, since
it now has more electrons than protons. The object that gives up electrons becomes positively charged.
You have observed that when a nylon comb is run through clean, dry hair strands of hair are attracted
to the comb. This happens because some of the electrons on the hair are transferred to the comb. The comb
becomes negatively charged, and the hair becomes positively charged
Electrons can jump through the air as sparks, but they can also flow smoothly through a conductor.
Conductors are materials that allow electrons to flow. Examples of conductors are metals. When electrons are
allowed to flow through a conductor, electric current is produced.
 When a stream of electrons moves from atom to atom-for example, inside a copper wire-the flow of
the charge they carry is called electric current. Electrons need a push before they will flow through a
conductor. Batteries are often used to push electrons. Batteries and generators are devices that produce
electric current to power lights and other appliances.
Electric currents flow because atoms and molecules contain two types of electrical charges: positive
and negative. These opposite charges attract each other. If there is a difference in the overall charge of atoms
between two points, electric current is created. For example, between two ends of a wire, the negatively
charged electrons will flow toward the positively charged end of the wire, creating an electric current. Direct
current (DC) is the flow of electricity in one direction. Alternating current (AC) occasionally reverses direction
because of the way it is generated.

Sound Energy
Sound energy is the energy produced by vibrating objects. When objects vibrate, sound waves are
produced. Sound waves are able to carry vibrations through a medium; this results in the transfer of the
energy collected in the vibrations. Unlike light, sound needs a medium like gases, solids, or liquids to travel
through.
You produced sound by plucking the strings of a guitar. When you plucked the strings, they vibrated
back and forth. The vibrating strings make the air around it to vibrate, too. The vibrations make sound waves
in the air. The air served as the medium that transmitted sound.
Sound waves are able to travel best through rigid solids rather than through liquids and gases.
However, human ears have been accustomed to sound waves passing through air, so we are able to hear
various things. The human ear is capable of hearing sounds with frequencies of about 30 Hz to 20 kHz.
Thermal Energy
Thermal energy is a form of energy present in everybody due to the motion of molecules. It is also
called heat energy. Geothermal energy is an example of thermal energy. Matter is made up molecules that are
moving. The source of energy for the movement of these molecules is thermal energy. When a substance is
heated, its molecules move rapidly and bump with one another. The hotter the body gets the faster the
movement of molecules. As the body cools down, the movement of molecules slows down.
If you put your hand in a bowl of cool water, the fast moving molecules in your hand will bump against
the slow moving particles in the water, making the water molecules move faster. Thus, the water becomes
warmer. At the same time, the particles in your skin slow down. Energy from your hand had flowed to the
water.
Heat flows from a warmer object to a cooler object. It moves through conduction radiation, and
convection.
Conduction is a transfer of heat whereby heat is conducted from molecule to molecule until it is spread
throughout the material. The molecules in a material are always in motion. When one part of the material has
molecules, the molecules in that pare move faster. As the molecules move very fast, they collide or bump with
the other molecules. The bumping of molecules continues until the heat is spread throughout the material.
Convection is a process of heat transfer by the movement of liquid or gas. The liquid or gas of a
convection current that is brought about by temperature differences. Air and water move because of the
difference in temperature. Warm water is less dense than colder water. Warm air is less dense than the cold
air. The rising of a less dense water and the sinking of the denser water shows a circular movement which
happens also in air. This is convection.
 Radiation is a transfer of energy through matter or space as electromagnetic waves. These are through
the light and infrared waves.

SAQ #1: Give at least one use of each form of energy. (5 points)
a. Chemical Energy
b. Mechanical energy
c. Electrical energy
d. Sound energy
e. Thermal energy

Nuclear energy
Nuclear energy is energy that is released in the splitting or joining of nuclei of atoms. Nuclear fission
(splitting of heavy nuclei), and nuclear fusion (light nuclei are fused into heavy ones) are examples of nuclear
reactions. Nuclear reactions are used both to generate electricity and to create weapons of massive
destruction.
The use of nuclear energy in our country is prohibited by our constitution.

Energy Transformations
These are processes that convert energy from one type (e.g., kinetic, gravitational potential, chemical
energy) into another. Any type of energy use must involve some sort of energy transformation.

Energy must obey the law of thermodynamics.

Thermodynamics is the study of how energy changes from one type to another. The laws of
thermodynamics apply to energy and energy conversions.
The laws of thermodynamics lay the foundation for how a system can change, function, and supply
useful energy. They are all fundamental statements to all of science, and introduce important concepts which
extend far beyond the bounds of the topic.
 The first law of thermodynamics - this is essentially the law of conservation of energy, but states
that the change internal energy is given by an input of heat, work, or both.
Energy cannot be created or destroyed (which is called the law of conservation of energy);
however, it can be transformed from one type into another. In fact, every useful process transforms
energy from one form to another. There are many different forms or types of energy. Some examples
of everyday energy transformations are:
Scenario Energy conversions involved
Rubbing hands together to make them warm Kinetic energy to thermal energy
Using a battery-powered flashlight Chemical energy to electrical energy (in the battery)
Electrical energy to radiant energy (in the bulb)
An object speeding up as it falls Gravitational potential energy to kinetic energy

 The second law of thermodynamics - this law imposes more severe constraints on heat transfer
and limits the efficiency of heat engines. It introduces the important idea of entropy, which has
some interesting implications.
Some forms of energy are more useful than others. Using energy always makes it less useful,
even though no energy is actually destroyed.
 Kinetic energy and electricity are the most useful forms. These are "high-quality" because they
can be transformed almost completely into any other type of energy. Electricity, for example, can be
easily used to generate heat (thermal energy) or light (radiant energy), break chemical bonds (chemical
energy), move objects (kinetic energy), or lift objects (gravitational potential energy).
The least useful form of energy is low-temperature thermal energy. It can still be converted
back to a higher-quality form, but useful energy is always lost in this process. Converting energy to a
less-useful form and then trying to work backwards never gets 100% of the useful energy back.
For example, when a car runs, the engine will become hot (thermal energy). The warmth of the
engine does nothing to help the car move or go faster. This wasted energy is an unavoidable by-
product of converting the car's fuel (chemical energy) into movement ("high-quality" kinetic energy),
however it can potentially be used for heating the cabin of the car to slightly increase overall energy
efficiency. It is a challenge for all forms of power generation to minimize wasted energy and be as
efficient as possible.
 The third law of thermodynamics - the idea of absolute zero is introduced, and this law shows that
nothing can be cooled to this temperature.

Other examples of Energy Transformations

1. As you walk, run, jump, jog or do any actions, your body changes chemical energy stored in the food that
you eat into kinetic energy.
2. You light a match. This is changing mechanical energy into chemical energy and radiant energy(heat and
light energy).
3. A running car has mechanical energy and is transformed into heat energy.
4. A uranium atom splits in a nuclear power plant and releases nuclear energy. Nuclear energy transformed
into electrical, heat energy and light energy.

Thermal Transformations
Thermal energy is derived from the motion of moving or vibrating molecules. The kinetic energy of
these molecules produces thermal energy. When a substance is heated, its molecules “gain energy and vibrate
more vigorously. The molecules bump into nearby molecules and thus increase their vibration. These vibrating
molecules “pass…thermal energy through the substance by conduction, from the hot end to the cold end” of
the substance. In other words, heat implies “energy that is transferred from one thing to another. When
heated, most substances expand; this is an example of a transformation from thermal energy to mechanical
energy.
Thermal energy has many practical applications, especially in everyday households: cooking, heating
and cooling, and generating electricity all depend on energy transformations that end by transferring heat
energy.
Heat energy is transferred in three ways: by conduction, convection, and radiation. “Both conduction
and convection require matter to transfer heat”.
We have already touched upon conduction, which is when heat is applied to a substance so that heat
energy is transferred via increased vibrations of molecules. Materials that do a good job of conducting heat
energy are called conductors. Most metals would fall into this category. Materials that do not permit heat
energy to transfer easily are called insulators. Insulating materials include plastics and air. Some appliances
that operate using conduction to transfer heat energy include conventional ranges, cooktops, and ovens.
 With convection, as particles in liquids and gases increase in temperature and grow less dense, they
rise, transferring heat from hot places to cold places. You might notice this as a pot of water begins to boil, as
the water with more thermal energy begins to bubble up to the surface. Ordinary ovens rely to a certain
extent on convection, since there are temperature differences inside each oven (but as noted above, this type
of oven mostly relies on conduction of heat energy). Convection ovens rely on interior fans to produce
convective heat transfer, which allows food to cook more evenly in less time.
Radiation, unlike conduction and convection, does not require contact between the heat source and
the object being heated. “No mass is exchanged and no medium is required in the process of radiation.
Examples of radiation include the heat from the sun and heat released from the filament of a light bulb”. A
microwave oven also depends on radiation for its heat transfer, by converting electrical energy into
electromagnetic radiation.

SAQ #2: Illustrate how energy is transformed in the following: (5 points)

a. Electric flat iron
b. Flashlight
c. Battery-operated radio
d. Electric fan
e. Toy car

LAW OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY

The law of conservation of energy is a law of science that states that energy cannot be created or
destroyed, but only changed from one form into another or transferred from one object to another. In the
transformation of energy into other forms, expect that there is no 100% conversion. There is always loss of
energy from the system to the environment. There is no machine even in the energy conversion that can
completely convert one form of energy into another form.

Everyday Examples: Law of Conservation of Energy

The law of conservation of energy can be seen in these everyday examples of energy transference:
 Water can produce electricity. Water falls from the sky, converting potential energy to kinetic
energy. This energy is then used to rotate the turbine of a generator to produce electricity. In this
process, the potential energy of water in a dam can be turned into kinetic energy which can then
become electric energy.
 When playing pool, the cue ball is shot at a stationary 8 ball. The cue ball has energy. When the cue
ball hits the 8 ball, the energy transfers from the cue ball to the 8 ball, sending the 8 ball into
motion. The cue ball loses energy because the energy it had has been transferred to the 8 ball, so
the cue ball slows down.
 Kelly ran across the room and bumped into her brother, pushing him to the floor. The kinetic
energy she possessed because of her movement was transferred to her brother, causing him to
move.
 When a moving car hits a parked car and causes the parked car to move, energy is transferred from
the moving car to the parked car.
  When playing the lawn game bocce ball, a small ball is thrown with the intention of hitting larger
balls and causing them to move. When a larger ball moves because it was hit by the small ball,
energy is transferred from the small ball to the larger one.
 When you push a book across the table, the energy from your moving arm is transferred from your
body to the book, causing the book to move.
 A cat sitting on the highest branch of a tree has what is known as potential energy. If he falls off the
branch and falls to the ground, his potential energy is now being converted into kinetic energy.

SAQ #3: Describe the different energy problems in our country. As a student, how can you help in
economizing the use of energy? (5 points)

SIMPLE MACHINES
A machine is a device that does work. Most machines consist of a number of elements, such as gears
and ball bearings, that work together in a complex way. Nonetheless, no matter how complex they are, all
machines are based in some way on six types of simple machines. These six types of machines are the lever,
the wheel and axle, the pulley, the inclined plane, the wedge, and the screw.

Machines help you do work in many ways. It can transfer from one place to another. It can increase the
amount of force you apply to a certain task. It can also change the distance, speed, and direction of the force.
Note that a machine cannot increase both force and distance at the same time.

When you use a machine, two forces are involved. One is the input force, which is the force you apply
on the machine. As you apply force, you perform work that is called work input. In turn, the machine exerts an
output force on the load that needs to be moved. The work done by the machine is called work output.

When a machine only needs a small input force but has an increased output force, mechanical
advantage is produced. The mechanical advantage of a machine can be computed by dividing the output force
by the input force, thus, we can compute the mechanical advantage using the formula:

MA = Output force/Input force

Comparing work output to work input determines the machine’s efficiency, which is expressed in
percentage. The closer the work output is to work input, the more efficient the machine is. However, no
machine is 100% efficient. This is because of outside forces like friction that affect the efficiency of the
machine.

Principles of Simple Machines

Machines simply transmit mechanical work from one part of a device to another part. A machine
produces force and controls the direction and the motion of force, but it cannot create energy. A machine's
ability to do work is measured by two factors. These are (1) mechanical advantage and (2) efficiency.

1. Mechanical advantage. In machines that transmit only mechanical energy, the ratio of the force exerted by
the machine to the force applied to the machine is known as mechanical advantage. Under mechanical
advantage the distance the load will be moved will be only be a fraction of the distance through which the
effort is applied. While machines can provide a mechanical advantage of greater than 1.0 (and even less than
1.0 if desired), no machine can never do more mechanical work than the mechanical work put into it.
2. Efficiency. The efficiency of a machine is the ratio between the work it supplies and the work put into it.
Although friction can be decreased by oiling any sliding or rotating parts, all machines produce some friction. A
lever has a high efficiency due to the fact that it has low internal resistance. The work it puts out is almost
equal to the work it receives, because energy used up by friction is quite small. On the other hand, an a pulley
might be relatively inefficient due to a considerably greater amount of internal friction. Simple machines
always have efficiencies of less than 1.0 due to internal friction.

Energy conservation. Ignoring for a moment the losses of energy due to friction, the work done on a simple
machine is the same as the work done by the machine to perform some sort of task. If work in equals work
out, then the machine is 100% efficient.

A. Lever
The lever consists of a long beam and a fulcrum, or pivot. The mechanical advantage of the lever
depends on the ratio of the lengths of the beam on either side of the fulcrum. Lever is a bar resting on a pivot.
Force (effort) applied at one point is transmitted across the pivot (fulcrum) to another point which moves an
object (load). All levers have three locations of interest:
a. the fulcrum or fixed point
b. the point of effort or where work is done on the lever; and
c. the load which is being moved.

The lever multiplies the effort force, creating a larger output force that acts on the load. The multiplied
amount of force depends on the distances of the point of effort and the load from the fulcrum. The distance
from the fulcrum to the load is called the resistance arm. The distance from the fulcrum to the point of effort
is called the effort arm.
If the fulcrum can be adjusted, where should it be placed so that the least effort is needed? Where
should the load and the point of effort be placed to achieve maximum leverage?

In any lever, the effort is less whenever its distance from the fulcrum is increased, and the distance of
the load from the fulcrum is decreased. By pushing farthest away from the fulcrum, less effort is needed to lift
the load. The effort needed is further reduced if the load is placed nearer to the fulcrum.

There are three classes of levers, depending on the relative positions of the effort is applied, load, and
fulcrum.
1. First-class levers have the fulcrum located between the load and the effort (LFE). If the two arms of
the lever are of equal length, the effort must be equal to the load. To lift 10 pounds, an effort of 10 pounds
must be used. If the effort arm is longer than the load arm, as with a crowbar, the hand applying the effort
travels farther and the effort is less than the load. Seesaws, crowbars, and equal-arm balances are examples of
a first class lever; a pair of scissors is a double lever of the first class.
2. Second-class levers have the load located between the fulcrum and the effort (FLE). As in a wheel
barrow, the axle of the wheel is the fulcrum, the handles represent the position where the effort is applied,
and the load is placed between the hands and the axle. The hands applying the effort travel a greater distance
and is less than the load. In addition to a wheelbarrow, a pry bar represents a second-class lever. A nutcracker
is a double lever of this class.
 3. Third-class levers have the effort located between the load and the fulcrum (FEL). The hand applying
the effort always travels a shorter distance and must be greater than the load. Efforts and resistance move in
the same direction. The forearm is a third-class lever. The hand holding the weight is lifted by the bicep
muscles of the upper arm that is attached to the forearm near the elbow. The elbow joint is the fulcrum.
Fishing rod, tweezers, and tongs are examples of this class.

B. Pulley
Is a grooved wheel that turns around an axle which is held in place by a mounting bracket. A rope or
wire moves along the wheel’s circumference. It is used to pull up objects. Like a lever, a pulley has three points
of interest. The fulcrum, the point of effort at one end of the rope, and the resistance or load to be lifted.
A pulley really saves effort when you have more than one pulley working together. By looping a rope
around two, three, or even four pulleys, you can really cut down on the effort needed to lift something.

There are three kinds of pulleys:

1. A fixed pulley has the axle fixed on a surface and therefore does not move. Its fulcrum is at the center of the
axle with load and effort on either side. It does not increase the magnitude, speed, or distance of the force.
Fixed pulleys are used in flagpoles and clothesline.

2. A movable pulley moves along the rope or wire. The fulcrum is at the edge of the wheel with the load at the
middle of the axle and the effort at one end of the rope. It increases the magnitude of the force but decreases
its distance. Examples of movable pulleys are ziplines, weight machines, and elevator cables.

3. A compound pulley is made up of a combination of two or more fixed and movable pulleys. In a compound
pulley, the fixed pulleys change the direction of the force while the movable ones lessen effort needed to lift
the force. Compound pulleys are used in ships and billboards.

C. Inclined Plane
Is a plane tilted at an angle, with one end higher than the other. It makes moving things to a higher
place a lot easier. The rate at which the object slides down the surface is dependent upon how tilted the
surface is; the greater the tilt of the surface, the faster the rate at which the object will slide down it. In
physics, a tilted surface is called an inclined plane. Objects are known to accelerate down inclined planes
because of an unbalanced force.

D. Screw
Is actually a spiral inclined plane. It is composed of a cylindrical body with a spiral ridge called thread.
The threads surround the cylinder from the tip to the head. A screw increases the force but at a longer
distance.
Screw uses friction. For a metal screw driven into wood, there is a lot of friction between the wood and
the metal thread.
A screw with a steeper thread can be embedded deeply into a surface with fewer turns. A screw with
less steep threads require a lot more turns to be driven into a surface.
E. Wedge
Is an inclined plane or two inclined planes that meet each other to form a sharp edge. Some wedges
are rolled up to have a sharp point instead of an edge. Wedges are usually good for cutting and piercing.
A wedge increases the force and changes its direction. The longer or thinner the fan wedge, the greater
the force. Examples of wedges are knives, axes, pins, and nails. A pair of scissors consists of two wedges joined
together ata fulcrum.
F. Wheel and Axle
Is a machine that has a small disk or shaft called an axle that is attached to a wheel. Th wheel may be a
complete wheel or a crank that turns like a wheel. When the axle turns, the wheel also turns. The center of
the axle is the fulcrum, the radius of the wheel is the point of effort, and the radius of the axle is the
resistance. A wheel and axle can change the direction of the force. It is more effective if there is a greater
difference between the wheel and the axle.

Examples of wheel and axle with complete wheels are steering wheels, doorknobs, potter’s wheel, and
vehicle wheels. In a car, the engine drives the axle and the wheel turns, making the car roll forward. In a
potter’s wheel, the input force is applied at the larger wheel, while the output is through the smaller axle.

Examples of wheel and axle with a crank instead of a wheel are pencil sharpeners and meat grinders.
Other examples are the doorknob and the potter’s wheel. In these examples, the input force is applied at the
larger wheel while the output is through the smaller axle.
A wheel and axle is more effective if there is a greater difference between their sizes.

Safety measures should always be observed when using simple machines. Here are the safety measures in
using simple machines:
 Use the right type of simple machine for the right job
 Secure pulleys before using them
 Simple machines that are sharp should be handled with care
 Do not leave sharp objects exposed. Cover their sharp edges
 Keep sharp and pointed tools in a box.
 Never play with sharp and pointed tools.
 Do no leave any object on stairways.
 Always keep the sharp tool from small children to avoiding accident.
 .Be sure that any tool is in good condition before using it.
 Do not interfere with objects that are currently operating

SAQ #4: Look around your home. List at least 5 simple machines that you can see. Classify them as lever,
inclined plane, pulley, wedge, screw or wheel and axle. (5 points)

SUMMARY:
 Mechanical energy is the energy possessed by an object due to its motion or its stored energy at
position. Mechanical energy can be either kinetic (energy of motion) or potential energy (energy of
position). Mechanical energy is energy stored in objects by the application of a force. Compressed
springs and stretched rubber bands are examples of stored mechanical energy.
 Potential energy is the mechanical energy of an object due to its position or condition. It is stored
energy. Water in a dam, rock on a cliff and a ball on a table have potential energy or stored energy.
 Chemical energy is the type of energy stored in molecules. Chemical reactions can either use or release
chemical energy. One example of chemical energy is that present inside the dry cell. The chemical
energy stored in a dry cell is turned into usable form when put in an appliance. Chemical energy
changes to electrical energy and then to radiant energy when you connect a wire to a light bulb.
 Radiant or light energy is a form of energy that travels through an empty space. This energy is also
known as electromagnetic energy. Radiant energy radiates in all directions. It can travel through a
vacuum or an empty space, and it can be transferred to another body. Radiant energy may be in a form
of light, ultraviolet rays, x-rays, infrared radiation, radio waves, microwaves, and radar.
  Electrical energy is the energy produced by moving electrons. It is the flow of charged particles called
electrons. You know that an atom is made up of electrons, protons, and neutrons. An electron is
negatively charged, a proton has a positive charge, and a neutron has no charge.
 The law of conservation of energy is a law of science that states that energy cannot be created or
destroyed, but only changed from one form into another or transferred from one object to another. In
the transformation of energy into other forms, expect that there is no 100% conversion. There is
always loss of energy from the system to the environment. There is no machine even in the energy
conversion that can completely convert one form of energy into another form.

REFERENCES:

 Evelyn T. Sarte, et al.,Science Beyond Borders 6

 Mapa, Amelia P. and Campos, Maria Rowena R. Science and Technology for Lifelong Learning
 https://fl-pda.org/independent/courses/elementary/science/section4/4f12.htm#:~:text=In%20other
%20words%2C%20heat%20implies,thermal%20energy%20to%20mechanical%20energy.&text=Heat
%20energy%20is%20transferred%20in,conduction%2C%20convection%2C%20and%20radiation.
 https://examples.yourdictionary.com/law-of-conservation-of-energy-examples.html

ASSIGNMENT
Research about the following renewable energy resources.
Energy Resources Features Contributions
Geothermal Plant in Ormoc City, Leyte
Angat hydroelectric plant in Norzagaray,
Bulacan
Wind Farm in Bangui, Ilocos Norte
Solar Farm in Calatagan, Batangas

SHEPHERDVILLE COLLEGE
(FORMERLY JESUS THE LOVING SHEPHERD CHRISTIAN COLLEGE)
Talojongon, Tigaon, Camarines Sur, Philippines
Tel. No. (054) 884-9536
“Excellence in truth in the service of God and Country”
Name: ____________________________________________Course/Year/Sec: ________________ Date: ____________

Competency # 6 Answer Sheet

ENERGY, WORK AND SIMPLE MACHINES

SAQ #1: Give at least one use of each form of energy. (5 points)
a. Chemical Energy
b. Mechanical energy
c. Electrical energy
d. Sound energy
e. Thermal energy

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SAQ #2: Illustrate how energy is transformed in the following: (5 points)

a. Electric flat iron
b. Flashlight
c. Battery-operated radio
d. Electric fan
e. Toy car

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SAQ #3: Describe the different energy problems in our country. As a student, how can you help in
economizing the use of energy? (5 points)
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SAQ #4: Look around your home. List at least 5 simple machines that you can see. Classify them as lever,
inclined plane, pulley, wedge, screw or wheel and axle. (5 points)
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