UNIT 1

1. What is Grammar?

Explanation: Grammar is the set of rules that govern the structure and usage of a language. It deals
with the proper formation of sentences and the relationship between words in a language.

Example: In English, grammar dictates that a subject and verb must agree in number. For instance,
we say "The cat is sleeping" (singular subject) or "The cats are sleeping" (plural subject).

2. Lexical Grammar.

Explanation: It refers to the study of words in their context and how they affect the meaning of a
sentence.

Example: In the phrase "big house," the choice of the adjective "big" affects the meaning of the word
"house," emphasizing its size.

3. Constructions.

Explanation: Constructions are specific ways in which words are combined to form sentences.

Example: The "subject + verb + object" construction is common in English, as in the sentence "John
eats an apple."

4. Rules, Conventional Models, and Reasons.

Explanation: Grammar establishes rules for the correct use of the language, based on conventional
models and linguistic reasons.

Example: The grammatical rule of subject-verb agreement holds that "he sings" is correct, while "he
sing" is not.

5. The Three Dimensions.

Explanation: Grammar can be analyzed in three dimensions: phonology (sounds), syntax (sentence
structure), and semantics (meaning).

Example: In the sentence "The sun shines," the semantic dimension refers to the understanding that
the sun emits light.

6. Descriptive and Prescriptive Grammar.

Explanation: Descriptive grammar describes how the language is spoken, while prescriptive grammar
establishes normative rules.

Example: Descriptively, "they go" is correct, but prescriptively, "they goes" is not recommended.

7. A Dynamic System.

Explanation: Grammar is a dynamic system that constantly adapts to the evolution of the language
and forms of communication.

Example: The introduction of new words like "selfie" or changes in grammatical rules reflects the
dynamic nature of the language over time.
UNIT 2

1. The Sentence

Explanation: A sentence is a linguistic unit composed of words that express a complete and coherent
idea. It can contain a subject and a predicate.

Example: "The cat is sitting on the mat" is a sentence in English that includes a subject ("The cat")
and a predicate ("is sitting on the mat").

2. Elements of the Sentence

Explanation: The fundamental elements of a sentence are the subject (who performs the action) and
the predicate (the action performed by the subject).

Example: In the sentence "She sings beautifully," "She" is the subject, and "sings beautifully" is the
predicate.

3. Words and Phrases

Explanation: Words are basic units of language, and phrases are groups of words that express a
broader idea than a single word.

Example: In the phrase "happy children," "happy" is a word, and "happy children" is a phrase
expressing a broader idea.

4. Classification of Words: Semantic, Structural, and Functional Criteria

Explanation: Words are classified based on their meaning (semantic), grammatical structure
(structural), and their function in a sentence (functional).

Example: The word "run" can be classified semantically as a verb, structurally as a monosyllabic
word, and functionally as an action in a sentence.

5. Classification of Phrases

Explanation: Phrases are classified based on their structure and function in the sentence, such as
nominal, verbal, or prepositional phrases.

Example: The phrase "the old book on the shelf" is classified both nominally (as it functions as a
noun) and prepositionally (due to the prepositional phrase "on the shelf").

6. Clauses

Explanation: Clauses are grammatical units with a subject and a predicate. They can be independent
(a complete sentence) or dependent (requiring another clause).

Example: In the sentence "I read a book because it was interesting," "I read a book" is an
independent clause, and "because it was interesting" is a dependent clause.

7. Types of Sentences

Explanation: Sentences are classified based on their form and function as affirmative, negative,
interrogative, exclamatory, or conditional.

Example: "She is coming" is an affirmative sentence, while "Is she coming?" is an interrogative
sentence.
UNIT 3

1. Personal Pronouns

Explanation: Personal pronouns replace nouns to avoid repetition. They indicate the person (first,
second, or third) and gender (masculine or feminine).

Example: "He is my friend." Here, "he" is a personal pronoun replacing the noun "friend."

2. Possessive Adjectives and Pronouns

Explanation: Possessive adjectives (my, your, his, her, our, their) describe ownership, while possessive
pronouns (mine, yours, his, hers, ours, theirs) replace nouns to show possession.

Example: "This is my book." Here, "my" is a possessive adjective. "This book is mine." Here, "mine" is
a possessive pronoun.

3. Reflexive Pronouns

Explanation: Reflexive pronouns indicate that the subject and object of the verb are the same
person. They end in "-self" or "-selves."

Example: "She washed herself." In this sentence, "herself" is a reflexive pronoun.

4. Demonstrative Adjectives and Pronouns

Explanation: Demonstrative adjectives (this, that, these, those) describe specific nouns, while
demonstrative pronouns replace nouns.

Example: "This cat is cute." Here, "this" is a demonstrative adjective. "I want that." Here, "that" is a
demonstrative pronoun.

5. Indefinite Pronouns

Explanation: Indefinite pronouns refer to nonspecific people or things. Examples include "someone,"
"anyone," "nothing," and "everything."

Example: "Everybody loves pizza." In this sentence, "everybody" is an indefinite pronoun.

UNIT 4

1. Affirmative and Negative Sentences

Explanation: Affirmative sentences state a fact or idea, while negative sentences express the absence
or denial of a fact.

Example: Affirmative: "She likes ice cream." Negative: "She doesn't like ice cream."

2. Short Answers

Explanation: Short answers are brief responses to questions, typically using "yes" or "no" along with
the auxiliary verb.

Example: Q: "Did you finish your homework?" A: "Yes, I did." or "No, I didn't."

3. Interrogative Words, Form, and Usage

Example: "Where is the library?" In this sentence, "where" is an interrogative word.

4. Tag Questions

Explanation: Tag questions are short phrases added to the end of a statement to turn it into a
question. They often seek confirmation or agreement.

Example: Statement: "You like coffee, don't you?" Here, "don't you" is a tag question.

UNIT 5

1. Agreement Between Subject and Verb

Explanation: Concordancia entre sujeto y verbo refers to the agreement between the subject and the
verb in a sentence, particularly in terms of number and person.

Example: Singular subject with singular verb: "The cat sleeps." Plural subject with plural verb: "The
cats sleep."

2. Form

Explanation: The form of the verb changes based on the person (first, second, third) and number
(singular, plural) of the subject.

Example: "I walk," "You walk," "He/She/It walks," "We walk," "You walk," "They walk."

3. 3rd Person Singular

Explanation: In the 3rd person singular, the verb form typically adds an "-s" or "-es" to the base form
of the verb.

Example: Singular: "He walks," "She runs." Plural: "They walk," "They run."

4. Meaning

Explanation: The verb form reflects the number and person of the subject, ensuring that the
sentence's meaning is clear.

Example: "She walks" (referring to a single person walking) versus "They walk" (referring to multiple
people walking).

5. Usage

Explanation: Correct subject-verb agreement is crucial for grammatical accuracy and clarity in
communication.

Example: Incorrect: "He walk to school." Correct: "He walks to school."