PROJECT REPORT ON

ADVANCE FOOTSTEP POWER

GENERATION SYSTEM USING
FRID FOR CHARGING

Name: Ramizul Hoda

B.tech EEE (3rd Year)
 DECLARATION

We hereby declare that the work presented in the Project Report

On “Advance Footstep Power Generation System Using Frid
for Charging” submitted in fulfillment of the requirement of the
mini project assigned to us in B.Tech in Electrical & Electronics
Engineering (3rd year) is an authentic record of our own work
carried out under the guidance of KAILASH SHARMA.

- Ramizul Hoda
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Theoretical project has an important role in exposing the real life

situation in an industry. It was great experience for me to work on the
project at Advance Footstep Power Generation System Using Frid for
Charging through which I could learn how to work in a professional
environment.

Now, I would like to thank the people who guided me and

have been a constant source of inspiration throughout the tenure of my
project.

I am sincerely grateful to. of KAILASH SHARMA (project

supervisor) who rendered me his valuable assistance, constant
encouragement and able guidance which made this project actually
possible.
 CONTENTS
Contents Page

CHAPTER 1 1-1

1 Introduction 1

CHAPTER 2 2-3

2.1 Initiative 2

2.2 Piezoelectric principle 3

CHAPTER 3 4-6

3.1 Block diagram and methodology 4

3.2 Explanation and amount of generation 5

3.3 Connection of piezoelectric element 6

CHAPTER 4 7-44

4.1 Components Required 7

4.2 Voltage regulator 8

4.3 Light Emitting Diode (LED) 10

4.4 Atmega 16

4.5 Resistor 21

4.6 Capacitor 25
4.7 LCD 30

4.8 RFID sensor and cards 31

4.9 Piezoelectric sensors 37

4.10 Aurdino Compiler 40

CHAPTER 5 45-63

5.1 Circuit diagram and Working 45

5.2 Coding 49

CHAPTER 6 64-65

6.1 Expected result and discussion of output power 64

CONCLUSION 66

BIBLIOGRAPHY 67
 CHAPTER 1
1.1 INTRODUCTION

Day by day, the population of the country is increasing and the requirement
of the power is also increasing. At the same time the wastage of energy is
also increasing in many ways. So, reforming this energy back to usable form
is the major solution. In thi
s footstep power generation project, we are
generating power with the help of human’s footsteps; this power is then used
to charge battery. The power is stored in a battery that can be used to charge
a mobile phone using RFID card. This system is powered
y Atmega
b 328
microcontroller, it consists of Arduino IDE, RFID sensor, USB cable and LCD.
When we power on the system, the system enters into registration mode. We
can register three users. Once all the user is entered in the system then the
system asks to
swipe the card and connect the charger. Initially all the user
is given 5 minutes of charging time as default. When we swipe the card and if
the user is authorised, the system turns on for charging and will charge the
Mobile phone. If the user is -un
authorised then the system will display as
unauthorised user, just in case if the user wants to stop the charging in
midway the user needs to swipe the card again. As soon as the card is
swiped again, the remaining time balance is displayed and the charging
stops. In order to recharge a card, we need to press recharge button which is
on the system, and then system will ask to swipe the card, once the user
swipes the card, it adds more 5 minutes to the particular card of the user.

[1]
 CHAPTER 2

2.1 INITIATIVE

Our project is all about saving human energy and converting to electrical
energy. Day by day , the population of the country is incReasing and the
requirement of the power is also increasing at the same time the wastage
of energy is also increased in many ways. So reforming this energy back
to usable form is the major solution .This project is used to generate
voltage using footsteps force. The project is used public places like
theatres, railway station ,shopping mall, temples, school, college, hospital
etc. So, these systems are placed in public places where people walk and
they have to travel on this system to get through the entrance or exist
Then this system generate voltage on each and every step of a foot and
for this purpose, piezoelectric sensor is usedin order to measure the
force pressure and acceleration by change into electric signals. This
system uses voltmeter for measuring output voltage, led light. weight
measure system and a battery for better demonstration of the system

Working on the idea to harness locomotion power, MIT (USA) architecture

students James Graham and Thaddeus Jusczyk recently unveiled what
they're callng the” Crowd Farm" a setup that would derive energy from
pounding feet in crowded places. This technology is a proposal to harness
human power as a source of sustainable energy. Population of India and
mobility of its masses will turn into boon in generating electricity from is
(population’s) footsteps. Human locomotion in over crowded subway
stations, railway stations, bus stands, airports, temples or rock concerts this
can be converted to electrical energy wth the use of this promising
technology. The technology would turn the mechanical energy of people
walking or jumping into a source of electricity. The student’s test case,
displayed at the Venice Biennale and in a train station in Toranto ,Italy, was a
prototype stool that exploits the pasive act of sitting to generate power. The
weight of the body on the seat cause a flywheel to spin which powers a
dynamo that in turn light for LEDs .In each case, there would be a

[2]
sub-flooring system consisting of independent blocks. When
people walk across this surface, the forces they impart wil cause
the blocks to slip
sightly, and a dynamo would convert the energy
in those movements into electric current. Students say that moving
from this Proof of concept device to a-scale
large Crowd Farm
would be expensive, but it certainly sounds a great option.

2.2 PEIZOELECTRIC PRINCIPLE

Whenpressureis applied to a piezoelectric crystal an electrical energy is
produced across the material. There are two kinds of piezoelectric
effect,namely direct effect and indirect piezoelectric effect. When
mechanical stressapplied
is and electric potential is developed , it is term
as the direct piezoelectric effect on the other hand when due to the
application of electric field there is deformation in the material is termed as
the indirect piezoelectric effect when an celectri
field is applied . the
examples of some piezoelectric materials are Quartz , PZT , PbTiO3 , PVDF ,
PbZrO3etc.

[3]
 CHAPTER 3
3.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM & METHODOLOGY

Fig:BLOCK DIAGRAAM OF ADVANCED

FOOTSTEP P OWER GENERATIOON USING RFID
FOR CHARGING
[4]
 3.2 EXPLANATION

According to the literature survey, piezoelectric material produce ac voltage.

When the pressure is applied on the face of the piezoelectric element then it
generates the ac voltage and is sent to the rectifier. Then the function of the
rectifier is to achieve full wave rectification. Thus transforming the ac voltage
to dc voltage. The rectifier is a bridge circuit made by diodes. The dc voltage
stored in a capacitor in the subsequent stages. The stored energy can be
effectively used for various applications. Sometimes a controller is also
attached after the rectifier as it optimizes the power in input to the capacitor.
Super capacitor can also be used in place of conventional capacitors. The
power can be directly applied to the electrical devices or can be a
supplement of main power supply. One can determine the effectiveness of a
system by comparing the input energy to the output results However, when
the amount of output energy produced versus input energy isb high then the
level of efficiency also high
.

AMOUNT OF POWER GENERATION DETAILS

It is reported in literature, tut when a piezoelectric tiles is used for the

flooring purposes then each slab is capable of produce 2.1 watts/hour in a
football area if the sleeping rate 4-10 seconds. Based on testing it is found
that walking 5 hours will generate enough electricity to lighting a bus stops
continuously for over 12 hours. The energy produced is stored in Lithium
Polymer Batteries. To light a low energy LED, 5% of the energy produced by
a footsteps sufficient. The energy produced by piezoelectric elements is
extremely low. The electrical energy produced by a piezoelectric crystal is
about 2-3 volts. To increase the voltage, we can used a boost converter
circuit which enhance it to 12 volts. To feed it further to any device we can
used an invertor circuit. A boost converter or a step-up-converter is capable
of converting high DC voltage from low DC voltage in input. It has
twobmodes of operation namely continuous and discontinuous mode.

[5]
3.3 CONNECTIONS OF THE PIEZOELECTRIC ELEMENT

The piezoelectric elements can be connected with each other by two

ways. These are by series or parallel connection. Three electric elements
are connected in series and parallel connection. current
The versus
voltage graphs can be draws for each case and analysed. According to
the literature study. It is observed that in a series connection the voltage
is good, but the current is poor while it was exactly the opposite in the
case of the parallel
connection i.e. the current was good and the voltage
is poor. Thus, we can use both the series connection as well as parallel
connection according to our application. But in the series comection, the
voltage does not increase in Linear fashion may be toowing
the non
-
linearity of the system's total internal impedance.

[6]
 CHAPTER 4

4.1 COMPONENTS REQUIRED

Power supply
Voltage regulator
Light emitting diodes (LED’s)
Atmega microcontroller
Resistor
Capacitor
LCD (16*2)
RFID sensor &
cards Adapter
USB cable
Weighing machine
Piezoelectric sensors

SOFTWARE SPECIFICATIONS

Arduino compiler
Programming language C

[7]
 4.2 VOLTAGE REGULATOR

Features
• Output Current up to 1A.
• Output Voltages of 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 18, 24V.
• Thermal Overload Protection.
• Short Circuit Protection.
• Output Transistor Safe Operating Area Protection.

[8]
Description
The LM78XX/LM78XXA series of three
-terminal positive regulators

are available in the TO

-220/D-PAK package and with several fixed output

voltages, making them useful in a Wide range of applications. Each type

employs internal current limiting,

thermal shutdown and safe operating

area protection, making it essentially indestructible. If adequate heat

sinking is provided, they can deliver over 1A output Current. Although

designed primarily as fixed voltage regulators, these devices can be used

with external components to obtain adjustable voltages and currents.

Absolute Maximum Ratings

TABLE: RATINGS OF THE VOLTAGE REGULATOR

[9]
 4.3 LIGHHT EMITTING DIODES (LED’s
)

A light
-emitting diode (LED) is
semiconductor
a light source. LEDs
are used as indicator lamps in many devvices, and are increasingly
used forlightinng
. When a light
-emittingdiodeis forwaard biased
(switched on),
electronsare able to
recombine
withholeswithinn
the device, releasing energy in the formm
photons
of .
This effect is called
electroluuminescence
and thecolourof the light

(corresponding to the energgy of the photon) is determined

ennergy
by the
gap

of the semiconductor. An LEED is small in area (less than 21),mm

often and

integrated optical components may be used to shape its radiation pattern. LEDs

present many
advantages
over incandescent light sources incluuding
lower

energy consumption
, longerrlifetime
, improved robustness,
maller
s size, faster

switching, and greater durability and reliability.

Electronic Symbol:

Fig: symbol of LED

Colors and materials of LED’S

Conventional LEDs are made from a variety of inorganic
semmiconductor
materials
, the following taable shows the available
colours with wavelength range, voltage drop and material.

White LED’S

[10]
Light Emitting Diodes (LED) have recently become available that are both white

and bright, so bright that they seriously compete with incandescent lamps in

lighting applications. They are still pretty expensive as compared to a GOW lamp

but draw much less

current and project a fairly well focused beam.

When run within their ratings, they are more reliable than lamps as
well. Red LEDs are now being used in automotive and truck tail
lights and in red traffic signal lights. You will be able to detect them
because they look like an array of point sources and they go on and
off instantly as compared to conventional incandescent lamps.

Fig : White LED spectrum

LEDs are monochromatic (one color) devices. The color is determined by the

band gap of the semiconductor used to make them. Red, green, yellow and

blue LEDs are fairly common. White light contains all colors and cannot be

directly created by a single LED.

The most common form of "white" LED

really isn't white. It is a Gallium Nitride blue LED coated with a phosphor that,

when excited by the blue LED light, emits a broad range spectrum that in

addition to the blue emission, makes a fairly white light.

[11]
There is a claim that these white LED's have a limited life. After 1000 hours or

so of operation, they tend to yellow and dim to some extent. Running the

LEDs at more than their rated current will certainly accelerate this process.

There are two primary ways of producing high intensity

-light
white
using

LEDs. One is to use individual LEDs that emitprimary

three colors
—red,
green, and blue
—and then mix all the colors to form white light. The other
is to use a phosphor material to convert
nochromatic
mo light from a blue

or UV LED to broad-spectrum white light, much in the same way a

fluorescent light bulb works. Duemetamerism

to , it is possible to have

quite different spectra that appear white.

4.5 1N4007

Diodes are used to convert AC into DC these are used as half

wave rectifier or full wave rectifier. Three points must he kept in
mind while using any type of diode.
1. Maximum forward current capacity
2. Maximum reverse voltage capacity
3. Maximum forward
voltage capacity

[12]
 Fig: 1N4007 diodes
The number and voltage capacity of some of the important diodes
available in the market are as follows:
Diodes of number IN4001, IN4002, IN4003, IN4004, IN4005, IN4006
andIN4007 have maximum reverse bias voltage capacity of 50V
and maximum forward current capacity of 1 Amp.
Diode of same capacities can be used in place of one another.

Besides this diode of more capacity can be used in place of diode of

low capacity but dio

de of low capacity cannot be used in place of

diode of high capacity. For example, in place of IN4002; IN4001 or

IN4007 can be used but IN4001 or IN4002 cannot be used in place of

IN4007.The diode BY125made by company BEL is equivalent of

diode from IN4001

to IN4003. BY 126 is equivalent to diodes IN4004

to 4006 and BY 127 is equivalent to diode IN4007.

Fig:PN Junction diode

[13]
PN JUNCTION OPERATION

Now that you are familiar with P- and N-type materials, how
these materials are joined together toform a diode, and the
function of the diode, let us continue our discussion with the
operation of the PNjunction. But before we can understand how
the PN junction works, we must first consider current flow inthe
materials that make up the junction and what happens initially
within the junction when these twomaterials are joined together.

Current Flow in the N-Type Material

Conduction in the N-type semiconductor, or crystal, is similar to

conduction in a copper wire. Thatis, with voltage applied across the

material, electrons will move through the crystal just as current

wouldflow in a copper wire. This is shown in figure 1-15. The positive

potential of the battery will attract thefree electrons in the crystal. These

electrons will leave the crystal and flow into the positive terminal ofthe

battery. As an electron leaves the crystal, an electron from the negative

terminal of the battery willenter the crystal, thus completing the current

path. Therefore, the majority current carriers in the N-typematerial

(electrons) are repelled by the negative side of the battery and move

through the crystal towardthe positive side of the battery .

Current Flow in the P-Type Material

Current flow through the P-type material is illustrated. Conduction in the P

material isby positive holes, instead of negative electrons. A hole moves

[14]
from the positive terminal of the P material lto the negative terminal.
Electrons from the external circuit enter the negative terminal of the
material andfill holes in the vicinity of this terminal. At the positive
terminal, electrons are removed from the covalentbonds, thus
creating new holes. This process continues as the
dy stea
stream of
holes (hole current) movestoward the negative terminal.

[15]
 4.4 ATMEGA MICROCONTROLLER

Introduction:

The Atmel ATmega328P is a 32K -bit

8 microcontroller based
on the AVR architecture. Many instructions are executed in a
single clock cycle providing a throughput of almost 20 MIPS at
20MHz. The ATMEGA 328-PU comes in an PDIP 28 pin package
and is suitable rfo
use on our 28 pin AVR Development Board.
The computer on one hand is designed to perform all the general
purpose tasks on a single machine like you can use a computer to run
a software to perform calculations or you can use a computer to store
some multimedia file or to access internet through the browser,
whereas the microcontrollers are meant to perform only the specific
tasks, for e.g., switching the AC off automatically when room

[16]
 temperature drops to a certain defined limit and again turning
it ON when temperature rises above the defined limit.

There are number of popular families of microcontrollers which are used

in different applications as per their capability and feasibility to perform

the desired task, most common of these are 8051, AVR and PIC
microcontrollers. In this we will introduce you with AVR family
of microcontrollers.

Features:

High Performance, Low Power Design

8-Bit Microcontroller Atmel® AVR® advanced RISC architecture o 131
Instructions most of which are executed in a single clock cycle

o Up to 20 MIPS throughput at 20 MHz o 32 x 8 working registers o 2

cycle multiplier Memory Includes o 32KB of of programmable FLASH
o 1KB of EEPROM o 2KB SRAM

o 10,000 Write and Erase Cycles for Flash and 100,000 for EEPROM o Data
retention for 20 years at 85°C and 100 years at 25°C o Optional boot
loader with lock bits
In System Programming (ISP) by via boot
loader True Read-While-Write operation o
Programming lock available for software
security Features Include o 2 x 8-bit Timers/Counters
each with independent prescaler and compare
modes
o A single 16-bit Timer/Counter with an idependent prescaler,
compare and capture modes
o Real time counter with independent oscillator o 10 bit, 6 channel
analog to digital Converter o 6 pulse width modulation channels
o Internal temperature sensor
o Serial USART (Programmable)
o Master/Slave SPI Serial Interface - (Philips I2C compatible) o
Programmable watchdog timer with independent internal oscillator
o Internal analog comparator o Interrupt and wake up on pin
change Additional Features Features

[17]
o Internal calibrated oscillator o Power on reset and programmable
brown out detection o External and internal interrupts

o 6 sleep modes including idle, ADC noise reduction, power save, power
down, standby, and extended standby

In our days, there have been many advancement in the field of Electronics
and many cutting edge technologies are being developed every day, but
still 8 bit microcontrollers have its own role in the digital electronics
market dominated by 16-32 & 64 bit digital devices. Although powerful
microcontrollers with higher processing capabilities exist in the market,
8bit microcontrollers still hold its value because of their easy-
tounderstand-operation, very much high popularity, ability to simplify a
digital circuit, low cost compared to features offered, addition of many
new features in a single IC and interest of manufacturers and consumers.

Today’s microcontrollers are much different from what it were in the initial
stage, and the number of manufacturers are much more in count than it was a
decade or two ago. At present some of the major manufacturers are Microchip
(publication: PIC microcontrollers), Atmel (publication: AVR microcontrollers),
Hitachi, Phillips, Maxim, NXP, Intel etc. Our interest is upon ATmega32. It
belongs to Atmel’s AVR series micro controller family. Let’s see the features.
PIN count: Atmega32 has got 40 pins. Two for Power (pin no.10: +5v, pin no.

11: ground), two for oscillator (pin 12, 13), one for reset (pin 9),
three for providing necessary power and reference voltage to its
internal ADC, and 32 (4×8) I/O pins.
About I/O pins: ATmega32 is capable of handling analogue inputs. Port A can
be used as either DIGITAL I/O Lines or each individual pin can be u8sed as a

[18]
single input channel to the internal ADC of ATmega32, plus a pair
of pins AREF, AVCC & GND (refer to ATmega32 datasheet) together
can make an ADC channel.
No pins can
perform and serve for two purposes (for an example: Port A
pins cannot work as a Digital I/O pin while the Internal ADC is activated) at
the same time. It’s the programmers responsibility to resolve the conflict
in the circuitry and the program. Programmer
s are advised to have a look
to the priority tables and the internal configuration from the datasheet.

Digital I/O pins: ATmega32 has 32 pins (4portsx8pins)

configurable as Digital I/O pins.
Timers: 3 Inbuilt timer/counters, two 8 bit (timer0, timer2) and
one 16 bit (timer1).
ADC: It has one successive approximation type ADC in which total 8
single channels are selectable. They can also be used as 7 (for TQFP
packages) or 2 (for DIP packages) differential channels. Reference is
selectable, either an extern
al reference can be used or the internal
2.56V reference can be brought into action. There external reference
can be connected to the AREF pin. Communication Options:
ATmega32 has three data transfer modules embedded in it. They are
Two Wirenterface
I
USART
Serial Peripheral Interface

[19]
[20]
 4.5 RESISTOR
A resistor is a two
-terminal electronic
component designed to oppose
an electric current by producing a voltage drop between its terminals
in proportion to the current, that is, in accordance with Ohm's law:
V=IR
Resistors are used as part of electrical networks and electronic circuits. They

are extremely commonplace in most electronic equipment. Practical resistors

can be made of various compounds and films, as well as resistance wire

(wire made of a high

-resistivity alloy, such as nickel/chrome).

The primary characteristics of resistors are their resistance and the power

they can dissipate. Other characteristics include temperature coefficient,

noise, and inductance. Less well

-known is critical resistance, the value

below which power dissipation

mits
li the maximum permitted current

flow, and above which the limit is applied voltage. Critical resistance

depends upon the materials constituting the resistor as well as its

physical dimensions; it's determined by design.

Resistors can be integrated hybrid

into and printed circuits, as well
as integrated circuits. Size, and position of leads (or terminals) are
relevant to equipment designers; resistors must be physically large
enough not to overheat when dissipating their power.

[21]
 FIG: DIFFERENT TYPES OF RESISTOR
A resistor is a two-terminalpassiveelectronic component
which implements

electrical resistance
as a ciircuit element. When a voltage V is appplied across

the terminals of a resistor, a current I will flow through the resistor

direct
in

proportionto that voltage. The reciprocal of the constant of propoortionality is

known as theresistanceR,, since, with a given voltage V, a larger value of R

further "resists" the flow of current I as given

Ohm'sbylaw
:

Resistors are common elemmentselectrical

of networks
and electroonic

circuits and are ubiquitous in mosst electronic equipment. Practical

resisttors can be made of various compounds and films, as well as

resistance wire
(wire made of a high
-resistivity alloy, such as nickel
-chrome).

Resistors are also immpl

emented withinintegrated circuits
, particularly

analog devices, and caan also be integrated

hybrid
into
andprinted circuits
.

The electrical functionality of a resistor is specified by its resistance: common

commercial resistors are manufactured over

angea rof more than orders
9 of

magnitude
. When specifyiing that resistance in an electronic design, the

required precision of thhe resistance may require attentioon to the

[22]
manufacturing tolerance of the chosen resistor, according to its specific

application. The temperature coefficient of the resistance may also be of

concern in some precision applications. Practical resistors are also

specified as having a maximum power rating which must exceed the

anticipated power dissipation of that resistor in a particular circuit: this is

mainly of concern in power electronics applications. Resistors with higher

power ratings are physically larger and may require heat sinking. In a high

voltage circuit, attention must sometimes be paid to the rated maximum

working voltage of the resistor.

The series inductance of a practical resistor causes its behavior to depart

from ohms law; this specification can be important in some high-frequency

applications for smaller values of resistance. In a low-noise amplifier or

preamp the noise characteristics of a resistor may be an issue. The unwanted

inductance, excess noise, and temperature coefficient are mainly dependent

on the technology used in manufacturing the resistor. They are not normally

specified individually for a particular family of resistors manufactured using

a particular technology. A family of discrete resistors is also characterized

according to its form factor, that is, the size of the device and position of its

leads (or terminals) which is relevant in the practical manufacturing of

circuits using them.

Units

The ohm (symbol: Ω) is the SI unit of electrical resistance, named after

Georg Simon Ohm. An ohm is equivalent to a volt per ampere. Since
resistors are specified and manufactured over a very large range of

values, the derived units of milliohm (1 mΩ = 10−3 Ω), kilohm (1 kΩ =

[23]
103 Ω), and megohm (1 MΩ = 106 Ω) are also in common usage.

[24]
The reciprocal of resistance R is calledconductanceG = 1/R and is

measured inSiemens(SI unit), sometimes referred to asmho

a . Thus a
1
Siemens is the reciprocal of an ohm: S =−Ω. Although the concept of

conductance is often used in circuit analysis,

practical resistors are always

specified in terms of their resistance (ohms) rather than conductance.

Variable resistors
Adjustable resistors
A resistor may have one or more fixed tapping points so that the
resistance can be changed by moving the conn
ecting wires to
different terminals. Some wirewound power resistors have a tapping
point that can slide along the resistance element, allowing a larger
or smaller part of the resistance to be used.
Where continuous adjustment of the resistance value
during
operation of equipment is required, the sliding resistance tap can be
connected to a knob accessible to an operator. Such a device is
called arheostatand has two terminals.

[25]
 4.6 CAPACITOR

A capacitor or condenser is a passive electronic component consisting of a pair

of conductors separated by a dielectric. When a voltage potential difference

exists between the conductors, an electric field is present in the dielectric. This

field stores en
ergy and produces a mechanical force between the plates. The

effect is greatest between wide, flat, parallel, narrowly separated conductors.

An ideal capacitor is characterized by a single constant value, capacitance,

which is measured in farads. This

theisratio of the electric charge on each

conductor to the potential difference between them. In practice, the dielectric

between the plates passes a small amount of leakage current. The

conductors and leads introduce an equivalent series resistance and the

dielectric has an electric field strength limit resulting in a breakdown voltage.

The properties of capacitors in a circuit may determine the resonant

frequency and quality factor of a resonant circuit, power dissipation
and operating frequency in atal
digi
logic circuit, energy capacity in
a high-power system, and many other important aspects.

[26]
 FIG:DIFFERENT TYPES OF CAPACITOR

A capacitor (formerly known as condenser) is a device for storing

electric charge. The forms of practical capacitors vary widely, but all
contain at least two conductors separated by a non-conductor.
Capacitors used as parts of electrical systems, for
ple,exam
consist of
metal foils separated by a layer of insulating film.
Capacitors are widely used in electronic circuits for blocking
direct
currentwhile allowing
alternating current
to pass, in filter networks, for
smoothing the output power
of supplies
, in theresonant circuits
that
tune radios to particular
frequencies
and for many other purposes.
A capacitor is a passive electronic component
consisting of a pair of

conductorsseparated by adielectric(insulator). When there ispotential

a

difference(voltage) across the conductors, a static

electric field
develops in

the dielectric that stores

energyand produces a mechanical force between

the conductors. An ideal capacitor isaracterized

ch by a single constant

value,capacitance
, measured in
farads. This is the ratio of the
electric charge

on each conductor to the potential difference between them.

[27]
The capacitance is greatest when there is a narrow separation
ween large
bett

areas of conductor, hencee capacitor conductors are often calleed "plates",

referring to an early means of construction. In practice the dielectrric

between the plates passes a small amount

leakage
of current
and also has an

electric field stren

gth limit, resulting in abreakdown voltage
, while the

condductors and
leadsintroduce an undesireed
inductance
andresistance
.

Theory of operation
Capacitance

Charge separation in a paraallel

-plate capacitor causes an internal
ellectric field.

A dielectric (orange) reduces the field and increases the capacitance.

FIG:PARALLEL PLATE CAPACITOR

[28]
A capacitor consists of two conductors separated by a non-conductive

region. The non-conductive region is called the dielectric or sometimes

thhe dielectric medium. In simpler terms, the dielectric is just an electrical

insulator. Examples of dielectric mediums are glass, air, paper, vacuum,

and even a semiconductordepletion reegion chemically identical to the

connductors. A capacitor is assumed to bee self-contained and isolated,

with no net electric charge and no influence froom any external electric

field. The conductors thus hold equal and opposite charges on their

facing surfaces, and the dielectric develops an electric field. In SI units, a

capacitance of one farad means that one coulomb of charge on each

conductor causes a voltage of one volt across the device.

The capacitor is a reasonabbly general model for electric fields

witthin electric circuits. An ideal capacitor is wholly characterized
by a constant cappacitance C, defined as the ratio of charge ±Q on
each conductor to the voltage V between them:

Sometimes charge build-up affects the capacitor mechanically,

causing its capacitance to vary. In this case, capacitance is defined
in terms of incremental changes:

Energy storage
Work must be done by an external influence to "move" charge between the

conductors in a capacitor. When the external influence is removed the charge

separation persists in the electric field and energy is stored to be released when

the charge is allowed to return to its equilibrium position. The work done

[29]
in establishing the electric field, and hence the amount of energy
stored, is given by:

Current
-voltage relationn
The current i(t) through anyy component electric circuit is defined as the rate

of flow of a charge q(t) passinng through it,

actual
but charges, electroons,

cannot pass through the dielectric layer of a capacitor, rather an electron

accumulates on the negative plate for each one that leaves the positive plate,

ressulting in an electron depletion and connsequent positive charge

e on on

electrrode that is equal and opposite to the accumulated negative charge on

the otheer. Thus the charge on the electrodes is equalintegral

to theof the

current as well as proportional to the voltage as discussed above. As with

anyanti derivative
, a constant of integration
is addded to represent the initial

voltage v 0(t). This is the integral form of the capacit or equation,

.
Taking the derivative of thiss, and multiplying by C, yields the derivatiive form,

.
The dual of the capacitor is the
inductor
, which stores energy in
thhemagneticfieldrather than the electrric field. Its current
-voltage
relation is obtained by exchanging current and volttage in the
capacitor equations and replaacing C with the inductance L.

[30]
 4.7 LCD
A 16*2 LCD display is very basic module and is very commonly
used in various devices and circuits. A 16*2 LCD means it can
display 16 character per line there are two such line. In this LCD
each character is displayed in 5*7 pixel matrix.

FIG: PIN CONFIGURATION OF 16*2 DISPLAY

[31]
 4.8 RFID SENSOR AND CARDS
Radio Frequency Identification, or RFID, is a rapidly-emerging identification and

logging technology. Whether or not you have come across RFID systems in your

work, you have probably encountered RFID in your daily life, perhaps without

even being aware of it. At their simplest, RFID systems use tiny chips, called

"tags," to contain and transmit some piece of identifying information to an RFID

reader, a device that in turn can interface with computers.

To begin understanding RFID, think of aconventional Point-of-Sale barcode

readerscanning grocery barcodes. In its simplest form, an RFID system is

much the same: it alsocan identify a package. However, unlikebarcodes, RFID

tags don't need a direct line ofsight: within limits, we can now scan

anunpacked skid of boxes. Next, think of RFID tags as mini databases, or as

barcodes that canaccumulateinformation as they travel. At this point, RFID

diverges qualitatively from barcoding, givingit great new potential.

Radio-frequency identification (RFID) is a technology that uses

communication through the use of radio waves to exchange data
between a reader and an electronic tag attached to an object, for the
purpose of identification and tracking.

It is possible in the near future, RFID technology will continue

to proliferate in our daily lives the way that bar code technology did
over the forty years leading up to the turn of the 21st century
bringing unobtrusive but remarkable changes when it was new.
RFID makes it possible to give each product in a grocery store its own

unique identifying number, to provide assets, people, work in process, medical

[32]
devices etc. all with individual unique identifiers - like the license plate on a car

but for every item in the world. This is a vast improvement over paper and pencil

tracking or bar code tracking that has been used since the 1970s. With bar

codes, it is only possible to identify the brand and type of package in a grocery

store, for instance. Furthermore, passive RFID tags (those without a battery) can

be read if passed within close enough proximity to an RFID reader. It is not

necessary to "show" the tag to the reader device, as with a bar code. In other

words it does not require line of sight to "see" an RFID tag, the tag can be read

inside a case, carton, box or other container, and unlike barcodes RFID tags can

be read hundreds at a time. Bar codes can only read one at a time.

Some RFID tags can be read from several meters away and
beyond the line of sight of the reader. The application of bulk
reading enables an almost-parallel reading of tags.

Radio-frequency identification involves the hardware known as

interrogators (also known as readers), and tags (also known as
labels), as well as RFID software or RFID middleware.

Most RFID tags contain at least two parts: one is an integrated circuit

for storing and processing information, modulating and demodulating a

radio-frequency (RF) signal, and other specialized functions; the other is an

antenna for receiving and transmitting the signal.

RFID can be either passive (using no battery), active (with an on-board

battery that always broadcasts or beacons its signal) or battery assisted passive

(BAP) which has a small battery on board that is activated when in the
presence of an RFID reader. Passive tags in 2011 start at $ .05 each and

for special tags meant to be mounted on metal, or withstand gamma

sterilization go up to $5. Active tags for tracking containers, medical

[33]
assets, or monitoring environmental conditions in data centers all start at

$50 and can go up over $100 each. BAP tags are in the $3–10 range and

also have sensor capability like temperature and humidity.

The term RFID refers to the technology. The tags should properly be
called "RFID tags" not "RFIDs".

Fixed RFID and Mobile RFID: Depending on mobility, RFID readers are

classified into two different types: fixed RFID and mobile RFID. If the

reader reads tags in a stationary position, it is called fixed RFID. These

fixed readers are set up specific interrogation zones and create a

"bubble" of RF energy that can be tightly controlled if the physics is well

engineered. This allows a very definitive reading area for when tags go in

and out of the interrogation zone. On the other hand, if the reader is

mobile when the reader reads tags, it is called mobile RFID. Mobile

readers include hand helds, carts and vehicle mounted RFID readers from

manufacturers such as Motorola, Intermec, Impinj, Sirit, etc.

There are a variety of groups defining standards and regulating the use of

RFID, including the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), the

International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), ASTM International, the

DASH7 Alliance and EPCglobal. (Refer to Regulation and standardization

below.)There are also several specific industries that have set guidelines

including the Financial Services Technology Consortium (FSTC) has set a

standard for tracking IT Assets with RFID, the Computer Technology Industry

[34]
Association CompTIA has set a standard for certifying RFID
engineers and the International Airlines Transport Association IATA
set tagging guidelines for luggage in airports.

RFID has many applications; for example, it is used in enterprise supply

chain management to improve the

efficiency of inventory tracking and

management. The Healthcare industry has used RFID to create tremendous

productivity increases by eliminating "parasitic" roles that don't add value to

an organization such as counting, looking for things, or ems.

auditing
Many
it

financial institutions use RFID to track key assets and automate –

Sarbanes

Oxley Act (SOX) compliance. Also with recent advances in social media RFID

is being used to tie the physical world with the virtual world. RFID in Social

Media first came

to light in 2010 with Facebook's annual conference

[35]
How does RFID work?

In an RFID system, RFID tags are "interrogated" by an RFID reader. The

tag reader generates a radio frequency "interrogation" signal that

communicates with the tags. The reader also has a receiver that captures a

reply signal from the tags, and decodes that signal. The reply signal from the

tags reflects, both literally figuratively, the tag's data content. The reply

signal is created as passive "backscatter" (to use the radio term).

What are typical uses for RFID?

As the RFID marketplace evolves, more and more uses for the technology

are being developed. First among them are applications that replicate the

uses already in place for barcodes. The cost savings in scanning a grocery

cart without the need to unpack each item is compelling. More sophisticated

applications use the capability of RFID to receive and store data as well as

simply to identify itself. This means that an RFID tag can carry along with it

a history of transactions .In addition, newly-developed tags can incorporate

a sensor, making the tag now aware of its environment, after a fashion. The

automotive industry is testing the capability of an RFID tag to sense tire

pressure while a vehicle is in motion.

RFID has many applications in the security field, as can be imagined. The

traditional magnetic-stripe security card used for access control isbeginning to

be supplanted by RFID tagged cards that can offer a greater degree of security

and record-keeping. Toll-gates are anotherfrequent application; vehicles can

pass an RFID reader and have a toll deducted, often without slowing down.

RFID tags will replace printed bar codes where a business case can be

made. An RFID tag that can write information to itself may be used tocreate an

audit trail or tracking record, particularly for high-value goods. The cost of RFID

[36]
tagswill need to fall substantially before RFID willbe
-effective
a cost means

of coding inexpensive consumer goods, such as cereal boxes or candy bars.

How soon will RFID dominate as a means of identification on a broad scale?

The answer to this question nds

depein part on simple computations of cost

and benefit, but also on acceptance and "mood," for lack of a better word.

Contributing to mood are factors such asthe current political desire to

enhance anti
-terrorism security systems, or-Mart's
Wal recent requ
irement

that its top 100 suppliers ship cartons and pallets with RFID tags by January

2005. Wal-Mart's initial goal is to use RFID tags for tracking shipments and

efficient warehousing; the longer

-term goal in the retail industry is the

"smart shelf" that

can monitor stock levels on a more granular level. The

problem of tracking individual items on store shelves is akin to the Internet

problem of running fiber optic cabling the "last mile" from the

Internet backbone to the user: the cost increases

exponentially as the

deployment deepens. Correspondingly exponential reductions incosts,

or exponential increases in savings, must ensue to make the case sell.

[37]
 4.9 PIEZOELECTRIC SENSORS
Piezoelectricity is the electric charge that accumulates in certain
solid materials in response to applied mechanical stress. The word
piezoelectricity means electricity resulting from pressure.
A piezoelectric sensor is a device that uses the piezoelectr
ic effect to measure
pressure, acceleration, strain or force by converting them to an electrical
signal. Piezoelectric materials exhibit the unique property known as the
piezoelectric effect. When these materials are subjected to a compressive or
tensile s
tress, an electric field is generated across the material, creating a
voltage gradient and a subsequent current flow. This effect stems from the
asymmetric nature of their unit cell when a stress is applied. As seen in Figure
1, the unit cell contains aall
smpositively charges particle in the center. When
a stress is applied this particle becomes shifted in one direction which creates
a charge distribution, and subsequent electric field. These materials come in
several different forms. The most common
rystals,
is c but they are also found
as plastics and ceramics.

[38]
[39]
[40]
 4.10 ARDUINO COMPILER

Arduino is an open-source prototyping platform based on easy-

to-use hardware and software. Arduino boards are able to read
inputs - light on a sensor, a finger on a button, or a Twitter
message - and turn it into an output - activating a motor,
turning on an LED, publishing something online. You can tell
your board what to do by sending a set of instructions to the
microcontroller on the board. To do so you use the Arduino
programming language (based onWiring), and the Arduino
Software (IDE), based on Processing.

Over the years Arduino has been the brain of thousands of

projects, from everyday objects to complex scientific
instruments. A worldwide community of makers - students,
hobbyists, artists, programmers, and professionals - has
gathered around this open-source platform, their contributions
have added up to an incredible amount of accessible knowledge
that can be of great help to novices and experts alike.

Arduino was born at the Ivrea Interaction Design Institute as an

easy tool for fast prototyping, aimed at students without a
background in electronics and programming. As soon as it
reached a wider community, the Arduino board started changing
to adapt to new needs and challenges, differentiating its offer
from simple 8-bit boards to products for IoT applications,
wearable, 3D printing, and embedded environments. All Arduino
boards are completely open-source, empowering users to build
them independently and eventually adapt them to their particular

[41]
needs. The software, too, is open-source, and it is growing
through the contributions of users worldwide.

Why Arduino?

Thanks to its simple and accessible user experience, Arduino

has been used in thousands of different projects and
applications. The Arduino software is easy-to-use for
beginners, yet flexible enough for advanced users. It runs on
Mac, Windows, and Linux. Teachers and students use it to
build low cost scientific instruments, to prove chemistry and
physics principles, or to get started with programming and
robotics. Designers and architects build interactive prototypes,
musicians and artists use it for installations and to experiment
with new musical instruments. Makers, of course, use it to
build many of the projects exhibited at the Maker Faire, for
example. Arduino is a key tool to learn new things. Anyone -
children, hobbyists, artists, programmers - can start tinkering
just following the step by step instructions of a kit, or sharing
ideas online with other members of the Arduino community.

There are many other microcontrollers and microcontroller

platforms available for physical computing. Parallax Basic
Stamp, Netmedia's BX-24, Phidgets, MIT's Handyboard, and many
others offer similar functionality. All of these tools take the
messy details of microcontroller programming and wrap it up in
an easy-to-use package. Arduino also simplifies the process of
working with microcontrollers, but it offers some advantage for
teachers, students, and interested amateurs over other systems:

Inexpensive - Arduino boards are relatively inexpensive compared

to other microcontroller platforms. The least expensive version of

[42]
the Arduino module can be assembled by hand, and even the
preassembled Arduino modules cost less than $50
Cross-platform - The Arduino Software (IDE) runs on
Windows, Macintosh OSX, and Linux operating systems.
Most microcontroller systems are limited to Windows.
Simple, clear programming environment - The Arduino
Software (IDE) is easy-to-use for beginners, yet flexible enough
for advanced users to take advantage of as well. For teachers,
it's conveniently based on the Processing programming
environment, so students learning to program in that
environment will be familiar with how the Arduino IDE works.
Open source and extensible software - The Arduino software is
published as open source tools, available for extension by
experienced programmers. The language can be expanded through
C++ libraries, and people wanting to understand the technical
details can make the leap from Arduino to the AVR C programming
language on which it's based. Similarly, you can add AVR-C code
directly into your Arduino programs if you want to.
Open source and extensible hardware - The plans of the Arduino
boards are published under a Creative Commons license, so
experienced circuit designers can make their own version of the
module, extending it and improving it. Even relatively
inexperienced users can build the breadboard version of the
module in order to understand how it works and save money.

Arduino Uno

The most common version of Arduino is the Arduino Uno.

This board is what most people are talking about when
they refer to an Arduino. In the next step, there is a more
complete rundown of its features.

Some people think of the entire Arduino board as a

microcontroller, but this is inaccurate. The Arduino board

[43]
actually is a specially designed circuit board for
programming and prototyping with Atmel microcontrollers.

The nice thing about the Arduino board is that it is relatively cheap,
plugs straight into a computer's USB port, and it is dead-simple to
setup and use (compared to other development boards).

Some of the key features of the Arduino Uno include:

An open source design. The advantage of it being

open source is that it has a large community of people
using and troubleshooting it. This makes it easy to find
someone to help you debug your projects.

An easy USB interface . The chip on the board plugs straight

into your USB port and registers on your computer as a
virtual serial port. This allows you to interface with it as
through it were a serial device. The benefit of this setup is
that serial communication is an extremely easy (and
timetested) protocol, and USB makes connecting it to
modern computers really convenient.

Very convenient power management and built-in voltage

regulation. You can connect an external power source of up to
12v and it will regulate it to both 5v and 3.3v. It also can be
powered directly off of a USB port without any external power.

An easy-to-find, and dirt cheap, microcontroller "brain." The

ATmega328 chip retails for about $2.88 on Digikey. It has
countless number of nice hardware features like timers, PWM
pins, external and internal interrupts, and multiple sleep

[44]
 modes. Check out the official datasheet for more details.

A 16mhz clock. This makes it not the speediest

microcontroller around, but fast enough for most applications.

32 KB of flash memory for storing your code.

13 digital pins and 6 analog pins. These pins allow you

to connect external hardware to your Arduin
o. These
pins are key for extending the computing capability of
the Arduino into the real world. Simply plug your
devices and sensors into the sockets that correspond to
each of these pins and you are good to go.

An ICSP connector for bypassing the USB rt andpo

interfacing the Arduino directly as a serial device. This
port is necessary to-bootload
re your chip if it corrupts
and can no longer talk to your computer.

An on-board LED attached to digital pin 13 for fast

an easy debugging of code.

Andlast, but not least, a button to reset the program

on the chip.

[45]
 CHAPTER 5
5.1 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM AND WORKING

[46]
Layout

[47]
 Working

1) The Footstep power generator works on the

principle of piezoelectric effect.
2) Piezoelectric Effect is the ability of certain
materials to generate an electric charge in
response to applied mechanical stress.
3) Thus, squeeze certain crystals (such as quartz)
and you can make electricity flow through them.
4) In most crystals (such as metals), the unit cell
(the basic repeating unit) is symmetrical; in
piezoelectric crystals, it isn't.
5) Normally, piezoelectric crystals are electrically neutral:
the atoms inside them may not be symmetrically
arranged, but their electrical charges are perfectly
balanced: a positive
charge in one place cancels out a negative charge nearby.
6) However, if you squeeze or stretch a piezoelectric
crystal, you deform the structure, pushing some of the
atoms closer together or further apart, upsetting the
balance of positive and negative, and causing net
electrical charges to appear.
7) This effect carries through the whole structure so
net positive and negative charges appear on
opposite,
outer faces of the crystal.
8) Normally, the charges in a piezoelectric crystal are
exactly balanced, even if they're not
symmetrically arranged.
9) If you squeeze the crystal (massively exaggerated
in this picture!), you force the charges out of
balance.

[48]
10) Now the effects of the charges (their dipole moments)
no longer cancel one another out and net positive and
negative charges appear on opposite crystal faces. By
squeezing the crystal, you've produced a voltage
across its opposite faces and that's piezoelectricity!
11) In our project we have used the same
phenomenon of producing piezoelectricity from
piezoelectric crystal in the form of coin shaped disc.
12) When one steps on the weighing machine the
piezoelectric disc gets compressed. After the leg
is lifted the crystal is decompressed.
13) Thus a full vibration is sensed by the crystal disc
and a voltage across it is produced.
14) This voltage is sensed by the voltmeter and
displayed on its display.
15) Also, at the same time this voltage is used to
charge the 12VDC Battery.
16) LED’s have been mounted under the weighing
machine that is switched on by relay through 555
timer IC whenever a voltage is generated.
17) This event is notified by a glowing LED on the PCB.
(Also one can hear the switching sound of the relay)
18) Thus, whenever a person walks though the weighing
machine the battery gets charged due to the voltage
which is also displayed on the voltmeter. This event
is notified by glowing LED’s beneath the weighing
machine.

[49]
 5.2 CODING

#include <SoftwareSerial.h>

#include <LiquidCrystal.h>

LiquidCrystallcd(6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11);

/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////footstep
variables/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

constint led = 3;

long x = 0, y = 0;

constint led1 = 2;

constint sensor = A4;

float input_voltage = 0.0;

float last_input = 0.0;

float temp = 0.0;

float r1 = 100000.0;

float r2 = 10000.0;

int a = 0;

//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////RFID
variables/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

int charging = A5;

intr_led = 13;

intg_led = 12;

int buzzer = 4;

int recharge = A1;

int sec = 0;

intmins = 0;

[50]
long current_time;

long sec_cal;

intlcd_clm;

char c;

String user_id[3] = {"", "", ""};

intuser_min[3] = {5, 5, 5};

intuser_sec[3] = {0, 0, 0};

String id = "";

int user = 0;

booleanregistring = false;

int valid = 0;

intpark_left = 3;

intnew_user;

intuser_in;

SoftwareSerialrfid(5, A3);

//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
/////////////////////////////////////////////////

void setup()

rfid.begin(9600);

Serial.begin(9600);

lcd.begin(20, 4);

lcd.clear();

pinMode(led, OUTPUT);

pinMode(led1, OUTPUT);

pinMode(recharge, INPUT);

pinMode(charging, OUTPUT);

pinMode(r_led, OUTPUT);

[51]
pinMode(g_led, OUTPUT);

pinMode(buzzer, OUTPUT);

lcd.clear();

lcd.print("Advanced footstep");

lcd.setCursor(0, 1);

lcd.print("with ");

lcd.setCursor(0, 2);

lcd.print("RFID Mobile ");

lcd.setCursor(0, 3);

lcd.print("Charging ");

delay(2000);

digitalWrite(r_led, HIGH);

digitalWrite(g_led, HIGH);

digitalWrite(charging, HIGH);

lcd.clear();

lcd.print("register mode");

delay(2000);

digitalWrite(led1, HIGH);

digitalWrite(led, HIGH);

lcd.clear();

while (registring == false)

lcd.clear();

lcd.print("swipe the card");

lcd.setCursor(0, 1);

lcd.print("for user ");

lcd.print(user + 1);

[52]
new_user = 1;

if (rfid.available() > 0)

tone(buzzer, 50, 2000);

RFID();

for (inti = 0; i<= user; i++)

if (id == user_id[i])

new_user = 0;

digitalWrite(r_led, LOW);

lcd.clear();

lcd.print("user already");

lcd.setCursor(0, 1);

lcd.print("exist");

delay(2000);

digitalWrite(r_led, HIGH);

break;

if (new_user == 1)

user_id[user] = id;

digitalWrite(g_led, LOW);

lcd.clear();

lcd.print("user resistered");

lcd.setCursor(0, 1);

[53]
lcd.print("balance is ");

lcd.print(user_min[user]);

lcd.print(" mins.");

user++;

delay(2000);

digitalWrite(g_led, HIGH);

if (user >= 3)

registring = true;

delay(200);

void loop()

footstep:

long foot_check = millis();

intanalog_value = analogRead(sensor);

temp = (analog_value * 5.0) / 1024.0;

input_voltage = (temp / (r2 / (r1 + r2))) + 3;

if (input_voltage< 0.1)

input_voltage = 0.0;

[54]
 if ((last_input<input_voltage ) && (input_voltage> 5 ))

y = millis();

digitalWrite(led1, LOW);

digitalWrite(led, LOW);

if (last_input == 0)

a = a + 1;

last_input = input_voltage;

Serial.print("v= ");

Serial.println(input_voltage);

lcd.setCursor(0, 2);

lcd.print("Voltage: ");

lcd.print(input_voltage);

lcd.print(" V ");

lcd.setCursor(0, 3);

lcd.print("Step Count: ");

lcd.print(a);

delay(100);

if (millis() > y + 1000)

last_input = 0;

digitalWrite(led, HIGH);

digitalWrite(led1, HIGH);

[55]
 }

lcd.setCursor(0, 0);

lcd.print("Connect charger ");

lcd.setCursor(0, 1);

lcd.print("& swipe card. ");

digitalWrite(r_led, HIGH);

digitalWrite(g_led, HIGH);

digitalWrite(charging, HIGH);

if (rfid.available() > 0)

RFID();

for (inti = 0; i<= user; i++)

if (id == user_id[i])

user_in = i;

valid = 1;

break;

if ((valid == 1) && (user_min[user_in] > 0))

valid = 0;

tone(buzzer, 50, 1000);

digitalWrite(r_led, HIGH);

digitalWrite(g_led, LOW);

[56]
digitalWrite(charging, LOW);

lcd.clear();

lcd.print("USER ");

lcd.print(user_in + 1);

lcd.print(" detected ");

delay(1500);

lcd.clear();

lcd.print("Charging.");

lcd.setCursor(0, 1);

lcd.print("Time ");

current_time = millis();

sec_cal = millis();

lcd_clm = 8;

mins = user_min[user_in];

intlast_sec = user_sec[user_in];

sec = user_sec[user_in];

while (1)

if (rfid.available() > 0)

RFID();

if (id == user_id[user_in])

break;

else

[57]
lcd.clear();

lcd.print("invalid card");

digitalWrite(r_led, LOW);

tone(buzzer, 20, 2000);

delay(2000);

digitalWrite(r_led, HIGH);

lcd.clear();

lcd.print("Charging.");

lcd.setCursor(0, 1);

lcd.print("Time ");

lcd.setCursor(lcd_clm, 0);

lcd.print(".");

lcd.setCursor(5, 1);

lcd.print(mins);

lcd.print(".");

if (sec > 9)

lcd.print(sec);

else

lcd.print("0");

lcd.print(sec);

lcd.print("mins ");

[58]
lcd_clm++;

if (sec == 0 &&mins == 0)

break;

if (sec == 0)

sec_cal = millis();

last_sec = 59;

mins = mins - 1;

if (lcd_clm> 11)

lcd_clm = 8;

lcd.setCursor(lcd_clm, 0);

lcd.print("");

sec = last_sec - (millis() - sec_cal) / 1000;

delay(500);

user_min[user_in] = mins;

user_sec[user_in] = sec;

tone(buzzer, 50, 2000);

digitalWrite(r_led, LOW);

digitalWrite(g_led, HIGH);

digitalWrite(charging, HIGH);

lcd.clear();

[59]
lcd.print("USER ");

lcd.print(user_in + 1);

lcd.print(" balance");

lcd.setCursor(0, 1);

lcd.print("left ");

lcd.print(user_min[user_in]);

lcd.print(".");

if (user_sec[user_in] >= 10)

lcd.print(user_sec[user_in]);

else

lcd.print("0");

lcd.print(user_sec[user_in]);

lcd.print(" mins.");

delay(2000);

digitalWrite(r_led, HIGH);

else if (user_min[user_in] == 0)

tone(buzzer, 50, 2000);

digitalWrite(r_led, LOW);

lcd.clear();

lcd.print("balance is low");

delay(2000);

[60]
digitalWrite(r_led, HIGH);

else

lcd.clear();

lcd.print("invalid card");

digitalWrite(r_led, LOW);

tone(buzzer, 20, 2000);

delay(2000);

digitalWrite(r_led, HIGH);

else if (digitalRead(recharge) == LOW)

lcd.clear();

lcd.print("swipe the card");

lcd.setCursor(0, 1);

lcd.print("to recharge..");

rfid.flush();

while (!rfid.available() > 0);

valid = 0;

RFID();

for (inti = 0; i<= user; i++)

if (id == user_id[i])

user_in = i;

[61]
 valid = 1;

break;

if (valid == 1)

tone(buzzer, 50, 1000);

digitalWrite(g_led, LOW);

lcd.clear();

lcd.print("RECHARGE done");

lcd.setCursor(0, 1);

lcd.print("USER ");

lcd.print(user_in + 1);

delay(2000);

user_min[user_in] = user_min[user_in] + 5;

lcd.clear();

lcd.print("balance is ");

lcd.print(user_min[user_in]);

lcd.print(".");

if (user_sec[user_in] >= 10)

lcd.print(user_sec[user_in]);

else

lcd.print("0");

lcd.print(user_sec[user_in]);

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 }

lcd.setCursor(0, 1);

lcd.print("mins.");

delay(2000);

digitalWrite(g_led, HIGH);

else

lcd.clear();

lcd.print("invalid card");

//footstep();

tone(buzzer, 50, 1000);

digitalWrite(r_led, LOW);

tone(buzzer, 20, 2000);

delay(2000);

digitalWrite(r_led, HIGH);

delay(100);

void RFID()

c = 0;

id = "";

while (rfid.available() > 0)

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 c = rfid.read();

id += c;

delay(100);

Serial.print("id=");

Serial.println(id);

lcd.setCursor(0, 1);

[64]
 CHAPTER 6
6.1 EXPECTED RESULT AND DISCUSSION OUTPUT POWER

Statistically, maximum voltage of 40 volt is generated across

tiles when a weight of 75 kg is applied on the tiles.

Hence by unitary method

7V = 12µA

1V = 12/7µA

40V = (12/7)*40µA or 68.57µA

Thus we have

Power =Voltage*Current
-6
Power = 40*68.57*10 W
-3
Power = 2.73*10 W

Now taking an example to calculate output power in an area

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SELECT CITY WALK MALL
SAKET,NEW DELHI
INDIA

TOTAL AREA =120000 m2

FOR AN AREA OF JUST 2502 m

Area covered 250 m2

Average Footfall in 250 sq.m 35,000 People

Around 70% of the people step on our tiles

Effective Footfall 24,500

An average person walks 250 steps in an area of 250 sq.m

Total Steps 24500x 250 = 6125000 steps

One Step Generates 2.73x10-3 W

Total Energy 6125000x 273x 10-3 = 16721.25W

Power Produced 1672125 x10=167.25 kWh

Efficiency of Tiles 70%

Output Power 117.075kWh

FOR THE ENTIRE AREA OF 120000 m2

2
Number of 250 m in 120000 m 480
Electricity Saved in 1 Day Rs 936.6x 480 = Rs 4,49,280

Electricity saved in 1 Month Rs. 4,49,280x480 = Rs 1,3478,400

Electricity saved in 1 Year Rs. 1,34,78,400x12 = Rs 16,17,40,800

From producing 2.734 x 10- 3 W to helping a mall save Rs

16,17,40,800 piezoelectricity is definitely the modern day fuel

[66]
 CONCLUSION

This technique for generation of power is extremely prudent and is anything

but easy to produce.It can be utilise as a power of rural zone additionally

where accessibility of power is lessor exceptionally low.it can be utilised to

drive both AC and in addi

tional of DC load.In developing nation like India we

can utilise this strategy for power generation with a specific end goal to

uncover the heaps from Renewable and-Renewable

non wellspring of energy

and it is also independent of weather conditions and

ctional
fun on

sunny,cloudy,dry,windy and wet days.Unlike, thermal energy, biomass

production or hydro energy, piezoelectricity does not lead to any kind of

pollution nor does it cause any harm to environment and surroundings.

[67]
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
TEXT BOOK REFERED
1. ATMEGA 328 Data Sheets.
2. Advanced piezoelectric materials by Kenji Uchino.

WEBSITE
1. www.atmel.com
2. www.beyondlogic.org
3. www.wikipedia.org
4. www.howstuffworks.com
5. www.alldatasheets.com
6. www.electrical4u.com
7. www.rjptonline.org

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