The document discusses evaporation processes and provides information on single stage evaporation. It defines key terms, describes the basic processes involved in evaporation, and provides assumptions and equations used in evaporator calculations. It also includes an example problem calculating steam economy and heating area for a single effect evaporator concentrating an organic solid solution.
The document discusses evaporation processes and provides information on single stage evaporation. It defines key terms, describes the basic processes involved in evaporation, and provides assumptions and equations used in evaporator calculations. It also includes an example problem calculating steam economy and heating area for a single effect evaporator concentrating an organic solid solution.
The document discusses evaporation processes and provides information on single stage evaporation. It defines key terms, describes the basic processes involved in evaporation, and provides assumptions and equations used in evaporator calculations. It also includes an example problem calculating steam economy and heating area for a single effect evaporator concentrating an organic solid solution.
The document discusses evaporation processes and provides information on single stage evaporation. It defines key terms, describes the basic processes involved in evaporation, and provides assumptions and equations used in evaporator calculations. It also includes an example problem calculating steam economy and heating area for a single effect evaporator concentrating an organic solid solution.
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MODULE 3 EVAPORATION Evaporation generally refers to the removal of water, by vaporization, from aqueous solutions of non-volatile substances. It is an operation that converts a liquid into a vapor leaving behind a concentrated solution or a higher boiling liquid
Points to Remember:
1. In an evaporation operation, a solution is concentrated by boiling off the solvent.
Example:
Usually, the desired product is the concentrated solution (thick liquor) but occasionally the evaporated solvent is the primary product, for example, in the evaporation of sea water to yield potable water.
2. In evaporation, several rate processes occur. First, heat is transferred from the heating medium to the solution. Second, mass and heat are simultaneously transferred from the liquid to the vapor phase.
Two basic processes involved in evaporation
Transfer of Heat Heat must be supplied to the solution to provide the energy required for the vaporization of the solvent.
Transfer of Mass The volatile solvent changes to a vapor that must be removed.
3. The heat supplied includes
The sensible heat for the solution to reach its boiling point. Latent heat of vaporization for the water evaporated The transfer of heat from the heater to the solution controls the overall rate of evaporation and the effect of the other transfer processes is only minor.
The heat required for evaporation is generally provided by the condensation of a vapor, such as steam, on one side of a metal surface with the evaporating liquid on the other side.
It is necessary to remove the vapor from the evaporator for the continuation of vaporization. Otherwise, the pressure above the solution soon equals the v.p. of the water and boiling stops. An evaporator consists of Heat Exchanger capable of boiling the solution and a device to separate the vapor phase from the boiling liquid.
Assumption which are typical t evaporator calculation:
1. The solution in the evaporator body is violently mixed and therefore homogeneous in composition, except in the case of long tube vertical evaporators and turbulent evaporators. 2. The vapor leaving at the top is pure water vapor @ the temperature of the boiling solution and its pressure. 3. The condensate leaving is saturated liquid @ the steam pressure. 4. This is no heat loss from the evaporator body to the surroundings
Single Stage Evaporation
V enthalpy of the vapor at given P and T = boiling point of the solution Evaporator t=tsol’n = temperature of the solution 𝐻𝑜 , 𝑉𝑜 , 𝑡𝑜 Steam
Feed F L Product XF, tf, hf 𝑋𝐿 , ℎ𝐿 , 𝑡𝐿 = 𝑇
D Condensate or Drips
mass of solute where: x mass of total stream H= enthalpy of vapor h= enthalpy of liquid solution q= amount of heat transferred A= heating surface U= overall heat transfer coefficient OMB: 𝐹 + 𝑉𝑜 = 𝑉 + 𝐿 + 𝐷, 𝑏𝑢𝑡 𝑉𝑜 = 𝐷 𝐹 = 𝑉+𝐿 Solute Balance: FX F LX L Enthalpy Balance: assuming no heat loss due to radiation 𝐹ℎ𝐹 + 𝑉𝑜 (𝐻𝑜 − ℎ𝑜 ) = 𝑉𝐻𝑣 + 𝐿ℎ𝐿 but 𝑉𝑜 (𝐻𝑜 − ℎ𝑜 ) = 𝑞 𝐹ℎ𝐹 + 𝑞 = 𝑉𝐻𝑣 + 𝐿ℎ𝐿
To find 𝐻𝑜 , ℎ𝑜 , ℎ𝑣 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜆𝑜 , 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒
To find ℎ𝐹 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ℎ𝐿 : 1. Use concentration-enthalpy diagram if available 2. If concentration-enthalpy diagram is not available, instead specific heat of the feed should be given, use boiling point of the solution as base temperature and then, ℎ𝐹 = 𝐶𝐹 (𝑡𝐹 − 𝑡) hL CL t t 0 The enthalpy 𝐻𝑣 is the enthalpy of the vapor less that of liquid water @ the base temperature. In practice however, it is sufficiently accurate and considerably simple to use the latent heat of vaporization, 𝜆 at the pressure of the vapor space. 𝐹𝐶𝐹 (𝑡𝐹 − 𝑡) + 𝑞 = 𝑉𝜆𝑉 Heat transfer rate Equation 𝑞 = 𝑈𝐴(𝑡𝑜 − 𝑡) where: 𝑡𝑜 = 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑡 = 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 Boiling Point Rise or Elevation BPR BPsolution BPH 2O
BPR t sol 'n t H 2O
If Tsol 'n Tsat at given P
vapor is superheated For superheated vapor:
H v H sat 'd vapor + degree superheat
Btu H v H s 0.45BPR , lb
kJ H v H s 1.87BPR , kg
For saturated steam:
Q Vo o
Steam Economy
mass of vapor produced V
SE mass of steam consumed Vo PROBLEM SET 1 kg A single-effect evaporator will handle 18,000ℎ𝑟 of a feed solution of an organic solid in
water. The solution will be concentrated from 15% to 60% solids. Steam is available @ 275kPa, 100mmHg absolute pressure shall be maintained in the vapor space. Feed is @ 24℃. BPR is 𝑊 𝐾𝐽 negligible. U is 2840𝑚2 𝐾 Specific heat of the feed is 3.768𝑘𝑔.𝐾. Calculate the steam economy and the
heating area.
V, mass of the vapor
produced at 100mmHg
Steam @ 275 kPa 𝑉𝑜 , mass of the steam consumed
L 𝑘𝑔 F=18,000 ℎ𝑟 Product 𝑋𝐿 = 0.6
\\
Organic solid in 𝐻2 𝑂 Drips
𝑋𝐹 = 0.15 BPR=0
W 𝑇𝐹 = 24℃ U (overall heat transfer coefficient) = 2,840 m2 K kJ CF 3.768 kg C
Required: a. steam economy b. A
Solution: Organic Solids Balance:
FX F LX L 18,000(0.15) = L (0.6) 𝑘𝑔 L =4,500 ℎ𝑟 Total Mass Balance: F=V+L 18,000 = V +4,500 𝑘𝑔 V = 13,500 ℎ𝑟
BP of the solution: 0.101325MPa P 100mmHg 0.013332MPa 760mmHg Use steam table: Perry’s Handbook 8th edition (Table 2-305 of page 2-413) P=0.013332MPa P(MPa) T(K) 0.010546 320 0.013332 t H 2O 0.017213 330 t H 2O 324 .179 K 51 .029 C t sol 'n t H 2O BPR but BPR is negligible, so BPR=0 tsol 'n 324.179K 0 tsol 'n t 324.179K 51.029
Enthalpy Balance: FC F t f t q Vv
For saturated liquid: P=0.013332MPa
P(MPa) H(kJ/mol) 0.010546 3.5340 0.013332 hl 0.017213 4.2876 kJ kJ hl 3.8489 213.83 mol kg For saturated vapor: P=0.013332MPa P(MPa) H(kJ/mol) 0.010546 46.582 0.013332 Hv 0.017213 46.900 kJ kJ H v 46.715 2,595.3 mol kg v H v hl
v 2,595.3 213.83 kJ kg kJ v 2,381.5 kg FC F t f t q Vv ; q Vv FC F t f t kg kJ kg kJ q 13,500 2,381.5 18,000 3.768 24 51.029C hr kg hr kg K kJ q 33,983,464.9 hr But q Vo H o ho ; Vo q H o ho Using steam table: at P=275kPa 0.275MPa For saturated liquid: P(MPa) H(kJ/mol) 0.24577 9.6013 0.275 ho 0.33045 10.371 kJ kJ ho 9.867 548.17 mol kg
For saturated vapor:
P(MPa) H(kJ/mol) 0.24577 48.924 0.275 Ho 0.33045 49.170
kJ kJ H o 49.009 2,722.7 mol kg kJ 33,983,464.9 Vo hr 2,722.7 548.17 kJ kg kg Vo 15,628 hr P(MPa) T(K) 0.24577 400 0.275 to 0.33045 410
to 403.45K 130.3C
mass of vapor produced V
Steam Economy SE mass of steam consumed Vo kg 13,500 SE hr kg 15,628 hr SE 0.8638
Heat Transfer rate Equation:
q UAto t 1kW 3,600 sec A403.45 324.179K kJ 33,983,464.9 2,840W hr 1000W hr kJ 1W hr 33,983,464.9 A hr 3.6kJ 2,840 2 W 130.3 51.029C m K A 41.931m2 PROBLEM SET 2 Example: A 15% brine solution is to be concentrated to 50% brine in a single effect evaporator. 1MT⁄ℎ𝑟 of product are obtained. Calculate the steam consumption and the heating area.
Data: Steam temperature and pressure 1500 C, 100kPa Feed Temperature 25℃ Condenser Temperature 67℃ 𝐾𝐽 Specific heat of feed solution 3.35𝑘𝑔℃ 𝑊 Heat transfer coefficient 1700 𝑚2𝐾 Given: V Vapor 100mmHg 𝑇𝑐 = 67℃
Solute Balance: FX F LX L F (0.15) = 1000(0.5) kg F =3333.33 hr
Total Mass Balance:
F=V+L kg 3333.33 = V +1000 hr kg V = 2333.33 hr BP of the solution: BPR t sol 'n t H 2O ; t sol 'n t H 2O BPR where t H 2O Tcondenser 67 C 152 .6 F
Saturated Liquid: P 100kPa 0.1MPa M(MPa) H(kJ/mol) 0.090535 7.3121 0.1 ho 0.12885 8.0725
kJ kJ ho 7.4999 416.66 mol kg Superheated Vapor: P 100kPa 0.1MPa, T 423.15K P(MPa) H(kJ/mol) 400 49.189 423.15 H0 500 52.759 kJ kJ H o 50.015 2,889.7 mol kg
q q Vo ( H o ho ) ; Vo H o ho kJ 6,093,570.6 Vo hr 2,889.7 416.66 kJ kg kg V0 2,464.0 hr
Heat Transfer Rate Equation
q UAto t ; A q U to t kJ 1W hr 6,093,570.6 A hr 3.6kJ 1,700 W 150 97.222C m2 K A 18.865m2
Answers: kg V0 2,464.0 hr A 18.865m2 PROBLEM SET 3 𝑘𝑔 A single effect evaporator is used to concentrate 5000 of 10% NaOH solution to 40%. ℎ𝑟
Steam is available at 127℃ and 150𝑘𝑃𝑎. The feed enters the evaporator at 18℃ and the 𝐾𝑊 evaporation takes place at30𝑘𝑃𝑎. If the overall heat transfer coefficient is1.25 𝑚2 .𝐾, calculate the
heating surface required and the amount of steam used.
Given: V 30kPa
𝑉𝑜 Steam @ 1270 C, 150kPA
𝑘𝑔 L 5000 ℎ𝑟 Feed Product NaOH Solution XL = 0.4 𝑋𝐹 = 0.1 Drips T 𝑇𝐹 = 18℃ 𝑉𝑜 = 𝐷 𝐾𝑊 𝑈 = 1.25 2 𝑚 𝐾 Required: a) A b) 𝑉𝑜
Solution:
Solute Balance: FX F LX L 5000(0.1) = L (0.4) kg L = 1,250 hr
Total Mass Balance:
F=V+L V = 5,000 - 1,250 kg V = 3750 hr Use steam table: @ P 30kPa 0.03MPa
P(MPa) T(K)
0.017213 330
0.03 t H 2O 0.027188 340
Interpolate:
t H 2O 342 .82 K 69 .67 C 157 .41 F
Using Enthalpy-Concentration Diagram:
Figure 19.13 kJ Btu kg kJ hF (10% NaOH @18℃ or 64.4℉) = 30 x2.326 = 69.78 lb Btu kg 1 lb kJ Btu kg kJ hL (40% NaOH @94.444℃ or 202.92℉) = 180 x2.326 = 418.68 lb Btu kg 1 lb Use Duhring Lines for the NaOH-𝐻2 𝑂 system Figure 19.11
At t H 2O 157 .41 F , 40%NaOH
t tsol 'n 202F 94.444C BPR t sol 'n t H 2O BPR 94.444 69.67C BPR 24.774C
Use steam table:
At T = 127°C 400.15K , P = 150kPa 0.15MPa T(K) P(MPa)
