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    Model Answer Mid2-Mth462 - 2023-2024

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    rafatshaab
    This document contains the model answers to questions from a midterm exam on functional analysis. The first question asks to show that a function defining a norm on a space is indeed a norm by verifying its properties. It then asks to show the space is complete by proving a Cauchy sequence converges. The second question involves showing properties of a convex set and a normed linear space, including properties of the norm, uniqueness of limits, and behavior of sums and scalar multiplication of limits. The third question defines a linear operator on a space and shows it is bounded and computes its operator norm.

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    Model Answer Mid2-Mth462 - 2023-2024

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    rafatshaab
    17 views3 pages
    This document contains the model answers to questions from a midterm exam on functional analysis. The first question asks to show that a function defining a norm on a space is indeed a norm by verifying its properties. It then asks to show the space is complete by proving a Cauchy sequence converges. The second question involves showing properties of a convex set and a normed linear space, including properties of the norm, uniqueness of limits, and behavior of sums and scalar multiplication of limits. The third question defines a linear operator on a space and shows it is bounded and computes its operator norm.

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    MODEL ANSWER MID2-MTH462--2023-2024

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    This document contains the model answers to questions from a midterm exam on functional analysis. The first question asks to show that a function defining a norm on a space is indeed a norm by verifying its properties. It then asks to show the space is complete by proving a Cauchy sequence converges. The second question involves showing properties of a convex set and a normed linear space, including properties of the norm, uniqueness of limits, and behavior of sums and scalar multiplication of limits. The third question defines a linear operator on a space and shows it is bounded and computes its operator norm.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    17 views3 pages

    Model Answer Mid2-Mth462 - 2023-2024

    Uploaded by

    rafatshaab
    This document contains the model answers to questions from a midterm exam on functional analysis. The first question asks to show that a function defining a norm on a space is indeed a norm by verifying its properties. It then asks to show the space is complete by proving a Cauchy sequence converges. The second question involves showing properties of a convex set and a normed linear space, including properties of the norm, uniqueness of limits, and behavior of sums and scalar multiplication of limits. The third question defines a linear operator on a space and shows it is bounded and computes its operator norm.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pdf or txt
    of 3

    FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS MTH462- MIDTERM EXAMINATION -II-

    - MODEL ANSWER-
     
    QUESTION 1: 5marks=3+2

    (1) We need to show x = (xk )k 7−→ kxk∞ = supk∈N |xk | is an norm on l∞ (C).
    • We have from the definition that kxk∞ ≥ 0 for all x = (xk )k ∈ l∞ (C).
    •
    kxk∞ = 0 ⇐⇒ sup |xk | = 0 ⇐⇒ |xk | = 0 ∀ k ∈ N ⇐⇒ x = 0.
    k∈N
    •
    kλ xk∞ = sup |λ xk | = |λ | sup |xk |, ∀ x ∈ l∞ (C), λ ∈ C.
    k∈N k∈N
    • For all x = (xk )k and y = (yk )k ∈ l∞ (C) we have
    kx + yk∞ = sup |xk + yk |
    k∈N
     
    ≤ sup |xk | + |yk |
    k∈N
    ≤ sup |xk | + sup |yk |
    k∈N k∈N
    = kxk∞ + kyk∞ .
    (2) Since we are given that this space is a normed vector space, the only thing left to
    verify is that l∞ (C), k.k∞ ) is complete. We need to show that a Cauchy sequence in
    l∞ (C), k.k∞ ) converges.
    Let (X n )n be a Cauchy sequence in l∞ (C). Then
    ∀ ε > 0 : ∃ n0 ∈ N : ∀ n, m > n0 : kX n − X m k∞ < ε.
    We observe that
     
    |xkn − xkm | n m
    ≤ sup |xk − xk |
    k∈N
    = kX − X m k∞
    n

    < ε , ∀ n, m > n0 .
    Hence for each k, (xkn )n is a Cauchy sequence in C, |.| . Now since C, |.| is a
     
    Banach space, it follows that (xkn )n is convergent. Define the limit
    xk = lim xkn .
    n→∞

    Set X = (xk )k and we need to show that kX n − Xk∞ → 0 as n → ∞ and X ∈ l∞ (C) . In


    fact, Choose an ε > 0 , by replacing ε with ε/2 in the previous discussion, we can find
    an n0 > 0 such that
    ε
    |xkn − xkm | ≤ ∀ k and ∀ n > n0 .
    2
    1
    2

    Taking limits as m → ∞ , we obtain


    ε
    |xkn − xk | ≤ / ∀ k and ∀ n, m > n0 .
    2
    Taking supremum in k, we obtain
    ε
    sup |xkn − xk | ≤ , ∀ n > n0 .
    k∈N 2
    Thus shows that kX n − Xk∞ < ε
    2 < ε. Therefore X n converges to X. On other hand
    kXk∞ ≤ kX n − Xk∞ + kX n k∞ .
     
    QUESTION 2: 6marks=1+5

    (i) Let x, y ∈ B(0, 1) we have


    kt.x + (1 − t)ykX ≤ ktxkX + k(1 − t)ykX = tkxkX + (1 − t)kykX ≤ t + 1 − t = 1.
    Therefore, tx + (1 − t)y ∈ B(0, 1). Thus, B(0, 1) is convex set.
    (ii) (a) For all x, y ∈ X we have
    kxk = kx − y + yk ≤ kx − yk + kyk =⇒ kxk − kyk ≤ kx − yk.
    Similarly,
    kyk = ky − x + xk ≤ ky − xk + kxk =⇒ kyk − kxk ≤ ky − xk = kx − yk
    
    =⇒ − kxk − kyk ≤ kx − yk
    =⇒ kxk − kyk ≥ −kx − yk.

    −kx − yk ≤ kxk − kyk ≤ kx − yk =⇒ |kxk − kyk| ≤ kx − yk.


    (b) Assume that xn −→ x and xn −→ y as n −→ ∞. We get
    kx − yk = kx − xn + xn − yk ≤ kx − xn k + kxn − yk −→ 0 as n −→ ∞.
    Hence, kx − yk = 0 which gives x = y.
    (c)
    If xn −→ x as n −→ ∞, it follows from the statement (i) that
    |kxn k − kxk| ≤ kxn − xk −→ 0 as n −→ ∞.

    (d) Since xn −→ x and yn −→ y as n −→ ∞, it follows that


    k(xn + yn ) − (x + y)k = kxn − x + yn − yk ≤ kxn − xk + kyn − yk −→ 0 as n −→ ∞.
    Therefore, xn + yn −→ x + y as n −→ ∞ as required.
    (e) Since λn −→ λ as n −→ ∞, there exists M > 0 such that
    |λn | ≤ M ∀ n ≥ 1.
    3

    kλn xn − λ xk = kλn xn − λn x + λn x − λ xk
    = kλn (xn − x) + (λn − λ )xk
    ≤ |λn |kxn − xk + |λn − λ |kxk
    ≤ Mkxn − xk + |λn − λ |kxk −→ 0 as n −→ ∞.
     
    QUESTION 3: 4marks=2+2

    xk 
    T : l∞ (C) −→ l∞ (C) : T (x) = T ((xk )k ) = .
    k
    (i) Let x, y ∈ l∞ (C) and α, β ∈ C we have
     
    αxk + β yk
    T (αx + β y) =
    k
       
    xk yk
    = α +β
    k k
    = αT (x) + β T (y).
    So, T is a linear operator.
    On the other hand
    xk  xk
    kT (x)k∞ = k k∞ = sup | | ≤ sup |xk | = kxk∞ .
    k k∈N k k∈N
    Hence , T is bounded.
    (ii) Compute kT k.
    From the statement (i) we have kT (x)k∞ ≤ kxk∞ for all x ∈ l∞ (C). From which we
    deduce that kT k ≤ 1. par
    Set x0 = (1, 0, · · · , 0 · · · ). We have x0 ∈ l∞ (C) with kx0 k∞ = 1 and T (x0 ) = (1, 0, · · · , · · · ).
    Moreover
    kT x0 k∞ = 1 ≤ kT kkx0 k∞ = kT k ≤ 1.
    Consequently, kT k = 1.

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