Bldgtech Materials
Bldgtech Materials
Bldgtech Materials
ACRONYMS
AASHTO American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials
ANSI American National Standards Institute
ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials
USCS Unified Soil Classification System
ATTERBERG LIMITS
- Liquid Limit (LL): moisture content at which soil changes from liquid to plastic as moisture is removed
- Plastic Limit (PL): moisture content at which soil passes from plastic to semi-solid
- Plasticity Index (PI): LL – PL
FILL MATERIALS: used to raise an existing grade
- GW, GM, GP: gravel 3/8, ¾. G-1 (expressed in cu.m.)
- SW, SM: sand
o White sand: good for plastering (in cu.m.)
o Washed sand (S-1): bluish green, good for concrete (in cu.m.)
o Vibro sand (“binistay”): in bags
GABION SYSTEM: wire-enclosed riprap, can be arranged in terrace, small rocks can be used
GEOSYNTHETICS: construction materials consisted of synthetic components
A. Geotextiles: woven or non-woven, for soil erosion
a. For reinforcement: geotextile lends its strength to low-load bearing walls
b. For separation: placed between dissimilar materials
c. For filtration: subsurface, erosion control, sediment control, in-plane drainage
B. Geomembranes: impermeable continuous polymeric sheets
a. Thermoplastic products: high density polyethylene, PVC
b. Thermoset polymer: ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM), membrane roofing
C. Geocomposites: in-plane drains, can be used in green roofs
D. Geonet: geosynthetic with continuous extension of polymeric ribs, provides in-plane flow capacity;
temporary (can be fixed)
E. Geocells
CEMENTING MATERIALS
A. Lime
a. Quicklime
b. Hydrated Lime: mixed with water to make lime putty
i. Hydraulic Lime: used where slow underwater setting is required
B. Gypsum: gypsum rock is ground fine and heated
- Made more plastic by adding hydrated lime
a. Plaster of Paris: pure gypsum is used
b. Hard Wall Plaster: 39.5% impurities are present
C. Cement: first developed as pozzolana (volcanic ash) with slake lime and hardened underwater
- Aspdin: patented and invented Portland cement
o Types of Portland Cement:
Slow-setting
Quick-setting high early strength
Sulfate-resisting
White cement: free of iron impurities
- Storage should be on wood floor, 12” from ground, stored in a shed
- Pile is limited to 12 sacks in height
CONCRETE: cement + aggregates + water
Plain or mass concrete: concrete without reinforcement
Materials:
o Cement: 1 bag = 1 cu.ft. = 94 lbs. = 40 kgs.
o Aggregates
Fine aggregates: good for plastering if sieved; SAND
Coarse aggregates: GRAVEL at ¾ crush and 3/8 crush
Special aggregates: may produce lightweight or insulating concrete
o Water
o Ratio: varies from 5 to 7 gallons; ideal mix is plastic and workable
Transporting of Concrete
- Maximum of 30 minutes from time of excretion from truck
- Maximum of 4 hours from time of release from plant
- Slopes at 1:2 or less than 1:3 for chutes
Curing of Concrete
- Cure = harden
o Set harden cure
o Affecting factors: age (time), temperature, moisture
o Normal concrete reaches 3000psi at 28 days
o Strength of concrete increases with age
o Process:
Covering the concrete (soil dam): covering the concrete with sack or soil
Removal of forms at prescribed time
Stripping of forms
o Footing with formwork: 1 day
o Column and beam: 2 days
o Beam bottom, slab soffit: 14 to 28 days
Sprinkling with water
Using curing compound
Admixtures
- Categories:
o Mixing into concrete
o Mixing into mortar powder, paste, liquid form
o Surface application or finish
- Accelerators: speeds up setting time; main component is calcium chloride (CaCl)
- Retarders: slow down hydration of cement during hot weather
- Air Entraining Agents: for freezing and thawing resistance
- Inert, finely divided powders: for workability
- Waterproofing Compounds: capillary attraction reduction
- Colored pigments: dry-cast, broadcast, or dust-on (surface coloring); integral colors (body coloring)
- Plasticizing Agents: water-reducing, makes mix more workable
Forms
- Lumber Forms: not kiln-dried, only partially-seasoned
- Plywood Forms: minimum of 12 mm. thickness for structural formworks
Prestressed Concrete
- Aerocrete: aluminum powder is added
- Gunite / Shotcrete: pneumatic
- Porete: chemical foam is added
- Haydite: for lightweight construction
o Aggregates for lightweight concrete:
Pumice
Perlite
Vermiculite: fireproofing of steel
Expanded shale and clay
MASONRY
DIVISION 4
MORTAR: glue
- 1st class: 1 part cement, less than or equal to 3 parts sand
o Mortar with fine sand requires more cement
o Mortar should never be retempered
STONE
Rubble Stone: straight from the quarry
Dimension Stone: cut stone
Stonework:
a. Rubble work: scabbled rubble or range rubble (uniformly arranged)
b. Random work
c. Ashlar: squared stones
i. Ranged work or coursed ashlar
ii. Broken range ashlar
iii. Random course
BRICK: standard sizes at 3 ¾” (95mm), 2 ¼” (56mm), or 8” (200 mm)
a. Common or building brick
b. Facing brick
c. Glazed brick tri-cell with scoring
d. Fire (refractory) brick cut via miter saw or press cutter
Brickwork:
a. Common Bond: 5S 1H
b. English Bond: SHSH ↑
c. Flemish Bond: SHSH
- Mortar joints at 4.5 mm (3/16”) to 12 mm (1/2”)
METALS
DIVISION 5
IRON
- Cast iron: 1/7% carbon
- Wrought iron: bendable, 0.1% carbon
STEEL: alloy of iron and carbon; less than 2% carbon, malleable or in ingot form
- May be used as structural steel (A36, 36000psi (standard)), wrought iron steel, concrete reinforcement
- Alloy steels: stainless steel (common: T3204, 6m L)
COPPER: highest electrical and thermal conductivity, highly resistant to corrosion by air or saltwater
- Patina: green color that prevents further corrosion upon exposure
Comm.
6m, 7.9m, 9m, 10.5m, 12m, 13m, 16m
Length
Ø* 1/8” ¼” 3/8” ½” 5/8” ¾” 7/8” 1” 1 ½” 1 ¼”
# 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
* Ø = #/8
WOOD AND PLASTICS
DIVISION 6
PLASTICS
- Cellulose
- Plastics derived from proteins and natural resins
o Thermosetting Plastics:
Melamine and Urea
Epoxy: Part A (resin) and Part B (hardener)
Alkyl
Phenolic
Polyester
Urethane
Silicone
- Synthetic resin plastics
o Thermoplastics:
Acrylic: also for signages, diffusers (per sq.ft., 1 sheet = 4’ x 8’)
Cellulosic: acetate and butyrate
Polyethylene: for pipe fittings and pipes
Polystyrene: for diffusers and thermal insulators
PVC
Polycarbonates: 6 mm. x 4 ft. standard size
Polypropylene
Nylons
Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene
ROOFING INSULATION
- Metal Roofing: foam insulation (width at 4 ft.)
- Accessible Concrete Roof Decks: sprayed-on polyurethane insulation
- Inaccessible Concrete Roof Decks: Styrofoam roofmate (polystyrene)
FIREPROOFING
- Sprayed-On Fireproofing: done when structural component will not be enclosed by concrete
ROOFING TYPES
- G.I. Roofing: zinc coat applied
o Corrugated G.I. (Yero)
Effective width @ 32 in., nominal width at 36 in.
Common length at 8 ft.
1 ft. increments, 32 in. sheet length
Ga 16 Ga 18 Ga 20 Ga 22 Ga 24 Ga 26
1.5 mm 1.2 mm 0.90 mm 0.75 mm 0.61 mm 0.45 mm
o Plain G.I. (Yero Liso): for roof bending accessories
0.9 m. x 2.4 m. at minimum
Fascia board: covers roofing components and aligns the gutter
Gutter: minimum width at 6 in., length at 8 ft.
o Longspan roofing
Maximum length at 23 m., width at 4 ft.
o Plastic Roofing
o Tile Roofing
o Purlins at 600 mm
o Clay tiles: aluminum oxide with pigment (colorant)
o Concrete tiles
o Shingles
o Wood shingles
o Tar / asphalt shingles
DOORS AND WINDOWS
DIVISION 8
METAL
- Steel Doors: Ga 18 plain sheet (standard); 38 – 40 mm. width
- Steel Casement Windows
- Aluminum Sliding Doors and Casement Windows
- Aluminum Awning and Fixed Windows
WOOD
- Solid Wood Panel Door: 2 in. depression
- Flushed door: no design
- Wood and Glass Panel Door
- PVC Sliding Door
- Stainless Glass Door
SPECIAL DOORS
- Fire Doors
o Gap between door and floor = undercut (6 mm. tolerance)
o Mounting of panic device at 0.90m
- Toilet Stall Doors
o Compact boards
o Tile trim: 8 ft. length, quarter round, attached via concrete nail
o Grout line = V-cut
FINISHES
DIVISION 9
EXPOSED AGGREGATE FINISH: aggregates are visible, ex. pebble washout
INTEGRAL COLORED CEMENT FINISH
Slab Curling: slab defect; water pond forms at the middle
GRANOLITHIC FINISH: brass lining as control joints
Ceramic: higher clay content with protective coating
Mounted with tile adhesive or mortar
Porcelain: homogenous
VITRIFICATION: measure of tile density and relative absorption
Non-vitreous, semi-vitreous, vitreous, impervious
QUARRY TILES: Vigan tiles @ 12 in. x 12 in. x 1 in.
CARPET TILES: 50 cm. x 50 cm.