Wa0004.
Wa0004.
Wa0004.
2. Define RAM.
Ans: Memory in which any location can be reached in a short and fixed amount of
time after specifying its address is called random access memory.
4. What is instruction register (IR) and program counter (PC) used for ?
Ans: The instruction register (IR) holds the instruction that is currently being
executed. Its output is available to the control circuits which generate the
timing signals that control the various processing elements.
The program counter PC) is used to keep track of the execution of the program. It
contains the memory address of the next instruction to be fetched and executed.
5. What is an interrupt?
Ans: An interrupt is a request from an I/O device for service by the processor.
The processor provides the requested service by executing an appropriate
interrupt service routine.
devices. In addition to the lines that carry the data , the bus must have
the lines for address and control purposes.
7. What do you mean by multiprogramming or multitasking?
Ans: The operating system manages the concurrent execution of several
application programs to make best possible use of computer resources. This
pattern of concurrent execution is called multiprogramming or multitasking.
10. What are the two techniques used to increase the clock rate R?
Ans: The two techniques used to increase the clock rate R are:
1. The integrated – circuit (IC) technology can be increased which
reduces the time needed to complete a basic step.
2. We can reduce the amount of processing done in one basic step.
13. What are condition code flags? What are the commonly used flags?
Ans:The processor has to keep track of the information about the results of
various operations for the subsequent conditional branch instructions. This is done
by recording required information in individual bits called condition code flags.
Four commonly used flags are:
a) N( Negative )
.
b) Z(Zero)
c) V(overflow)
d) C(Carry)
14. What do you mean by assembler directives?
Ans: These are the instructions which direct the program to be executed.
They have no binary equivalent so they are called pseudo-opcodes.
These instructions are used to define symbols, allocate space for
variable, generate fixed tables etc.
Examples : END, NAME
program is executed it performs a sequence of input operations needed to
transfer the machine language program from the disk into a specified place in the
memory.
UNIT-II
1. What is Stack?
Ans: A stack is a list of data elements, usually words or bytes with the accessing
restriction that elements can be added or removed at one end of the list only. It
follows last in first out (LIFO) mechanism.
2. What is a queue?
Ans: Is a type of datastructure in which the data are stored in and retrieved on a
First in first out(FIFO) basis. It grows in the direction of increasing addresses in the
memory. New data are added at the back (High-address end) and retrieved from the
front (low-address end) of the queue.
3. Define parallelism in microinstruction.
Ans: The ability to represent maximum number of micro operations in a single
microinstruction is called parallelism in microinstruction.
UNIT-III
UNIT-IV
1. Define Memory Access Time?
Ans: It is the time taken by the memory to supply the contents of a location, from
the time, it receives “READ”.
3. What is RAM?
Ans : This storage location can be accessed in any order and access time is
independent of the location being accessed
instructions that are used to manipulate memory words i.e. the same set of
instructions are used.
19. What is program-controlled I/O?
Ans: In program controlled I/O the processor repeatedly checks a status
flags to achieve the required synchronization between the processor and an
input and output device.
20. Define interrupt.
Ans: An interrupt is any exceptional event that causes a CPUU to temporarily transfer
control from its current program to another program , an interrupt handler that services
the event in question.
UNIT -V
11. What are the two types of branch prediction techniques available?
Ans: The two types of branch prediction techniques are
1) Static branch prediction
2) Dynamic branch prediction
12. What do you mean by multiprogramming or multitasking?
Ans: The operating system manages the concurrent execution of several application
programs to make best possible use of computer resources. This pattern of concurrent
execution is called multiprogramming or multitasking.