2 Module 2 Data Signal Digital Analog Transmission 1 Students Version
2 Module 2 Data Signal Digital Analog Transmission 1 Students Version
2 Module 2 Data Signal Digital Analog Transmission 1 Students Version
Computer Networks-1
Department of Electrical Engineering
College of Engineering and Technology
Badr University in Cairo (BUC)
Summer Term 2022-223
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Data and Signals
❑ Data must be transformed to electromagnetic signals in order for it to be
transmitted.
❑ Data can be analog or digital.
✓ The term analog data refers to information that is continuous and take continuous
values.
✓ The term digital data refers to information that has discrete states and take discrete
values.
❑ Signals can be analog or digital.
✓ Analog signals can have an infinite number of values in a range.
✓ Digital signals can have only a limited number of values.
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Data and Signals
❑ In data communications, we commonly use periodic analog signals and non-
periodic digital signals.
❑ Periodic analog signals are simple or composite.
✓ A simple periodic analog signal, a sine wave, cannot be decomposed into simpler
signals.
✓ A composite periodic analog signal is composed of multiple sine waves.
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Data and Signals
Example: A sine wave is offset 1/6 cycle with respect to time 0. What is its phase
in degrees and radians?
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Data and Signals
frequency
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Data and Signals
Definition: The bandwidth of a composite signal is the difference between the
highest and the lowest frequencies contained in that signal.
Example: If a periodic signal is decomposed into five sine waves with frequencies
of 100, 300, 500, 700, and 900 Hz, what is its bandwidth? Draw the spectrum,
assuming all components have a maximum amplitude of 10 V.
Solution
Let fh be the highest frequency, fl the lowest frequency, and B the bandwidth.
Then
The spectrum has only five spikes, at 100, 300, 500, 700, and 900 Hz.
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Data and Signals
❑ DIGITAL SIGNALS
✓ Information can also be represented by a digital signal.
✓ Example: a 1 can be encoded as a positive voltage and a 0 as zero voltage.
✓ A digital signal can have more than two levels. In this case, we can send more
than 1 bit for each level.
The number of bits per level = log n where n is the number of levels in the signal.
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Data and Signals
The time and frequency domains of periodic and non-periodic digital signals
Baseband transmission of a digital signal that preserves the shape of the digital
signal is possible only if we have a low-pass channel with an infinite or very wide
bandwidth.
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Data and Signals
❑ In baseband transmission, the required bandwidth is proportional to
the bit rate; if we need to send bits faster, we need more bandwidth.
❑ Example: What is the required bandwidth of a low-pass channel if we
need to send 1 Mbps by using baseband transmission?
(1) The minimum bandwidth, is B = bit rate /2, or 500 kHz.
(2) A better solution is to use the first and the third harmonics with B = 3 ×
500 kHz = 1.5 MHz.
(3) Still a better solution is to use the first, third, and fifth harmonics with B
= 5 × 500 kHz = 2.5 MHz.
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Data and Signals
❑ If the available channel is a bandpass channel, we cannot send the digital
signal directly to the channel; we need to convert the digital signal to an
analog signal before transmission. This is called D/A conversion.
D/A A/D
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Data and Signals
❑ TRANSMISSION IMPAIRMENT
✓ Definition: Impairment means that the signal at the beginning of the
medium is not the same as the signal at the end of the medium.
✓ Signal impairment is caused by imperfection of the medium used.
✓ Three causes of impairment are attenuation, distortion, and noise.
❑ Attenuation
❑ Noise
✓ Example: The power of a signal is 10 mW and the power of the noise is 1 μW;
what are the values of SNR and SNRdB ?
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Data Transmission
❑ TRANSMISSION MODES
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Data Transmission
❑ Asynchronous Serial Transmission
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Analog Transmission
DIGITAL-TO-ANALOG CONVERSION
Digital-to-analog (D/A) conversion is the process of changing one of the characteristics of an analog
signal based on the information in digital data.
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Analog Transmission (In Tutorial)
o Bit rate is the number of bits per second.
o Baud rate is the number of signal elements per second.
o In the analog transmission of digital data, the baud rate is less than
or equal to the bit rate.
Example: An analog signal carries r =4 bits per signal element. If S =1000 signal elements
are sent per second, find the bit rate (N).
In this case, r = 4, S = 1000, and N is unknown. We can find the value of N from
Example: An analog signal has a bit rate (N) of 8000 bps and a baud rate of 1000 baud.
How many data elements are carried by each signal element? How many signal elements
(L) do we need?
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Analog Transmission (In Tutorial)
Binary Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)
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Analog Transmission (In Tutorial)
Example: We have an available bandwidth of B=100kHz which spans from 200 to 300 kHz.
What are the carrier frequency and the bit rate (N) if we modulated our data by using ASK
with d = 1?
The middle of the bandwidth is located at 250 kHz. This means that our carrier frequency
can be at fc = 250 kHz. We can use the formula for bandwidth to find the bit rate (with d
= 1 and r = 1).
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Analog Transmission (In Tutorial)
Binary Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)
Example: We have an available bandwidth of 100 kHz which spans from 200 to 300 kHz.
What should be the carrier frequency and the bit rate if we modulated our data by using
FSK with d = 1?
The midpoint of the band is at 250 kHz. We choose 2Δf to be 50 kHz; this means
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Analog Transmission (In Tutorial)
Bandwidth of BFSK
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Analog Transmission (In Tutorial)
Binary Phase Shift Keying (PSK)
3.23
Analog Transmission (In Tutorial)
Quadrature PSK (QPSK)
Example: Find the BW for a signal transmitting at 12 Mbps for QPSK assuming, d=0.
Solution: For QPSK, 2 bits are carried by one signal, r=2, S = N/r=12/2= 6 Mbps, B =
(1+d)S=6Mbps
Quadrature ASK (QAM): is a combination of ASK and PSK and its BW is the same as that of ASK.
You may take 16-QAM to mean that L = 16, i.e. r =4.
3.24
Analog Transmission (In Tutorial)
ANALOG TO ANALOG
AM bandwidth allocation
The total bandwidth required for AM can be determined from the bandwidth of the audio
signal: BAM = 2B.
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Analog Transmission (In Tutorial)
Frequency Modulation
(FM)
FM bandwidth allocation
The total bandwidth required for FM can be determined from the bandwidth
of the audio signal: BFM = 2(1 + β)B. β = 4
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Analog Transmission (In Tutorial)
Phase Modulation
(PM)
The total bandwidth required for PM can be determined from the bandwidth
and maximum amplitude of the modulating signal: BPM = 2(1 + β)B. β = 1 → 3
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References
Textbook Chapters 3, 4, and 5.
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