Module #2

Data & Signals

Digital-Analog-Transmission
Chapters 3-5
Professor Mostafa Abd-El-Barr

Computer Networks-1
Department of Electrical Engineering
College of Engineering and Technology
Badr University in Cairo (BUC)
Summer Term 2022-223

Tuesday, July 11, 2023 1

 Outline

1. Data and Signals

2. Digital Transmission
3. Analog Transmission

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 Data and Signals
❑ Data must be transformed to electromagnetic signals in order for it to be
transmitted.
❑ Data can be analog or digital.
✓ The term analog data refers to information that is continuous and take continuous
values.
✓ The term digital data refers to information that has discrete states and take discrete
values.
❑ Signals can be analog or digital.
✓ Analog signals can have an infinite number of values in a range.
✓ Digital signals can have only a limited number of values.

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 Data and Signals
❑ In data communications, we commonly use periodic analog signals and non-
periodic digital signals.
❑ Periodic analog signals are simple or composite.
✓ A simple periodic analog signal, a sine wave, cannot be decomposed into simpler
signals.
✓ A composite periodic analog signal is composed of multiple sine waves.

Sine wave (simple periodic signals

Two signals with the same phase and frequency,

but different amplitudes

Frequency and period are

the inverse of each other.
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 Data and Signals
Phase describes the position of
the waveform relative to time 0.

Two signals with the same

amplitude and phase, but
different frequencies

Units of period and frequency

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 Data and Signals

Three sine waves with the

same amplitude &frequency,
but different phases

Example: A sine wave is offset 1/6 cycle with respect to time 0. What is its phase
in degrees and radians?

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 Data and Signals

The time-domain and frequency-domain

plots of a sine wave

The time domain and frequency domain of three sine waves

frequency

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 Data and Signals
Definition: The bandwidth of a composite signal is the difference between the
highest and the lowest frequencies contained in that signal.
Example: If a periodic signal is decomposed into five sine waves with frequencies
of 100, 300, 500, 700, and 900 Hz, what is its bandwidth? Draw the spectrum,
assuming all components have a maximum amplitude of 10 V.
Solution
Let fh be the highest frequency, fl the lowest frequency, and B the bandwidth.
Then

The spectrum has only five spikes, at 100, 300, 500, 700, and 900 Hz.

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 Data and Signals
❑ DIGITAL SIGNALS
✓ Information can also be represented by a digital signal.
✓ Example: a 1 can be encoded as a positive voltage and a 0 as zero voltage.
✓ A digital signal can have more than two levels. In this case, we can send more
than 1 bit for each level.

Example: Two digital signals:

one with two signal levels and
the other with four signal
levels.

The number of bits per level = log n where n is the number of levels in the signal.
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A digital signal is a composite analog signal with an infinite bandwidth

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 Data and Signals
The time and frequency domains of periodic and non-periodic digital signals

Baseband transmission of a digital signal that preserves the shape of the digital
signal is possible only if we have a low-pass channel with an infinite or very wide
bandwidth.

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 Data and Signals
❑ In baseband transmission, the required bandwidth is proportional to
the bit rate; if we need to send bits faster, we need more bandwidth.
❑ Example: What is the required bandwidth of a low-pass channel if we
need to send 1 Mbps by using baseband transmission?
(1) The minimum bandwidth, is B = bit rate /2, or 500 kHz.
(2) A better solution is to use the first and the third harmonics with B = 3 ×
500 kHz = 1.5 MHz.
(3) Still a better solution is to use the first, third, and fifth harmonics with B
= 5 × 500 kHz = 2.5 MHz.

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 Data and Signals
❑ If the available channel is a bandpass channel, we cannot send the digital
signal directly to the channel; we need to convert the digital signal to an
analog signal before transmission. This is called D/A conversion.
D/A A/D

Figure 3.24 Modulation of a digital signal for transmission on a bandpass

channel

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 Data and Signals
❑ TRANSMISSION IMPAIRMENT
✓ Definition: Impairment means that the signal at the beginning of the
medium is not the same as the signal at the end of the medium.
✓ Signal impairment is caused by imperfection of the medium used.
✓ Three causes of impairment are attenuation, distortion, and noise.
❑ Attenuation

Example: Suppose a signal travels through a transmission medium and its

power is reduced to one-half. This means that P2 is (1/2)P1. In this case, the
attenuation (loss of power) can be calculated as

13 A loss of 3 dB (–3 dB) is equivalent to losing one-half the power.

 ❑ Distortion
Data and Signals

❑ Noise

✓ Example: The power of a signal is 10 mW and the power of the noise is 1 μW;
what are the values of SNR and SNRdB ?

The values of SNR and SNRdB can be calculated as follows:

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 Data Transmission
❑ TRANSMISSION MODES

❑ PARALLEL TRANSMISSION ❑ SERIAL TRANSMISSION

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 Data Transmission
❑ Asynchronous Serial Transmission

❑ Synchronous Serial Transmission

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 Analog Transmission
DIGITAL-TO-ANALOG CONVERSION
Digital-to-analog (D/A) conversion is the process of changing one of the characteristics of an analog
signal based on the information in digital data.

Types of digital-to-analog conversion

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 Analog Transmission (In Tutorial)
o Bit rate is the number of bits per second.
o Baud rate is the number of signal elements per second.
o In the analog transmission of digital data, the baud rate is less than
or equal to the bit rate.
Example: An analog signal carries r =4 bits per signal element. If S =1000 signal elements
are sent per second, find the bit rate (N).
In this case, r = 4, S = 1000, and N is unknown. We can find the value of N from

Example: An analog signal has a bit rate (N) of 8000 bps and a baud rate of 1000 baud.
How many data elements are carried by each signal element? How many signal elements
(L) do we need?

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 Analog Transmission (In Tutorial)
Binary Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)

Implementation of binary ASK

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 Analog Transmission (In Tutorial)
Example: We have an available bandwidth of B=100kHz which spans from 200 to 300 kHz.
What are the carrier frequency and the bit rate (N) if we modulated our data by using ASK
with d = 1?
The middle of the bandwidth is located at 250 kHz. This means that our carrier frequency
can be at fc = 250 kHz. We can use the formula for bandwidth to find the bit rate (with d
= 1 and r = 1).

In data communications, we normally use full-duplex links with communication in both

directions. We need to divide the bandwidth into two with two carrier frequencies. The figure
shows the positions of two carrier frequencies and the bandwidths. The available bandwidth
for each direction is now 50 kHz, which leaves us with a data rate of 25 kbps in each
direction.
Bandwidth of full-duplex ASK used in the Example above.

20 250
 Analog Transmission (In Tutorial)
Binary Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)

Example: We have an available bandwidth of 100 kHz which spans from 200 to 300 kHz.
What should be the carrier frequency and the bit rate if we modulated our data by using
FSK with d = 1?
The midpoint of the band is at 250 kHz. We choose 2Δf to be 50 kHz; this means

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 Analog Transmission (In Tutorial)
Bandwidth of BFSK

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 Analog Transmission (In Tutorial)
Binary Phase Shift Keying (PSK)

✓ Bandwidth : the same as BASK, B = (1 + d) x S

✓ Less than that for BFSK

3.23
 Analog Transmission (In Tutorial)
Quadrature PSK (QPSK)

Example: Find the BW for a signal transmitting at 12 Mbps for QPSK assuming, d=0.
Solution: For QPSK, 2 bits are carried by one signal, r=2, S = N/r=12/2= 6 Mbps, B =
(1+d)S=6Mbps
Quadrature ASK (QAM): is a combination of ASK and PSK and its BW is the same as that of ASK.
You may take 16-QAM to mean that L = 16, i.e. r =4.
3.24
 Analog Transmission (In Tutorial)
ANALOG TO ANALOG

Amplitude Modulation (AM)

AM bandwidth allocation

The total bandwidth required for AM can be determined from the bandwidth of the audio
signal: BAM = 2B.
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 Analog Transmission (In Tutorial)
Frequency Modulation
(FM)

FM bandwidth allocation

The total bandwidth required for FM can be determined from the bandwidth
of the audio signal: BFM = 2(1 + β)B. β = 4

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 Analog Transmission (In Tutorial)
Phase Modulation
(PM)

The total bandwidth required for PM can be determined from the bandwidth
and maximum amplitude of the modulating signal: BPM = 2(1 + β)B. β = 1 → 3

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 References
Textbook Chapters 3, 4, and 5.

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