Rohini 34613189833

ROHINI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
REINFORCED CONCRETE CANTILEVER AND COUNTER FORT

RETAINING WALL
1.1 Retaining wall
A retaining wall is a structure, designed and constructed to resist the lateral

pressure of soil.
Fig.1.1 Cantilever retaining wall
Fig.1.2 Counter fort retaining wall
CE8703 STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND DRAWING

1.2 Design for Cantilever Retaining wall For Stem
Example 1
Design a stem for cantilever retaining wall to retain an earth embankment with a
horizontal top 4m above ground level. Density of earth = 18 KN/m^3. Angle of internal
friction Ø = 30 degree. SBC of soil = 200 KN/m^2. Coefficient of friction between soil
and concrete = 0.5. Adopt M20 grade concrete and Fe 415 HYSD bars.
Given data :
Density of earth ‘γ’ = 18 KN/m^3
Angle of internal friction ‘Ø’ = 30
SBC of soil ‘q’ = 200 KN/m^2

Step 1: Dimensions of retaining wall
(a) Depth of foundation = q / γ ( 1- sin Ø / 1+ sin Ø )^2
= 200 / 18 (1- sin 30 / 1+ sin 30 )^2
= 1.2m
Fig.1.5 Cantilever retaining wall (Depth of foundation)

(b) Overall depth of wall = 4 + 1.2
‘H = 5.2m
= 5200mm
Fig.1.6 Cantilever retaining wall (Overall depth of wall)
(c) Thickness of base slab = H / 12
= 5200 / 12
= 433mm ~ 450mm
(d) Height of stem ‘h’ = 5200 - 450
= 4750mm
= 4.75m

Fig.1.7 Cantilever retaining wall (Thickness of base slab)
(e) Width of base slab ‘b’ = 0.5H to 0.6H
= 2600 to 3120
= 3000mm
Fig.1.8 Cantilever retaining wall (Width of base slab)

Step 2 : Design of stem
(a) Max BM at base
‘M’ = Ka (γ h^3 / 6 )
i.e Ka = ( 1- sin Ø / 1+ sin Ø )
= (1 / 3) (18 x 4.75^3 / 6 )
= 107.2 KNm
Factored moment ‘Mu’ = 107.2 x 1.5
= 161 KNm
= 161 x 10^6 Nmm
(b) Effective depth required
= 241.5 ~ 242mm
i.e b = 1000mm
= 10^3mm
fck = 20 N/mm^2
(b) Effective depth at base of stem
overall depth ‘D’ = 450mm
cover = 50mm
effective depth ‘d’ = D – 50

= 450 – 50
= 400mm
(c) Find Ast
Mu = ( 0.87 fy Ast d )[(1- Ast fy) / ( b d fck )]
Page no. 96 , IS 456:2000
161 x 10^6 = ( 0.87 x 415 x Ast x 400 ) [(1- 415 x Ast ) / (1000 x 400 x 20)
161 x 10^6 = ( 144.42 x 10^3 Ast ) [( 1 – 5.187 x 10^-5 Ast )]
161 x 10^6 = ( 144.42 x 10^3 Ast ) – ( 7.49 Ast^2 )
161 x 10^6 - ( 144.42 x 10^3 Ast ) + ( 7.49 Ast^2 ) = 0
(using calculator) mode > Eqn > degree > 2
a = 7.49
b = -144.42 x 10^3
c = 161 x 10^6
x1 = 18093mm^2
x2 = 1188mm^2
Ast = 1188 mm^2
Find spacing
Provide 16mm dia bars
Spacing = 1000 x [( πd^2 / 4 ) / Ast]
= 1000 x [(π x 16^2 / 4 ) / 1188]
= 169.24 ~ 170mm
Provide 16mm dia bars at 170mm c/c

Find distribution reinforcement
Ast (dist) = (0.12 / 100 ) x bD
= ( 0.12 / 100 ) x 1000 x 450
= 540 mm^2
Spacing = 1000 x ( πd^2 / 4 ) / Ast
= 1000 x [(π x 10^2 / 4 ) / 540]
= 145mm
Provide 10mm dia bars at 290mm c/c on both faces
Step 3: Stability calculation
Fig.1.8 Cantilever retaining wall (Stability calculation)

(a) Find load
w1 = ( b x d x γc ) + ( ½ x bh x γc)
= ( 0.2 x 4.75 x 24 ) + ( ½ x 0.25 x 4.75 x 24 )
= 22.80 + 14.25
= 37.05 KN
Fig.1.8 Cantilever retaining wall (Stability calculation)
w2 = b x d x γc
= 3 x 0.45 x 24
= 32.40 KN
w3 = b x d x γs
= 1.55 x 4.75 x 18
= 132.50 KN
Total load = w1 + w2 + w3
= 201.95 KN

(b)Find moment @ a
M1 = W1 x Length
= (22.80 x 1.65) + (14.25 x 1.83)
= 37.62 + 26.07
= 63.69 KNm
M2 = W2 x Length
= 32.40 x 1.5
= 48.60 KNm
M3 = W3 x Length
= 132.50 x 0.78
= 103.35 KNm
M4 = 107.2 KNm ( Moment at base)
Total moment M = M1 + M2 + M3 + M4
=322.81 KNm
Point of application
Z = ⅀M / ⅀W
= 322.81 / 201.95
= 1.6m
Eccentricity
e = Z – b/2
= 1.6 – (3/2)
= 0.1m
i.e b = 3 (width of base slab)

e < b/6
b/6 =3/6
= 0.5
0.1 < 0.5
Hence safe
Max and Min pressure at base
σ = ⅀W / b [ 1 ± (6e / b) ]
= 201.95/3 [ 1 ± (6 x 0.1 / 3)
σmax = 67.32 [ 1 + 0.2 ]
= 80.78 KN/m^2
σmin = 67.32 [ 1 - 0.2 ]
= 53.85 KN/m^2
Fig.1.9 Cantilever retaining wall (Stability calculation Top view)

Step 4 : Check for safety against sliding
P = Ka x γ( H^2 / 2 )
= (1/3) x 18 x ( 5.2^2 / 2)
= 81.12KN
i.e Ka = ( 1- sin Ø / 1+ sin Ø )
F.O.S against sliding = ( μW / P )
= ( 0.5 x 201.95 / 81.12)
= 1.24 < 1.5
μ = 0.5 (given)
Since the wall is unsafe , so a shear key is to be designed below the stem
Step 5 : Design of shear key
Intensity of passive pressure in shear key front
Pp = KP x (σmax )pressure in shear key front
KP = ( 1+ sin Ø / 1- sin Ø )
= (1+sin 30 / 1- sin 30)
=3
Pp = KP x (σmax )pressure in shear key front
= 3 x 71.78
= 215.34 KN/m^2
Passive force PF = PP x a
= 215.34 x 0.45
= 97KN

F.O.S against sliding =[ ( μW + PF ) / P ]
= {[( 0.5 x 201.95) + 97] / 81.12}
= 2.4 > 1.5
Hence safe
Minimum % of reinforcement in shear key
Ast = (0.3/100) x bD
= 0.003 x 1000 x 450
= 1350mm^2
Spacing = 1000 x ( πd^2 / 4 ) / Ast
= 1000 x [(π x 16^2 / 4 ) / 1350]
= 148.9mm ~ 150mm
Step 6 : Find shear stress
Shear force ‘V’ = 1.5P – μW
= (1.5 x 81.12) – (0.5 x 201.95)
= 20.7KN
Factored Shear force
‘Vu’ = 20.7 x 1.5
= 31.05KN

Shear stress ‘τv’ = Vu / bd
= 31.05 x 10^3 / ( 1000 x 400)
= 0.077 N/mm^2
Find τc
100Ast / bd = 100 x 1350/ ( 1000 x 400)
= 0.335 N/mm^2
Table 19, page no. 73 ,IS 456 2000
0.25 --- 0.36
0.50 --- 0.48
(0.36+0.48) /2 = 0.42
τc = 0.42 N/mm^2
τc > τv
Hence safe

Reinforcement detail
Fig.1.10 Cantilever retaining wall (Reinforcement details cross section)
Fig.1.11 Cantilever retaining wall (Reinforcement details Longitudinal cross section)

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ROHINI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

REINFORCED CONCRETE CANTILEVER AND COUNTER FORT

1.1 Retaining wall

A retaining wall is a structure, designed and constructed to resist the lateral

Fig.1.1 Cantilever retaining wall

Fig.1.2 Counter fort retaining wall

CE8703 STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND DRAWING

Fig.1.3 Cantilever retaining wall

1.2 Design for Cantilever Retaining wall For Stem

Density of earth ‘γ’ = 18 KN/m^3

Angle of internal friction ‘Ø’ = 30

SBC of soil ‘q’ = 200 KN/m^2

CE8703 STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND DRAWING

Fig.1.4 Cantilever retaining wall

Step 1: Dimensions of retaining wall

(a) Depth of foundation = q / γ ( 1- sin Ø / 1+ sin Ø )^2

= 200 / 18 (1- sin 30 / 1+ sin 30 )^2

Fig.1.5 Cantilever retaining wall (Depth of foundation)

CE8703 STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND DRAWING

(b) Overall depth of wall = 4 + 1.2

Fig.1.6 Cantilever retaining wall (Overall depth of wall)

(c) Thickness of base slab = H / 12

(d) Height of stem ‘h’ = 5200 - 450

CE8703 STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND DRAWING

Fig.1.7 Cantilever retaining wall (Thickness of base slab)

(e) Width of base slab ‘b’ = 0.5H to 0.6H

Fig.1.8 Cantilever retaining wall (Width of base slab)

CE8703 STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND DRAWING

Step 2 : Design of stem

(a) Max BM at base

i.e Ka = ( 1- sin Ø / 1+ sin Ø )

Factored moment ‘Mu’ = 107.2 x 1.5

= 161 x 10^6 Nmm

(b) Effective depth required

(b) Effective depth at base of stem

overall depth ‘D’ = 450mm

effective depth ‘d’ = D – 50

CE8703 STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND DRAWING

(c) Find Ast

Mu = ( 0.87 fy Ast d )[(1- Ast fy) / ( b d fck )]

Page no. 96 , IS 456:2000

161 x 10^6 = ( 144.42 x 10^3 Ast ) [( 1 – 5.187 x 10^-5 Ast )]

161 x 10^6 = ( 144.42 x 10^3 Ast ) – ( 7.49 Ast^2 )

161 x 10^6 - ( 144.42 x 10^3 Ast ) + ( 7.49 Ast^2 ) = 0

(using calculator) mode > Eqn > degree > 2

Ast = 1188 mm^2

Provide 16mm dia bars

Spacing = 1000 x [( πd^2 / 4 ) / Ast]

= 1000 x [(π x 16^2 / 4 ) / 1188]

Provide 16mm dia bars at 170mm c/c

CE8703 STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND DRAWING

Find distribution reinforcement

Ast (dist) = (0.12 / 100 ) x bD

= ( 0.12 / 100 ) x 1000 x 450

Provide 10mm dia bars

Spacing = 1000 x ( πd^2 / 4 ) / Ast

= 1000 x [(π x 10^2 / 4 ) / 540]

Provide 10mm dia bars at 145mm c/c