CHAPTER:4

MCQ’S:
1.The initial experience of a stimulus or an object registered by a particular sense organ is
__________.

a) Attention.
b) Perception.
c) Sensation
d) None of these
2. The most widely accepted answer has been give by a group of researchers of
Gestalt Psychologists are:
a)Koffka
b)Kohler
c)Wertheimer
d)All of these
3.Attention in this sense refers to________?
a)Effort Allocation
b)Monocular cues
c)Cones
d)Sensation
4. The relationship between stimuli and the sensation they evoke has been studied in a
Discipline
a)Convergence
b)Accommodation
c)Psychophysics
d)none of these

5. Retinal disparity occurs because the two eyes have different locations in our head.
a)Binocular disparities
b)Retinal
c)None of these
d)both (a) and (b)

FILL IN THE BLANKS:

1. ___________is concerned mainly with the selection of a limited number of stimuli or objects
from a large number of stimuli.
2. __________ factors are related to the features of stimuli.
3. The idea that recoginsation of the whole is known as________
4. The notation that recognition process begins from the whole, which leads to identification of
various components are known as _________.
5. The initial experience of stimulus or an object registered by a particular sense organs is
called__________.
MATCHING:

1. Filter Theory a) Johnston and Heinz

2. Internal factor b) Broadbent
3. Motivational factor c) Triesman
4. Filter- attention theory d) Lies within the individual
5. Multimode theory e) Biological or social needs

TRUE (OR) FALSE:

1. Difference threshold or differential human is the minimum amount of change in a physical
stimulus that is capable of producing a sensation difference in 50% of the trials .
2. Process through which the lens changes its shape in order to focus the objects at varying distance
which is regulated by ciliary muscles.
3. The middle layer of the eye is called a choroid.
4. Brightness is the perceived intensity of light .
5. Sound waves vary in amplitude as well as in wavelength.

ANSWERS:
MCQ’S
1. c
2. d
3. a
4. c
5. d
FILL IN THE BLANKS:
1. Selective attention
2. External
3. Bottom up processing
4. Top down processing
5. Sensation
MATCHING:
1. b
2. d
3. e
4. c
5. a

TRUE (OR) FALSE:

1. True
2. True
3. True
4. False
5. False

2 Marks:

1.Explain the principle of surroundedness,smallness,Proximity

and Similarity.
2.Define Selective attention and Divided attention.
3.Explain the functional limitations of sense organs.
4.What is meant by light and dark adaptation? How do they take
place?
5.How does perception of space take place?
ANSWERS:
1.Explain the principle of surroundedness,smallness,Proximity
and Similarity.
Ans:The Principle of Surroundedness: According to this principle, the
areas surrounded by others tend to be perceived as figures.
The Principle of Smallness: According to this principle, smaller areas
tend to be seen as figures against a larger background.
The Principle of Proximity: Objects that are close together in space or
time are perceived as belonging together or as a group.
The Principle of Similarity :Objects that are similar to one another and
have similar characteristics are perceived as a group.

2.define Selective attention and Divided attention .

Ans: Selective attention: The focusing of conscious awareness
on a particular stimulus.
Divided attention: The process by which attention is split
between two or more sets of stimuli.

3.Explain the functional limitations of sense organs.

Ans: Sense organs function with certain limitations. For example our eyes cannot
see things which are very dim or very bright. Similarly our ears cannot hear very
faint or very loud sounds. The same is true for other organs also. As human beings,
we function within a limited range of stimulation. For being noticed by a sensory
receptor a stimulus has to be of an optimal intensity or magnitude.
4. What is meant by light and dark adaptation? How do they take
place?
Answer: Bright adaptation refers to the process of adjusting to bright light after
exposure to dim light. This process takes nearly a minute or two.
Dark adaptation refers to the process of adjusting to a dimly illuminated
environment after exposure to bright light. This may take half an hour or even
longer depending on the previous level of exposure of the eye to light. The
dark-adapted eye is about 100,000 times more sensitive to light than the
light-adapted eye.

5. How does perception of space take place?

Ans: Space is perceived in three dimensions. This is because of our ability to
transfer a two-dimensional retinal vision into a three dimensional perception.
Spatial attributes of objects like, size, shape and distance between objects also
contribute towards the perception of space.

4 marks:

1.What are the factors affecting selective attention?

2.Few children are highly distractible;they do not follow
instructions? What type of disorder do they suffer with? Explain
about that disorder.
3.Explain any 4 principles of perceptual organisations.
ANSWERS:
1.What are the factors affecting selective attention?
Ans:Several factors influence selective attention. These generally relate to the
characteristics of stimuli and the characteristics of individuals.
They are generally classified as “external” and “internal” factors. to the features of
stimuli.
A.External factors are related to the features of stimuli.Other things held constant,
the size, intensity, and motion of stimuli appear to be important determinants of
attention to the features of stimuli.
B.Internal factors lie within the individual. These may be divided into two main
categories, viz. motivational factors and cognitive factors
Motivational factors relate to our biological and their social needs
C.Cognitive factors include factors like interest, attitude, and preparatory set.
Events which appear interesting are attended by individuals.
Preparatory set generates a mental state to act in a certain way and readiness of the
individual to This is a very common behavioural disorder found
among children of the primary school age. It is
characterised by impulsivity, excessive motor
activity, and an inability to attend.respond to one kind of stimuli and not to
others.ed by individuals.

2.Few children are highly distractible;they do not follow

instructions? What type of disorder do they suffer with? Explain
about that disorder.
Ans:This is a very common behavioural disorder found among children of the
primary school age. It is characterised by impulsivity, excessive motor activity, and
an inability to attend.They do poorly in school, and show difficulties in reading or
learning basic subjects in schools in spite of the fact that there is no deficit in their
intelligence. Studies generally do not provide evidence for a biological basis of the
disorder, whereas some relationship of the disorder with dietary factors,
particularly food colouring, has been documented. On the other hand,
social-psychological factors (e.g., home environment, family pathology) Attention
Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) found to account for ADHD more reliably
than other factors.
3.Explain any 4 principles of perceptual organisations.
Ans:The principles of perceptual organisations are–
1.The Principle of Proximity– Objects that are close together in space or time are
perceived as belonging together or as a group
2.The Principle of Similarity –Objects that are similar to one another and have
similar characteristics are perceived from background.
3.The Principle of Continuity –This principle states that we tend to perceive objects
as belonging together if they appear to form a continuous pattern.
4.The Principle of Smallness– According to this principle, smaller areas tend to be
seen as figures against a larger background.
5.The Principle of Symmetry– This principle suggests that symmetrical areas tend
to be seen as figures against asymmetrical backgrounds.
6.The Principle of Surroundedness– According to this principle, the areas
surrounded by others tend to be perceived as figures
7.The Principle of Closure –We tend to fill the gaps in stimulation and perceive the
objects as whole rather than their separate parts.
( ONLY 4 REQUIRED)
6 mark-questions:
1. Write the theories of selective attention.
2. Write about the monocular cues that help us in judging the
distance and depth in two dimensional surfaces.
3. Write about the principles of perception.Draw diagrams
where possible.
Answers:
1.Write the theories of selective attention.
Ans:A number of theories have been developed to explain the process of
selective attention. We will briefly discuss three of these theories.
(I)Filter theory was developed by Broadbent (1956). According to this theory,
many stimuli simultaneously enter our receptors creating a kind of “bottleneck”
situation. Moving through the short-term memory system, they enter the selective
filter, which allows only one stimulus to pass through for higher levels of
processing. Other stimuli are screened out at that moment of time. Thus, we
become aware of only that stimulus, which gets access through the selective
filter.
(ii)Filter-attenuation theory was developed by Triesman (1962) by modifying
Broadbent’s theory. This theory proposes that the stimuli not getting access to the
selective filter at a given moment of time are not completely blocked. The filter
only attenuates (weakens) their strength. Thus some stimuli manage to escape
through the selective filter to reach higher levels of processing. It is indicated that
personally relevant stimuli (e.g., one’s name in a collective dinner) can be noticed
even at a very low level of sound. Such stimuli, even though fairly weak, may
also generate response occasionally by slipping through the selective filter.
(iii)Multimode theory was developed by Johnston and Heinz (1978). This theory
believes that attention is a flexible system that allows selection of a stimulus over
others at three stages. At stage one the sensory representations (e.g., visual
images) of stimuli are constructed; at stage two the semantic representations (e.g.,
names of objects) are constructed; and at stage three the sensory and semantic
representations enter the consciousness. It is also suggested that more processing
requires more mental effort. When the messages are selected on the basis of stage
one processing (early selection), less mental effort is required than when the
selection is based on stage three processing (lateless mental effort is required than
when the selection is based on stage three processing (late selection).
 2.Write about the monocular cues that help us in judging the
distance and depth in two dimensional surfaces.
Ans: The monocular cues that help us in judging the distance and depth in two
dimensional surfaces are the following:
● Relative Size : The size of the retinal image allows us to judge distance based
on our past and present experience with similar objects. As the objects get away, the
retinal image becomes smaller and smaller. We tend to perceive an object farther
away when it appears small, and closer when it appears bigger.
● Interposition or Overlapping : These cues occur when some portion of the
object is covered by another object. The overlapped object is considered farther
away, whereas the object that covers it appears nearer.
● Linear Perspective : This reflects a phenomenon by which distant objects
appear to be closer together than the nearer objects. For example, parallel lines, such
as rail tracks,appear to converge with increasing distance with a vanishing point at
the horizon. The more the lines converge, the farther away they appear.
● Aerial Perspective : The air contains microscopic particles of dust and
moisture that make distant objects look hazy or blurry. This effect is called aerial
perspective. For example, distant mountains appear blue due to the scattering of blue
light in the atmosphere, whereas the same mountains are perceived to be closer when
the atmosphere is clear.
● Light and Shade : In the light some parts of the object get highlighted,
whereas some parts become darker. Highlights and shadows provide us with
information about an object’s distance.
● Relative Height : Larger objects are perceived as being closer to the viewer
and smaller objects as being farther away. When we expect two objects to be the
same size and they are not, the larger of the two will appear closer and the smaller
will appear farther away.
● Texture Gradient : It represents a phenomenon by which the visual field
having more density of elements is seen farther away.
● Motion Parallax : It is a kinetic monocular cue, and hence not considered as
a pictorial cue. It occurs when objects at different distances move at a different
relative speed. The distant objects appear to move slower than the objects that are
close. The rate of an object’s movement provides a cue to its distance. For example,
when we travel in a bus, closer objects move “against” the direction of the bus,
whereas the farther objects move “with” the direction of the bus.
3.Write about the principles of perception.Draw diagrams where
possible.
Ans: Human beings perceive the world in organised wholes rather than in discrete
parts. The Gestalt psychologists have given us several laws to explain how and
why different stimuli in our visual field are organised into meaningful whole
objects.The principles are as follows:
(i)The Principle of Proximity:
Objects that are close together in space or time are perceived as belonging together
or as a group. For example, Fig does not look like a square pattern of dots, but as a
series of columns of dots.

(ii)The Principle of Similarity:

Objects that are similar to one another and have similar characteristics are
perceived as a group. In Fig.the little circles and squares are evenly spaced both
horizontally and vertically so that the proximity does not come into play. Instead,
we tend to see alternating columns of circles and squares.

(iii)The Principle of Continuity:

This principle states that we tend to perceive objects as belonging together if they
appear to form a continuous pattern. For instance, we are more likely to identify
two lines a-b and c-d crossing than to identify four lines meeting at the centre p
(iv)The Principle of Smallness:
According to this principle, smaller areas tend to be seen as figures against a larger background. In Fig;we
are more likely to see a black cross rather than a white cross within the circle because of this principle.

(v)The Principle of Symmetry:

This principle suggests that symmetrical areas tend to be seen as figures against asymmetrical
backgrounds.
(vi)The Principle of Surroundedness:
According to this principle, the areas surrounded by others tend to be perceived as figures.
(vii)The Principle of Closure:
We tend to fill the gaps in stimulation and perceive the objects as whole rather than their separate parts.
For example, in Fig;the small angles are seen as a triangle due to our tendency to fill the gaps in the object
provided by our sensory input.
Group-5

SENSORY, ATTENTIONAL AND PERCEPTUAL PROCESSES

Multiple choice questions :

1. Multimode theory was developed by:
[A] Johnston and Triesman
[B] Johnston and Broadbent
[C] Johnston and Heinz
[D] Johnston and Bose
2. The areas surrounded by others tend to be perceived as figures, explain:
[A] The principle of surroundness
[B] The principle of symmetry
[C] The principle of smallness
[D] The principle of largeness
3. Artist mostly use ________ to create an effect of depth on a flat surface.
[A] Rods
[B] Cones
[C] Wood panel
[D] Monocular cues
4. _______ help flattens the lens to focus the distant objects.
[A] Nerve system
[B] Ciliary muscles
[C] The vestibular apparatus
[D] The Kinesthetic system
5. Retinal disparity occurs because because the two eyes have different locations in
our
head.
[A] The two eyes have different locations in our head
[B] The two eyes have different perceptions
[C] Both eyes have same locations in our head
[D] Both eyes have different locations in our head
TRUE OR FALSE:
1. The process of viewing the world in three dimensions is called space.
2. The process of organising visual field into meaningful wholes is known as form
perception .
3. Multimode theory was developed in 1962.

4. The process through which certain stimuli are selected from a group of others is
generally. referred to perception .
5. The primitive organization takes place in the form of figure - ground
segregation.
FILL IN THE BLANKS :
1: Psychophysics is a field that explores the connection between _______ and the
sensations
they produce.
2: The minimum value of a stimulus required to activate a given sensory system is
known as
the ______ threshold.
3: In the process of attention, ______ involves directing awareness toward specific
stimuli.
4: The principle of ______ suggests that smaller areas tend to be seen as figures
against a
larger background.
5: ______ cues for perceiving depth require the use of both eyes.
6: ______ constancy refers to the ability to perceive objects in a relatively stable
manner.
7: Illusions are caused by the misinterpretation of signals received by our ______.
8: The Multimode Theory of selective attention suggests that attention is a flexible
system with
______ stages.
9: The ability to perceive the world in three dimensions is known as ______
perception.
10: In the process of organizing visual fields into meaningful wholes, it is called
______
perception.
MATCH THE FOLLOWING :
A)Principle of proximity 1.Objects that are similar to one another and
have similar characteristics are perceived as a
group.

B)Principle of closure 2.Objects that are close together in space or

time are perceived as belonging together or as
a group.

C)Principle of smallness 3.Tend to fill the gaps in stimulation and

perceive the objects as whole rather than their
separate parts.

D)Principle of similarity 4.Smaller areas tend to be seen as figures

against a larger background.

KEY
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
1. C
2. A
3. D
4. B
5. A

TRUE OR FALSE
1.False
2.True
3.False
4.False
5. True
BLANKS
1.physical stimuli
2. absolute threshold
3.selective attention
4.smallness
5.binocular
6.perceptual
7. mind
8. three
9.depth
10.form
MATCH THE FOLLOWING
A) 2
B) 3
C) 4
D) 1