CHM213

PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY
LABORATORY REPORT

EXPERIMENT 3
CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM: LE CHATELIER’S PRINCIPLE

STUDENTS NAME
1) NURIN FALIHAH WAFIQAH BINTI MOHD NADZLIE (2022823312)
2) NUR AINI NABILAH BINTI AZMAN (2022457296)
3) NUR BAHIYAH BINTI MOHD YUSOFF (2022467372)
4) ELSHA QISTINA BINTI SHARIZUAN (2022610328)

EXPERIMENT DATE
21/11/2023
SUBMISSION DATE
5/12/2023

INSTRUCTOR NAME
DR. SOLHAN BINTI YAHYA

NO FULL MARKS MARKS

1 OBJECTIVE 1.0

2 PROCEDURE 1.0

3 RESULT, OBSERVATION , 4.0

CALCULATION

4 DISCUSSION 4.0

5 CONCLUSION 2.0

6 QUESTION 2.0

7 FORMAT 1.0

8 TECHNICAL SKILL 5.0

TOTAL 20
INTRODUCTION:

When the concentrations of reactants and products remain constant, a chemical

reaction is in equilibrium. When the forward and reverse reactions happen at the same rate,
the system is in equilibrium. By altering the reaction conditions after the system reaches
equilibrium, the equilibrium mixture's composition can be altered. If a reaction system is
closed and there is no exchange of matter or energy between the system and its surroundings,
the system stays in dynamic equilibrium.
Until the system's conditions alter, any equilibrium will persist in that state.
According to Le Chatelier's principle, an equilibrium system will react to stress in a way that
relieves the system's tension and creates a new equilibrium. Until the offsetting changes
allow the rates of the forward and reverse reactions to be equal once more (reestablishing
equilibrium), one reaction will dominate the system.
The behavior of a system in response to variations in temperature, concentration, or
pressure can be predicted using Le Chatelier's principle. When a chemical reaction is in
equilibrium and changes in temperature, pressure, or product or reactant concentrations, the
equilibrium adjusts by moving in the other direction.

OBJECTIVE:
To study the shift in equilibrium of reversible reactions using Le Chatelier’s Principle.

CHEMICAL:

Phenolphthalein

1.0 M NH4OH

Solid NH4Cl

1.0 M NaOH

1.0 M CH3COOH

Solid NaCl

1.0 M K2CrO4

3.0 M HNO2

0.1 M CuSO4

0.02 M FeCl3

0.2 M NH4SCN

Conc. NH3
PROCEDURE:

1. 5 ml of water and 2 drops of phenolphthalein were added into a test tube. A few drops
of 1.0 M NH4OH were added. The color of the solution were observed. A few drops
of 1.0 M CH3COOH were added until the color changes. Recorded the color obtained.
2. 5 ml of water and 2 drops of phenolphthalein were added into a test tube. A few drops
of 1.0 M NH4OH were added. The color of the solution were observed. The solution
were divided into 2 portions. A little solid NH 4CL were added to one portion of the
solution and shaked well. Compared the color of the two solutions.
3. 5 ml of water and 2 drops of phenolphthalein were added into a test tube. One drop of
1.0 M NaOH were added. Divided the solution into 2 portions. A little NaCL were
added to one portion of the solution and shaked well. Compared the color of the two
solutions.
4. 3 ml of 1.0 M K2CrCO4 to a test tube. 3.0 M HNO3 were added to the solution until the
color changes. The observations were recorded.
5. 3 ml of 0.1M CuSO4 were added to a test tube. Conc. NH 3 were added drop by drop
and shake well. If a precipitate is formed, more conc. NH 3 were added until it
dissolves. 3.0 M HNO3 were added to the solution until the color changes. Conc.
HNO3 were added drop by drop and shake well until a permanent color is obtained.
6. 2 ml of 0.02 M FeCl3 with 2 ml of 0.2 M NH4SCN were mixed in a beaker. 20 ml of
distilled water were added. 5 test tubes were filled with the above solution.The
following experiment were carried out with the 5 solutions. The result was recorded in
the table

Experiment Colour
a) Test tube 1 + 5ml water
b) Test tube 2 + 5ml FeCl3(0.02 M)
c) Test tube 3 + 5ml NH4SCN (0.2 M)
d) Test tube 4 + 5ml water
Immerse the test tube in ice
e) Test tube 5 + 5ml water
Immerse the test tube in hot water.
RESULT
Tabulate your result in 3 columns as shown below
Procedure Observation Interference
1. H2O + HIn ⇆ H3O + In no changes The equilibrium is already
-MCH3 COOH same at the both side.
2. NH4OH ⇆ NH4+ + OH Pink to colourless The equilibrium is pushed to
NH4Cl the right , more product
formed
3. NaOH +NaCl ⇆ NaCl+H2O dark pink to pink The equilibrium is pushed to
NaCl the left , more reactant
formed
4. K2CrCO4 + HNO3 ⇆ yellow to orange The equilibrium is pushed to
K2Cr2O7 + KNO3 + H2O the right , more reactant
HNO3 formed then the reaction
NaOH were reverts
5. CuSO4 + 4NH3 ⇆ Cu (NH3) light blue to blue The equilibrium is pushed to
+ 4 H2O the left , more reactant
HNO3 formed
6a. FeCl3 + NH4SCN ⇆ red to orange The equilibrium is pushed to
Fe(SCN)Cl2 +NH4Cl the right , more product
+ 5ml water formed
6b. FeCl3 + NH4SCN ⇆ red to red brick The equilibrium is pushed to
Fe(SCN)Cl2 +NH4Cl the right , more product
+ 5ml FeCl3 formed
6c. FeCl3 + NH4SCN ⇆ pink to soft pink The equilibrium is pushed to
Fe(SCN)Cl2 +NH4Cl the left , more reactant
+ 5ml NH4SCN formed
6d. FeCl3 + NH4SCN ⇆ orange to dark yellow The equilibrium is pushed to
Fe(SCN)Cl2 +NH4Cl *Temperature ice : 6°C the right , more product
+ 5ml water immerse the test *Temperature solution :no formed
tube in ice changes
6e. FeCl3 + NH4SCN ⇆ orange to light yellow The equilibrium is pushed to
Fe(SCN)Cl2 +NH4Cl *Temperature hot water :52°C the right , more product
+ 5ml water immerse the test *Temperature solution : 55°C formed
tube in hot water
DISCUSSION:

Le Chatelier's principle states that when surroundings are altered to upset dynamic
equilibrium, the equilibrium position modifies to make up for the disruption and return
equilibrium. A chemical reaction that is in equilibrium will shift in the opposite direction of
the change in temperature, pressure, product or reactant concentration, or all three. We
discovered that, despite adding different solutions to the tubes, only tubes 1 retained their
original colours after our studies.

All other experiments had seen their colours alter to different hues because Le
Chatelier's Principle does not apply to catalysts and adding a catalyst has no effect on the
equilibrium position, the colour of the solution remains unchanged despite their deceptive
appearance on this page. This is due to the fact that a catalyst accelerates both the forward
and backward reactions equally. The location of equilibrium remains unaffected by the
addition of a catalyst, neither does it change the relative speeds of the two reactions. The rates
of the forward response and the reverse reaction must equalise in order for a dynamic
equilibrium to form. This takes time to occur. The rate at which a reaction reaches dynamic
equilibrium is accelerated by a catalyst. It is ludicrous to suggest that the equilibrium position
shifts to one side of the other given that the chemical concentrations on both sides have
grown and the chemical colours would remain unchanged. This implies that the chemical
concentrations on both sides of the reaction have increased.

We get to the conclusion that all of the colour changes occur as a result of reactant to
product and product to reactant transformations. The equilibrium moves to lessen stress and
produces more product as more reactant is supplied. The equilibrium moves to reactants to
lessen stress as more product is introduced. The equilibrium changes to produce more
reactant or product, respectively, to make up for the loss if reactant or product is eliminated.
It is important to note that the value of the Keq remains constant when reactants or products
are added or withdrawn. To restore concentrations and bring the Keq expression back to the
right value, the chemical reaction only shifts in a predictable way. The solid and liquid phases
are not significantly impacted by pressure variations. Pressure, however, has a significant
effect on the gas phase. In accordance with Le Chatelier's principle, an equilibrium is shifted
to the side of the reaction where there are less moles of gas when pressure is increased, and
the opposite is true when pressure is decreased. Pressure has no effect if the quantity of gas
on both sides of the reaction is equal.

A temperature has been applied to the colour. The reason for the colour shift
is .Whether the reaction is endothermic or exothermic determines this. Recall that an
exothermic chemical process releases energy into the environment, whereas an endothermic
reaction absorbs energy. Raising the temperature can be viewed as adding energy because it
is a measurement of the system's energy. By moving to the other side, the reaction will
behave as though a reactant or product has been added. For instance, in an endothermic
reaction, increasing the temperature is equivalent to adding a reactant, causing the
equilibrium to shift in favour of the products. The equilibrium alters when the temperature
drops because it is equal to lowering a reactant in endothermic processes or a product in
exothermic reactions.

CONCLUSION:

In the conclusion , we obeserve that Le Chatelier's principle can be stated by change

in one of the variables that describe a system at equilibrium produces a shift in the position of
the equilibrium that counteracts the effect of this change. From that case , our running
experiment is conclude with all of focus about Le Chatelier's principle even broken down into
several tests

REFERENCE:

 Le Chatelier's principle. (2023, January 30). Chemistry LibreTexts.

https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbo
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Equilibria/Le_Chateliers_Principle

 The effect of changing conditions. (2023, January 30). Chemistry LibreTexts.

https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbo
ok_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/
Equilibria/Le_Chateliers_Principle/The_Effect_of_Changing_Conditions

 Le Chatelier's principle. (n.d.). chemguide: helping you to understand Chemistry -

https://www.chemguide.co.uk/physical/equilibria/lechatelier.html

 Shifting equilibria: Le Chatelier’s principle – Introductory chemistry – 1st Canadian

edition. (2014, September 16). BCcampus Open Publishing – Open Textbooks
Adapted and Created by BC Faculty.
https://opentextbc.ca/introductorychemistry/chapter/shifting-equilibria-le-chateliers-
principle/