International Journal of

Molecular Sciences

Editorial
Skin Epidermis and Barrier Function
Kyung-Min Lim

College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seodaemungu, Seoul 03760, Korea; [email protected];
Tel.: +82-2-3277-3055; Fax: +82-2-3277-3760

The skin epidermis is the outermost epithelial tissue that protects the body from the
external environment. The skin epidermis forms an effective barrier against obnoxious
stimuli from outside and simultaneously functions as a semipermeable membrane, helping
to maintain proper moisture within the body. The human skin epidermis is relatively thick
and robust compared to that of other terrestrial mammals [1], which is most probably
due to the paucity of protecting hairs. Even within healthy humans, differences in the
structure of skin epidermis and barrier function can be observed [2]. To adapt to the
surrounding environment, the skin epidermis has evolved to become a dynamic structure
with homeostatic capabilities that can cope with altering external conditions [3,4]. Mostly
unidentified complex differentiation/proliferation processes orchestrate the maturation of
skin epidermis and its homeostasis.
Disruption of epidermal homeostasis is associated closely with the deterioration of
skin health and the pathophysiology of various skin diseases, including ichthyosis, xerosis,
atopic dermatitis, and psoriasis, signifying its pathological and aesthetic importance.
Consequently, skin epidermis has been an important topic for dermatology, pathology,
pharmacology, toxicology, molecular biology, and cosmetic sciences. This Special Issue,
“Skin Epidermis and Barrier Function,” comprises excellent articles and reviews related to
various aspects of skin epidermis and barrier function at a molecular level and provides



important insights into future research on skin epidermis and barrier function.


For such research, a proper test model of human physiology or disease is fundamental.
Citation: Lim, K.-M. Skin Epidermis
Cunha et al. [5] provided an excellent article introducing human induced pluripotent
and Barrier Function. Int. J. Mol. Sci.
stem cell (hiPSC)-derived epidermal keratinocytes from ichthyosis patients. These cells
2021, 22, 3035. https://doi.org/
can be employed to build human relevant experimental disease models in vitro, which
10.3390/ijms22063035
will be of immense help to researching skin diseases. Hwang et al. [6] reported an ex
vivo live full-thickness porcine skin model as a versatile tool for skin barrier research and
Received: 3 March 2021
Accepted: 14 March 2021
toxicity testing. The ban on animal testing in the cosmetics industry has ignited research on
Published: 16 March 2021
alternative models in dermatology. An ex vivo full-thickness porcine skin model provides
such a cheap but human-relevant experimental skin model.
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral
microRNAs (miRNAs) have expanded knowledge on the regulation of mRNA expres-
with regard to jurisdictional claims in
sion in various tissues [7]. Lee [8] provided a comprehensive review of the role of miRNAs
published maps and institutional affil- in the regulation of epidermal barrier. Beer et al. [9] also reported on the contribution of
iations. miR-155 to keratinocyte differentiation and the pathophysiology of psoriasis, highlighting
the role of miRNAs in the skin epidermis.
The skin epidermis is an integral topic for cosmetic dermatology since it is important
for skin hydration, wound healing, and aging. Rochette et al. [10] provided a comprehen-
Copyright: © 2021 by the author.
sive review on the anti-aging effects of growth differentiation factor 11 (GDF11) in the
Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
skin. Choi et al. [11] found that tenascin C (TNC), an element of the extracellular matrix
This article is an open access article
of various tissues, was downregulated in aged skin. More importantly, treatment with
distributed under the terms and recombinant TNC polypeptide increased collagen expression by activating the transform-
conditions of the Creative Commons ing growth factor- β (TGF-β) signaling pathway. Kobayashi et al. [12] showed that UVB
Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// enhances the mis-localization of claudin-1 through NO and peroxynitrite production in
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ a human keratinocyte cell line, which can explain the weakening of skin barrier and the
4.0/). deterioration of skin condition upon exposure to UVB. Lee et al. [13] discovered that a

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 3035. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22063035 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/ijms

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 3035 2 of 3

synthetic retinoid, seletinoid G, is effective in improving skin barrier function, which they
purported to be due to its wound-healing effects.
Atopic dermatitis is a representative skin disease mainly affecting the epidermis [14].
Souto et al. [15] provided a comprehensive review of treatment strategies for atopic der-
matitis. Lee et al. [16] reviewed the relationship of skin barrier abnormalities and immune
dysfunction. Lee [17] provided an excellent review purporting the role of skin barrier
dysfunction as a pivotal molecular mechanistic cue to induce atopic dermatitis. Toncic
et al. [18] discovered that sphingosine, sphinganine, and their ceramides, components of
intercellular lipids in the stratum corneum, are altered in atopic dermatitis, which they
related to the disrupted skin barrier function of the disease. Ishitsuka and Roop [19] re-
viewed past and present research on the use of loricrin for skin diseases, based on which
they suggested future prospects.
As the guest editor for this Special Issue, I had not expected such enthusiasm from
peer researchers. I am grateful to the authors for the contribution of excellent papers to this
Special Issue. The second Special Issue under the same title is open for submission now,
with a deadline of 31 July 2021. I expect additional excellent articles to be submitted and
contribute to knowledge on the skin epidermis and barrier function.

Institutional Review Board Statement: Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement: Not applicable.
Data Availability Statement: Not applicable.
Acknowledgments: This study was funded by the Health Technology R&D Project, Ministry of
Health and Welfare, Republic of Korea (Grant No. HP20C0061).
Conflicts of Interest: The author declares no conflict of interest.

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Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 3035 3 of 3

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