Emi Physics Deep Roy

Deep Roy
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that DEEP ROY, a student of class
XII of St. Xavier’s High school, has successfully
completed his project of Physics on the topic.
“To study the theory of electromagnetic induction

and its application”
Under the guidance and supervision of the teacher, Mrs.

SHAMPA MUKHERJEE Ma’am during the academic
year 2023-2024.
I approved the project for the fulfilment of AISSCE

conducted by the “CENTRAL BOARD OF
SECONDARY EDUCATION (CBSE)”
(INTERNAL EXAMINER) (EXTERNAL EXAMINER)
(PRINCIPAL)
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my special thanks to my
PHYSICS teacher, Mrs. SHAMPA MUKHERJEE for
the vital support, guidance and encouragement, without
which this project would not have come forth.
Without thanking my parents for their unwavering

support this acknowledgement would be incomplete.
At last, I want to thank God, the Almighty, who

inculcated the strength and dedication in me to
complete this project work in time.
DEEP ROY
CLASS XII
St. XAVIER’S HIGH SCHOOL
BANKURA
index
SL No. Contents
1. INTRODUCTION
2. PRINCIPLE
3. THEORY
4. APPLCATIONS OF EMI
5. OBSERVATION
6. CONCLUSION
7. APPLICATIONS
8. PRECAUTIONS
9. BIBLIOGRAPHY
AIM
To study the phenomena of Electromagnetic
Induction
Introduction
Electromagnet
An electromagnet is a type of magnet in which the
magnetic field is produced by an electric current. The
magnetic field disappears when the current is turned off.
Induction
This process of generating current in a conductor by
placing the conductor in a changing magnetic field is
called induction.
Electromagnetic Induction
Electromagnetic induction is the production of a
potential difference (voltage) across a conductor when it
is exposed to a varying magnetic field. Electromagnetic
Induction is when an electromagnetic field causes
molecules in another object to flow. Induction can
produce electricity (in coils), heat (in ferrous metals), or
waves (in a radio transmitter).
Finally it refers to the phenomenon where an emf is
induced when the magnetic flux linking a conductor
changes.
Magnetic Flux (Φ)= B.A
Principle
Electromagnetic induction(or sometimes just induction)

is a process where a conductor placed in a changing
magnetic field (or a conductor moving through a
stationary magnetic field) causes the production of
voltage across the conductor. This process of
electromagnetic induction, in turn, causes an electrical
current - It is said to induce the current.
Theory
Invention
Michael Faraday is generally credited with the

discovery of induction in 1831, though it may have been
anticipated by the work of Francesco Zantesdeschi
in1829. Around 1830 to 1832, Joseph Henry made a
similar discovery, but didn’t publish his findings until
later.
Induced E.M.F
If magnetic flux through a coil is altered then an e.m.f

will be generated in the coil. This effect was first
observed and explained by Ampere and Faraday
between 1825 and 1831. Faraday discovered that an
e.m.f could be generated by either of the following
methods:
1. Moving the coil or the source of flux relative to
each other.
2.Changing the magnitude of the source of magnetic
flux in some way.
Note that the e.m.f is only produced while the flux is
changing.
For example, consider two coils as shown in figure 1.
Figure 1
Coil A is connected to a galvanometer and coil B is

connected to a battery and has direct flowing through
it. Coil A is within the magnetic field produced by B and
an e.m.f can be produced in A by moving the coils
relative to each other or by changing the magnitude of
current in B. This can be done by using the rheostat R,
switching the current on or off, or using an AC supply
for B.
An e.m.f could also be produced in coil A by replacing
coil B with a permanent magnet and moving this
relative to coil A.
Representation
Electromagnetic induction is the production of a

potential difference (voltage) across a conductor when
it is exposed to a varying magnetic field.
Working and Construction
Current is produced in a conductor when it is moved

through a magnetic field because the magnetic lines of
force are applying a force on the free electrons in the
conductor and causing them to move. This process of
generating current in a conductor by placing the
conductor in a changing magnetic field is called
induction. This is called induction because there is no
physical connection between the conductor and the
magnet. The current is said to be induced in the
conductor by the magnetic field.
One requirement for this electromagnetic induction to
take place is that the conductor, which is often a piece of
wire, must be perpendicular to the magnetic lines of
force in order to produce the maximum force on the free
electrons. The direction that the induced current flows
is determined by the direction of the lines of force and
by the direction the wire is moving in the field. In the
animation above the ammeter (the instrument used to
measure current) indicates when there is current in the
conductor.
If an AC current is fed through a piece of wire, the

electromagnetic field that is produced is constantly
growing and shrinking due to the constantly changing
current in the wire. This growing and shrinking
magnetic field can induce electrical current in another
wire that is held close to the first wire. The current in
the second wire will also be AC and in fact will look very
similar to the current flowing in the first wire.
It is common to wrap the wire into a coil to concentrate

the strength of the magnetic field at the ends of the coil.
Wrapping the coil around an iron bar will further
concentrate the magnetic field in the iron bar. The
magnetic field will be strongest inside the bar and at its
ends (poles).
Lenz’s Law
When an emf is generated by a change in magnetic flux

according to Faraday's Law, the polarity of the induced
emf is such that it produces a current whose magnetic
field opposes the change which produces it. The induced
magnetic field inside any loop of wire always acts to
keep the magnetic flux in the loop constant. In the
examples below, if the B field is increasing, the induced
field acts in opposition to it. If it is decreasing, the
induced field acts in the direction of the applied field to
try to keep it constant.
Applications of EMI
Electric Generator:
The EMF generated by Faraday's law of induction due

to relative movement of a circuit and a magnetic field is
the phenomenon underlying electrical generators.
When a permanent magnet is moved relative to a
conductor, or vice versa, an electromotive force is
created. If the wire is connected through an electrical
load, current will flow, and thus electrical energy is
generated, converting the mechanical energy of motion
to electrical energy.
Electric transformer:
The EMF predicted by Faraday's law is also responsible

for electrical transformers. When the electric current in
a loop of wire changes, the changing current creates a
changing magnetic field. A second wire in reach of this
magnetic field will experience this change in magnetic
field as a change in its coupled magnetic flux, dϕ/dt.
Therefore, an electromotive force is set up in the second
loop called the induced EMF or transformer EMF. If
the two ends of this loop are connected through an
electrical load, current will flow.
Magnetic Flow Meter:
Faraday's law is used for measuring the flow of

electrically conductive liquids and slurries. Such
instruments are called magnetic flow meters. The
induced voltage ℇ is generated in the magnetic field B
due to a conductive liquid moving at velocity v is thus
given by:
ε = −Blv
where l is the distance between the electrodes in the
magnetic flow meter.
Observation
● Magnet is moved
at a certain rate,
certain voltage is
produced.
(a) As the magnet moves slowly to the right, its magnetic

field is changing with respect to coil, and a voltage is induced
● Magnet is moved
at a faster rate and
creating a greater
induced voltage.
(b) As the magnet moves more rapidly to the right, its
magnetic field is changing more rapidly with respect to
coil, and a greater voltage is induced
● Magnet is moved
at the same speed
through coil that has
a greater number of
turns and greater
voltage is induced.
(c) Magnet moves at Same rate through a coil with more
turns (loops) and induces a greater voltage
Conclusion
Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction, first

observed and published by Michael Faraday in the mid-
nineteenth century, describes a very important electro-
magnetic concept. Although its
mathematical representations
are cryptic, the essence of
Faraday’s is not hard to grasp: it
relates an induced electric
potential or voltage to a dynamic
magnetic field. This concept has
many far-reaching ramifications
that touch our lives in many
ways: from the shining of the sun, to the convenience of
mobile communications, to electricity to power our
homes. We can all appreciate the profound impact
Faraday’s Law has on us.
Applications
The principles of electromagnetic induction are applied

in many devices and systems, including:
● Electrical generators
● Induction motors
● Induction sealing
● Inductive charging
● Transformers
● Wireless energy transfer
Precautions
● Keep yourself safe from high voltage

● Use & handle lab instruments with care
● Do not scratch insulated copper wire while making
the loop
● Do not use digital voltmeter for above
demonstration
Bibliography
I have taken help from the following sources:-

• https://en.m.wikipedia.org
• https://scribd.com
• Physics Ncert book for class XII
• Google search Engine
• Seminarsonly.com
I have also taken help from my physics teacher, friends

and family.

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Deep Roy

“To study the theory of electromagnetic induction

Under the guidance and supervision of the teacher, Mrs.

I approved the project for the fulfilment of AISSCE

(INTERNAL EXAMINER) (EXTERNAL EXAMINER)

Without thanking my parents for their unwavering

At last, I want to thank God, the Almighty, who

Electromagnetic induction(or sometimes just induction)

Michael Faraday is generally credited with the

If magnetic flux through a coil is altered then an e.m.f

For example, consider two coils as shown in figure 1.

Coil A is connected to a galvanometer and coil B is

Electromagnetic induction is the production of a

Working and Construction

Current is produced in a conductor when it is moved

If an AC current is fed through a piece of wire, the

It is common to wrap the wire into a coil to concentrate

When an emf is generated by a change in magnetic flux

The EMF generated by Faraday's law of induction due

The EMF predicted by Faraday's law is also responsible

Faraday's law is used for measuring the flow of

(a) As the magnet moves slowly to the right, its magnetic

Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction, first

The principles of electromagnetic induction are applied

● Keep yourself safe from high voltage

I have taken help from the following sources:-

I have also taken help from my physics teacher, friends

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