Unit 43 IOT - Assignment 01

School of Computing and Engineering
Pearson Higher National in Computing

Assignment Brief - BTEC (RQF)
Academic Year 22-23
Student Name: Mahnoor Syed Nazeer Class: HND-Computing Y2

Assessor Name: Umair Bin Ahmad Issue Date: 04-May-2023
Unit No. and Title: Unit 43: Internet of Things
Assignment No. and Title: Assignment 01:
Formative Submission
12-May-23 Submitted on:
Date:
Summative Submission
14-May-23 Submitted on:
Date:
Resubmission Date: 17-May-23 Submitted on:
IV of Brief Name: Date of IV:
Submission Format
This assignment can be either hand-written or typed in full, but all working must be shown in
order to demonstrate your understanding of the tasks.
This assignment is to be submitted directly to Moodle on the date shown above.

Unit Learning Outcomes
Analyse what aspects of IoT are necessary and appropriate when designing software
LO1
applications
Outline a plan for an appropriate IoT application using common architecture,
LO2
frameworks, tools, hardware and APIs
Student Declaration
I certify that the assignment submission is entirely my own work and I fully understand the
consequences of plagiarism. I understand that making a false declaration is a form of malpractice.
Pearson BTEC HN RQF Assignment Brief and Student Declaration Form Template Academic Year 2022/23
Student Signature: Date:
Attach this section to the front of your completed work
Assignment Brief
Vocational Scenario
You currently work as a product developer for a new startup where you design IoT products for the
consumer, corporate, government and defence clients. As part of your role your manager has
tasked you
to plan and develop a new IoT product, service or application for a potential client. You are
required to
identify a target user and conduct tests with this user and include this feedback into multiple
iterative
versions of your product.
Assignment Activity and Guidance
Activities
● Plan an IoT application for a specific target end user and the tests you intend to conduct
with this
user. This plan will be in the form of a document and will include supporting evidence and
material, such as user personas and customer journey maps.
● Create multiple iterations of your application and modify each iteration with enhancements
gathered from user feedback and experimentation. This will follow the pathway outlined in
your plan.(log book,)
Recommended Resources
Please note that the resources listed are examples for you to use as a starting point in your
research- this list is not definitive.
*Please access HN Global for additional resources support and reading for this unit. For further
guidance and support on report writing please refer to the Study Skills Unit on HN Global. Link
to www.highernationals.com
Learning Outcomes and Assessment Criterion
Pass Merit Distinction
LO1. Analyse what aspects of IoT are necessary and appropriate when designing software
applications.
M1 Evaluate the impact of D1 Evaluate specific forms of
common IoT architecture, IoT architecture and justify
P1 Explore various forms
frameworks, tools, hardware their use when designing
of IoT functionality.
and APIs in the software software applications.
development lifecycle.
P2 Review standard
architecture, frameworks,
M2 Review specific forms of
tools, hardware and APIs
IoT architecture, frameworks,
available for use in IoT
tools, hardware and APIs for
development.
different problem-solving
requirements.
LO2 Outline a plan for an appropriate IoT application using common architecture, frameworks,
tools, hardware and APIs
M3 Select the most
P3 Investigate appropriate IoT architecture,
architecture, frameworks, frameworks, tools, hardware
tools, hardware and API and API techniques to include
techniques available to in an application to solve this
develop IoT applications. problem.
P4 Determine a specific M4 Apply your selected

problem to solve using IoT. techniques to create an IoT
application development plan.
Formative Feedback
Student Name:
Assessor Signature: Date:

Student Signature: Date:
Summative Feedback
Student Name:
Assignment Grade: Choose an item. Assessors Signature:

Resubmission Feedback
Final Assignment Assessors Signature:

Choose an item.
Grade: Student Signature:
Please note that grade decisions are provisional. They are only confirmed once internal and external mode
have been agreed at the Examination Board.
IVs Signature and Date:
Pearson BTEC HN RQF Assignment Feedback Form Template Academic Year 2022/23
Table of Contents
Assignment Brief....................................................................................................................................................3
Formative Feedback...............................................................................................................................................5
Summative Feedback..............................................................................................................................................5
LO1. Analyse what aspects of IOT are necessary and appropriate when designing software applications............8
P1 Explore various forms of IOT functionality........................................................................................................8
1. What is the Internet of Things (IoT)............................................................................................................8
2. The evolution of IoT....................................................................................................................................8
3. How does IoT work and why is it known as the Internet of Things.............................................................9
4. Major examples of IoT..............................................................................................................................10
5. Forms of IoT..............................................................................................................................................11
8. How IoT has helped in the past few years................................................................................................12
9. IoT example of lights automation.............................................................................................................13
P2 Review standard architecture, frameworks, tools, hardware, and APIs available for use in IoT development.
.............................................................................................................................................................................. 15
1. The architecture of IoT:............................................................................................................................15
2. Role of API (Application programming interface) in the development of IoT Architecture......................18
3. Hardware used for the development of IoT systems................................................................................20
4. Role of Frameworks Used for the Development of IoT Systems...............................................................20
5. Tools used for the development of IoT systems.......................................................................................21
P3 Investigate architecture, frameworks, tools, hardware, and API techniques that are available to develop IoT
applications..........................................................................................................................................................21
1. The architecture of IoT:............................................................................................................................21
2. Tools available for IoT applications:..........................................................................................................24
3. Hardware Available for the IoT Applications:...........................................................................................25
4. API Technique available for IoT Applications:...........................................................................................27
P4 Determine a specific problem to solve using IoT.............................................................................................27
1. Asset-tracking IoT-based systems.............................................................................................................27
2. How does an asset-tracking IoT system work?.........................................................................................28
3. Hardware devices used for Asset-tracking IoT system:.............................................................................29
4. Implementation steps of Asset tracking IoT system.................................................................................30
5. Benefits of using an asset-tracking IoT system.........................................................................................30
M1 Evaluate the impact of common IoT architecture, frameworks, tools, hardware, and APIs in the software
development lifecycle..........................................................................................................................................31
1. Understanding Common IoT Architecture for The development of An Asset Tracking IoT System..........32
1. IoT frameworks for asset tracking IoT systems:........................................................................................33
1. Tools used for the development of IoT software for asset tracking IoT systems:.....................................33
2. Role of Hardware in IoT software Development.......................................................................................34
3. Role of IoT APIs and their Impact on Software Development...................................................................35
4. Challenges in Developing IoT Software and Overcoming Them................................................................35
M2 Review specific forms of IoT architecture, frameworks, tools, hardware, and APIs for different problem-
solving requirements............................................................................................................................................36
5. IoT Frameworks for Different Problem-Solving Requirements.................................................................37
6. IoT Hardware and APIs for Different Problem-Solving Requirements......................................................38
LO1. Analyse what aspects of IOT are necessary and appropriate when designing software
applications.
P1 Explore various forms of IOT functionality.
1. What is the Internet of Things (IoT)
In today's fast-paced world, technology is advancing at a rapid rate. IoT or the Internet of Things is
one such innovation that has taken the world by storm. Everything seems to be connected, from
mobile phones to wearable devices and even home appliances! But what exactly is IoT? How does it
work? And why has it become such an essential part of our lives? We’ll explore the evolution of IoT,
how it works, and its major examples of the Internet of Things.
IoT is a network of physical objects, or "things", that are connected to the internet and can
communicate with other devices. These objects can sense and collect data from their surroundings
and then send it over the internet for analysis and storage. In essence, IoT allows us to monitor our
environment in real-time, allowing us to take action.
IoT is revolutionizing the way we interact with our physical environment, and its potential for
innovation is endless. From controlling our home appliances to tracking shipments and monitoring
production lines, IoT has become an integral part of modern life. In the coming years, we are likely to
see even more advancements in this cutting-edge technology. Accordingly. Through this technology,
we can improve safety, efficiency, convenience, and even productivity.
2. The evolution of IoT
The concept of IoT dates back to the early 1980s when a group of researchers at Carnegie Mellon
University used the term "Internet of Things" for the first time. However, it wasn't until the late 1990s
that Kevin Ashton, a British entrepreneur, and innovator, coined this term. Since then, the concept of
IoT has grown significantly. Technological advances such as 5G networks and artificial intelligence
have enabled data collection and analysis to become more efficient, effective, and cost-effective. This
led to an increase in the number of smart devices connected to the internet, which paved the way for
a new wave of connected products and services.
The rise of cloud computing also played a major role in the growth of IoT. Cloud computing allowed
for larger amounts of data to be stored and analysed in real-time from remote locations, thus
providing organizations with insights that were not previously possible.
Today, IoT is being leveraged across a wide range of industries such as retail, manufacturing,
transportation, healthcare, agriculture, and energy. Businesses are using IoT solutions to enhance
customer experience, monitor assets remotely, improve operational efficiency, reduce costs, and
increase safety levels. With more organizations utilizing this technology on a daily basis; it is expected
that the usage rate will continue to grow substantially over the next decade.
Ashton's idea was to use RFID tags (Radio-Frequency identification) and sensors to connect physical
objects with digital systems. This would enable these devices to collect data and interact with other
connected devices without human intervention.
Today, IoT is being used in a variety of ways, from energy management and home automation to
industrial automation and predictive maintenance. Companies are also using IoT solutions to track
their fleets of vehicles and monitor their supply chains. In the future, it is expected that IoT will
continue to expand its reach into various industries and across different sectors.
Over time, advancements in wireless communication technologies such as Bluetooth and Wi-Fi made
it possible for IoT devices to communicate with each other over large distances. With the advent of
cloud computing technological time smart devices could now store vast amounts of data in real-time.
Today we see an ever-increasing number of products being developed using IoT technology - from
smart homes and wearable health monitors to self-driving cars! The evolution of IoT has been nothing
short of remarkable - paving the way for an interconnected world where everything is just a click
away!
3. How does IoT work and why is it known as the Internet of Things
IoT stands for the Internet of Things, and it refers to a network of physical devices that are
interconnected and able to collect and exchange data. The basic idea behind IoT is to create an
environment in which machines can communicate with each other without human intervention.
The communication between these devices is made possible through sensors, software, and wireless
connections like Bluetooth or Wi-Fi. These connected devices range from simple objects such as
household appliances like smart refrigerators or home thermostats to complex industrial machinery
like assembly lines. They all have one thing in common: they are embedded with sensors that enable
them to interact with their surroundings.
The data collected by these sensors is then sent to a cloud-based platform, which can be accessed and
analysed for various use cases. By analysing this data, businesses can gain valuable insights into their
operations and make decisions that improve efficiency and productivity. This is why IoT is known as
the Internet of Things – it’s an ever-evolving network of connected devices that provide actionable
insights.
The ability of these devices to collect real-time data about their surroundings allows users to monitor
everything from temperature changes in a room or energy usage patterns within a building. This
information can be used by businesses, governments, and individuals alike for various purposes such
as improving operational efficiency or creating new business models.
IoT has revolutionized how we live our lives by making it easier than ever to connect people with the
world around them while streamlining processes across industries. In short, IoT transforms everyday
objects into sources of valuable data that can be harnessed for numerous applications.
4. Major examples of IoT
IoT has already become a part of our daily lives without us even realizing it. From smart homes to
wearable devices, IoT is everywhere. Here are some major examples of IoT that we use on a regular
basis.
One of the most popular examples of IoT is the Amazon Echo device, which uses voice recognition
technology to perform various tasks such as playing music, setting alarms and reminders, and
controlling other smart home devices.
 Another example is Nest Thermostat which automatically adjusts temperature based on your
preferences and patterns. This not only saves you energy but also makes your life more
comfortable.
 Smart security systems like Ring doorbells have also gained popularity in recent years due to
their ability to provide real-time video surveillance for your home through smartphones or
tablets.
 IoT also plays an important role in healthcare with wearable fitness trackers like Fit bit
allowing users to monitor their health metrics such as heart rate and sleep patterns constantly.
These are just a few examples demonstrating how IoT has transformed various areas of our
lives making them more efficient and convenient by connecting everyday objects over the
internet.
5. Forms of IoT
IoT has revolutionized the way we connect and interact with our devices. Technology has made it
possible for us to automate various activities from anywhere in the world through a single device. We
can remotely operate our homes' security systems, control thermostats, monitor energy consumption
levels, and much more.
As IoT continues to grow at an unprecedented rate, businesses are finding new ways of using this
technology to improve their operations' efficiency while creating better customer experiences. From
smart agriculture to healthcare tech solutions, there's no limit to the potential applications of IoT.
Therefore as we continue advancing technologically day by day especially with automation taking
over the human labour force; embracing Io T is key since it paves the way for efficient utilization of
resources as well as interconnectivity which results in increased productivity and revenue generation.
Below are some of the main forms of IoT:
1. Wearable – smart watches, fitness trackers, and other wearable watches are quickly becoming the
norm for tracking activity, monitoring health, and connecting to the internet.
2. Smart Home Devices - Smart home devices such as voice assistants (Google Home, Amazon Echo),
connected thermostats, and security systems allow users to control their homes from anywhere in the
world.
3. Industrial IoT - Industrial IoT solutions enable businesses to collect real-time data about their
equipment and operations, allowing them to make timely decisions that improve efficiency and
reduce costs.
4. Autonomous Vehicles - Self-driving cars have become increasingly popular over recent years, with
companies like Tesla leading the way in providing connected vehicle solutions.
5. Robotics - Robots are being used in various industries to automate tasks that were previously done
by humans, resulting in improved productivity and cost savings.
6. Another type of IoT device is a home automation system. This technology allows homeowners to
remotely control their home's temperature, lighting, security systems, and other appliances using
their smartphones or voice commands. The integration of these systems can help reduce energy
consumption while increasing convenience for the user.
7. Transportation systems are another example of IoT technology in use today. Connected vehicles
with sensors installed can communicate with each other to optimize traffic flow and prevent
accidents by alerting drivers about potential hazards ahead.
8. How IoT has helped in the past few years
In the past few years, IoT has helped to improve the efficiency of business processes, revolutionary
technology has been changing the way we interact with our world - the Internet of Things (IoT). From
smart homes to industrial automation, IoT has taken over various industries and made things once
considered impossible possible.
The use of IoT has enabled businesses to automate a variety of tasks, from tracking inventory to
managing customer relationships. In addition to improving efficiency and cost savings, it has also
given companies the ability to access data in real-time and gain better insights into their operations.
This has allowed them to make more informed decisions and drive growth. Moreover, IoT technology
has opened up new opportunities for businesses, creating whole new markets that weren’t previously
available. This blog post will explore how IoT has helped us in recent years and what the future holds
for this ground-breaking technology holds.
9. IoT example of lights automation
Imagine walking into a room and the lights instantly turn on, without you having to lift a finger. This is
just one of the many examples of how IoT has revolutionized our daily lives. We can now automate
our homes and offices with smart lighting systems to be more energy-efficient and convenient.
With IoT-enabled bulbs and light fixtures, we can control every aspect of our lighting system from
anywhere in the world using just our smartphones or voice assistants like Amazon Alexa or Google
Home. We can even set schedules for when certain lights come on or off, which helps us save money
on electricity bills.
But it's not just about convenience - smart lighting also provides added security as well. For instance,
if you're away from home for an extended period of time, you can schedule your lights to turn on at
random intervals throughout the day so that it appears someone is still there.
Automated lighting is just one small example of how IoT has made great strides in simplifying our lives
while improving efficiency and reducing wastage.
Here is an example of a Light Automation system using IoT:
The Future of IoT
The future of IoT holds immense potential as it continues to revolutionize various industries and
transform our daily lives. With advancements in technology, we can expect a smarter, more
connected world where devices will communicate seamlessly with each other.
One area that is predicted to see significant growth is smart cities. Urban environments will become
increasingly efficient and sustainable through the integration of IoT solutions, such as intelligent traffic
management systems and waste disposal methods. This will tremendously improve the overall quality
of life for urban dwellers while reducing the environmental impact.
In addition, healthcare stands to benefit from IoT's expanding capabilities. Remote monitoring devices
could enable doctors to keep track of patients’ vital signs in real-time without them having to visit
hospitals or clinics physically. This not only reduces healthcare costs but also improves patient
outcomes by providing timely interventions when needed.
Advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning are expected to enhance the
functionality of IoT even further. As these technologies develop alongside one another, they will work
synergistically – paving the way for smarter decision-making processes among connected devices
Features of IoT
As we can see, IoT has come a long way in the past few years and has transformed the way we live
and work. From automating our homes to revolutionizing entire industries, IoT is making our lives
easier, more efficient, and safer.
The features of IoT that make it so powerful are its ability to collect vast amounts of data from various
devices and analyze it in real time. This allows us to make better decisions based on accurate
information.
Moreover, IoT offers remote monitoring capabilities that allow us to control devices from anywhere in
the world with an internet connection. This feature makes it possible for companies to monitor their
equipment remotely and detect potential issues before they become serious problems.
In addition, integration with machine learning algorithms enables predictive maintenance leading to
improved reliability and significant cost savings.
As technology evolves at breakneck speed over time so do the practical use cases for how we enable
smart systems such as the Internet of Things (IoT). It will be interesting how businesses adapt to this
new era but one thing is for sure - adopting these technologies will help them stay ahead of the
competition while improving efficiency across all areas of operation.
P2 Review standard architecture, frameworks, tools, hardware, and APIs available for use in IoT
development.
When it comes to IoT development, there is a vast array of standard architecture, frameworks, tools,
hardware, and APIs that are available for use. These resources range from popular cloud platforms
such as Google Cloud Platform and Amazon Web Services (AWS) to IoT-specific platforms like IBM
Watson IoT and Microsoft Azure Sphere. Additionally, there are various programming languages and
software development kits (SDKs) that can be used depending on the specific project needs. For
example, Python has become a popular language among developers due to its ease of use and
versatility in handling data analysis tasks commonly associated with IoT projects. Alternatively, C++
may be chosen by those looking to optimize performance in resource-constrained environments.
Other important components include sensors/actuators for gathering or controlling data respectively;
connectivity modules like Wi-Fi or Bluetooth Low Energy(LE); protocols such as MQTT (Message
Queuing Telemetry Transport), CoAP (Constrained Application Protocol), etc., which is crucial for
seamless communication between devices & gateways/servers/cloud-based applications; security
mechanisms designed specifically for the unique demands presented by the Internet of Things
implementations- all of these must work together cohesively to result in robust yet flexible large-scale
IOT solutions that can meet real-world business requirements while satisfying customer needs end-to-
end throughout their journey with us!
1. The architecture of IoT:
The architecture of IoT, or the Internet of Things, is a complex and interconnected web of devices,
networks, and data that work together to create a seamless user experience. At its core, IoT relies on
a combination of hardware and software components to collect data from sensors and devices in the
physical world and transmit that information over networks to cloud-based servers for analysis and
processing. This process requires robust security measures to safeguard sensitive information from
cyber threats while also enabling smooth communication between different nodes in the system.
Additionally, edge computing technology plays an essential role in reducing latency by allowing data
processing to occur directly on individual devices rather than relying exclusively on centralized
servers. The result is a sophisticated network that enables real-time monitoring and control across
diverse applications such as smart homes, industrial automation systems, healthcare monitoring
tools, transportation systems, and more.
Layers of IoT Architecture:
There are three layers of IoT’s standard architecture
1. Perception
2. Network
3. Application
 Perception: The Perception Layer of IoT architecture is the foundation upon which all other
layers are built. It is responsible for collecting data from the numerous devices and sensors
that make up an IoT ecosystem, such as smart home appliances or wearable fitness trackers.
This layer utilizes various protocols and technologies like Bluetooth Low Energy and Zigbee to
communicate with these connected devices, making it possible to collect information in real
time. The captured data could be anything from temperature readings to heart rates, which
allows businesses and individuals alike to gain valuable insights into their operations or
personal health status. Furthermore, security measures must be incorporated into this layer so
that only authorized individuals can access sensitive information about a particular device's
state or performance levels. In summary, the Perception Layer serves as a critical component
of IoT architecture by gathering essential information at scale while ensuring user privacy
through robust security implementations.
 Transport OR Network layer: The Network layer in the architecture of IoT plays a crucial role
in ensuring reliable communication between devices. At this layer, data is encapsulated into
packets and routed through networks using various protocols such as IPv4, IPv6, TCP, and
UDP. The keyword "gateway" comes to mind when discussing the Network layer as it acts as
an intermediary device that connects IoT devices with different network architectures.
Gateways translate data between different protocols or formats and ensure seamless
connectivity across a diverse range of network types including Wi-Fi, Bluetooth Low Energy
(BLE), Zigbee, and Lora WAN among others. Additionally, security mechanisms such as
encryption and authentication are implemented at this level to protect sensitive data from
unauthorized access during transmission. Overall, the Network layer constitutes an essential
part of Io T's architectural design by providing a stable foundation for interconnection among
various devices within its ecosystem.
 Processing Layer: The processing layer in the architecture of IoT is a crucial element that plays
a significant role in enhancing the functionality and efficiency of connected devices. This layer
comprises hardware components, such as processors, memory modules, and communication
interfaces that enable devices to perform complex computations and communicate with other
devices over various networks. Additionally, this layer also includes software applications such
as analytics engines, algorithms for prediction and anomaly detection models. These
innovative tools create machine learning-based solutions for decision-making processes on
streaming data produced by sensors located at different points within an ecosystem or
industrial process {keyword}. The Processing Layer makes possible tasks like predictive
maintenance of machines before breakdowns occur so manufacturers can avoid production
halt times caused by unexpected downtime. Moreover, it enables real-time response based on
information collected from sensors installed throughout systems in numerous industries
including oil & gas exploration sites or manufacturing plants where rapid action provides
valuable savings both financial and time-wise since every moment lost could be translated into
hundreds of thousands if not millions of dollars depending upon the scale envisioned.
Ultimately this layer's functions are imperative to ensure smooth operation while maintaining
optimal performance levels across multiple interconnected nodes- whether performing simple
actions like scaling bandwidth consumption during peak hours or more sophisticated ones
requiring AI-powered analysis - which only highlights how vital its presence truly is within IoT
infrastructures globally!
 Application Layer: The application layer is a crucial component in the architecture of IoT, as it
handles data exchange and processing between the devices and their end users. This layer acts
as an interface that enables applications to communicate with various connected devices
seamlessly. One of the primary functions of this layer is to ensure interoperability among
different types of IoT protocols and network topologies. The applications built on top of the
application layer play a significant role in providing value-added services, generating insights
from sensor data, and automating decision-making processes based on predefined rules or
machine learning algorithms. Furthermore, modern IoT architectures often incorporate cloud
computing platforms at the application layer to support scalability, security, and analytics
capabilities for large-scale deployments across diverse industry domains such as healthcare,
manufacturing, transportation, energy management, etc. Overall, the application layer forms a
critical part of any successful IoT implementation by enabling ubiquitous connectivity between
smart devices and intelligent systems for driving innovation and enhancing user experiences.
2. Role of API (Application programming interface) in the development of IoT Architecture
What is an API?
An API, also known as an Application Programming Interface, is a set of rules, protocols and tools for
developers to build software applications. The {keyword} that defines an API is its ability to provide
access to certain functionalities of an application or platform without requiring the developer to have
detailed knowledge about how those functions work behind the scenes. Essentially, an API acts as a
mediator between different software applications allowing them to communicate and exchange data
with each other. It enables developers to integrate third-party features into their own apps easily and
effectively without having in-depth technical expertise on each feature. By breaking down complex
systems into simpler parts that can be used independently from one another, APIs promote seamless
integration among various components creating efficient ecosystems where different applications
collaborate in unison. Ultimately, APIs are instrumental tools that enable fast and easy
communication between disparate systems bringing more value-add offerings for end users while
reducing development costs due to the reusability of code blocks across multiple projects.
The role of Application Programming Interface (API) in the development of IoT systems
The role of Application Programming Interface (API) in the development of IoT systems cannot be
overstated. APIs act as a bridge between different software applications and enable seamless
communication and data exchange, making them a crucial element in the creation of interconnected
devices. With IoT solutions becoming increasingly complex, there is a growing need for standardized
protocols to ensure that different devices can interact with each other without compatibility issues.
APIs address this challenge by setting up an interface that allows diverse hardware platforms and
programming languages to communicate with one another easily. By providing developers with
predetermined functions and processes, API makes building IoT systems faster, cheaper, and more
efficient while improving reliable integration across systems and applications. Additionally, APIs allow
businesses to develop secure channels through which they can expose their products or services using
sensors or connected devices. Thus, the ability to create robust interconnections among various
components means that API represents an essential component in realizing the true potential of IoT
technology.
How API Works
3. Hardware used for the development of IoT systems
The development of IoT systems relies heavily on the use of diverse and sophisticated hardware
components. One critical component is sensors, which collect data from the environment and send
them to an IoT gateway or cloud for further analysis. Different types of sensors, such as temperature,
humidity, pressure, and motion detectors are available depending on the application requirement.
Another vital hardware element is microcontrollers or embedded systems that enable devices to
communicate with each other using various connectivity options like Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE), Wi-
Fi, and Zigbee among many others. To provide wireless communication in a dense network topology
{keyword}, routers act as intermediaries between different nodes by forwarding messages from one
node to another using complex routing algorithms. In addition to this hardware equipment mentioned
above {keyword}, actuators allow IoT solutions to perform actions under certain conditions based on
distinct sensor readings- they include relays for switching electrical loads and motors used in robotic
applications giving life form factor for IoT devices interpretation opportunities being endless limited
just by human creativity and innovation!
4. Role of Frameworks Used for the Development of IoT Systems
Frameworks used for the development of IoT systems are essential for ensuring efficient and effective
deployment of Internet of Things (IoT) capabilities.
One such framework is the Eclipse IoT, a platform that helps in connecting smart devices to various
cloud-based services and applications. It allows developers to build modern solutions using open-
source technology, which makes their projects scalable and flexible while reducing costs.
Another useful framework is Microsoft's Azure IoT Suite, aimed at providing robust end-to-end
security for IoT deployments on a global scale. The suite includes several industry-specific offerings
like predictive maintenance solutions or remote monitoring of industrial machines.
AWS IoT Core provides extensive device management services enabling scalable cloud-to-device
communication through MQTT and HTTP protocols allowing ingestion of large quantities of data from
multiple sources very quickly whilst employing machine learning models provided by Amazon Sage
Maker to analyze data with high levels of precision enhancing reliability.
Frameworks play an integral role in crafting functional IoT systems capable enough to meet the ever-
increasing demands arising from day-to-day operational challenges in addition to scalability issues
posed by legacy IT architectures; ultimately accelerating digital transformation efforts across
industries around the world right now more than ever before.
5. Tools used for the development of IoT systems
Tools like IDEs, CLIs, and SDKs are essential for the development of IoT systems. An integrated
development environment (IDE) provides a robust platform that enables developers to write code
efficiently and manage their projects effectively. IDEs offer features such as debugging tools, syntax
highlighting, version control integration, and code autocomplete. On the other hand, Command Line
Interfaces (CLIs) allow developers to interact with hardware directly from the command line. They
provide a flexible way of programming different devices without having to install any additional
software or framework. Software Development Kits (SDKs) play a crucial role in simplifying the
development of IoT applications by providing a set of APIs that abstract away low-level details such as
network protocols or memory management. By using SDKs, developers can quickly prototype new
ideas without worrying too much about device-specific complexities. In conclusion, these tools are
vital for building innovative IoT systems that meet today's societal needs while keeping up with
technological advancements.
P3 Investigate architecture, frameworks, tools, hardware, and API techniques that are available to
develop IoT applications.
1. The architecture of IoT:
The architecture of IoT, or the Internet of Things, is a complex and interconnected web of devices,
networks, and data that work together to create a seamless user experience. At its core, IoT relies on
a combination of hardware and software components to collect data from sensors and devices in the
physical world and transmit that information over networks to cloud-based servers for analysis and
processing. This process requires robust security measures to safeguard sensitive information from
cyber threats while also enabling smooth communication between different nodes in the system.
Additionally, edge computing technology plays an essential role in reducing latency by allowing data
processing to occur directly on individual devices rather than relying exclusively on centralized
servers. The result is a sophisticated network that enables real-time monitoring and control across
diverse applications such as smart homes, industrial automation systems, healthcare monitoring
tools, transportation systems, and more.
Layers of IoT Architecture:
There are three layers of IoT’s standard architecture
4. Perception
5. Network
6. Application
 Perception: The Perception Layer of IoT architecture is the foundation upon which all other
layers are built. It is responsible for collecting data from the numerous devices and sensors
that make up an IoT ecosystem, such as smart home appliances or wearable fitness trackers.
This layer utilizes various protocols and technologies like Bluetooth Low Energy and Zigbee to
communicate with these connected devices, making it possible to collect information in real
time. The captured data could be anything from temperature readings to heart rates, which
allows businesses and individuals alike to gain valuable insights into their operations or
personal health status. Furthermore, security measures must be incorporated into this layer so
that only authorized individuals can access sensitive information about a particular device's
state or performance levels. In summary, the Perception Layer serves as a critical component
of IoT architecture by gathering essential information at scale while ensuring user privacy
through robust security implementations.
 Transport OR Network layer: The Network layer in the architecture of IoT plays a crucial role
in ensuring reliable communication between devices. At this layer, data is encapsulated into
packets and routed through networks using various protocols such as IPv4, IPv6, TCP, and
UDP. The keyword "gateway" comes to mind when discussing the Network layer as it acts as
an intermediary device that connects IoT devices with different network architectures.
Gateways translate data between different protocols or formats and ensure seamless
connectivity across a diverse range of network types including Wi-Fi, Bluetooth Low Energy
(BLE), Zigbee, and Lora WAN among others. Additionally, security mechanisms such as
encryption and authentication are implemented at this level to protect sensitive data from
unauthorized access during transmission. Overall, the Network layer constitutes an essential
part of Io T's architectural design by providing a stable foundation for interconnection among
various devices within its ecosystem.
 Processing Layer: The processing layer in the architecture of IoT is a crucial element that plays
a significant role in enhancing the functionality and efficiency of connected devices. This layer
comprises hardware components, such as processors, memory modules, and communication
interfaces that enable devices to perform complex computations and communicate with other
devices over various networks. Additionally, this layer also includes software applications such
as analytics engines, algorithms for prediction and anomaly detection models. These
innovative tools create machine learning-based solutions for decision-making processes on
streaming data produced by sensors located at different points within an ecosystem or
industrial process {keyword}. The Processing Layer makes possible tasks like predictive
maintenance of machines before breakdowns occur so manufacturers can avoid production
halt times caused by unexpected downtime. Moreover, it enables real-time response based on
information collected from sensors installed throughout systems in numerous industries
including oil & gas exploration sites or manufacturing plants where rapid action provides
valuable savings both financial and time-wise since every moment lost could be translated into
hundreds of thousands if not millions of dollars depending upon the scale envisioned.
Ultimately this layer's functions are imperative to ensure smooth operation while maintaining
optimal performance levels across multiple interconnected nodes- whether performing simple
actions like scaling bandwidth consumption during peak hours or more sophisticated ones
requiring AI-powered analysis - which only highlights how vital its presence truly is within IoT
infrastructures globally!
 Application Layer: The application layer is a crucial component in the architecture of IoT, as it
handles data exchange and processing between the devices and their end users. This layer acts
as an interface that enables applications to communicate with various connected devices
seamlessly. One of the primary functions of this layer is to ensure interoperability among
different types of IoT protocols and network topologies. The applications built on top of the
application layer play a significant role in providing value-added services, generating insights
from sensor data, and automating decision-making processes based on predefined rules or
machine learning algorithms. Furthermore, modern IoT architectures often incorporate cloud
computing platforms at the application layer to support scalability, security, and analytics
capabilities for large-scale deployments across diverse industry domains such as healthcare,
manufacturing, transportation, energy management, etc. Overall, the application layer forms a
critical part of any successful IoT implementation by enabling ubiquitous connectivity between
smart devices and intelligent systems for driving innovation and enhancing user experiences.
2. Tools available for IoT applications:
 Arduino: An open-source hardware and software platform used for building electronics
projects, including IoT devices.
 Raspberry Pi: A low-cost, credit-card sized computer that can be used for building IoT
applications.
 Node-RED: A visual programming tool for wiring together hardware devices, APIs, and online
services to create IoT applications.
 AWS IoT Core: A managed cloud platform that enables IoT devices to securely connect and
interact with cloud applications and other devices.
 Microsoft Azure IoT Hub: A cloud-based service that enables bi-directional communication
between IoT devices and cloud applications.
 Google Cloud IoT: A platform that enables IoT devices to connect, manage, and process data
using Google's cloud services.
3. Hardware Available for the IoT Applications:
One critical component is sensors, which collect data from the environment and send them to an IoT
gateway or cloud for further analysis. Different types of sensors, such as temperature, humidity,
pressure, and motion detectors are available depending on the application requirement. Another vital
hardware element is microcontrollers or embedded systems that enable devices to communicate with
each other using various connectivity options like Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE), Wi-Fi, and Zigbee
among many others. To provide wireless communication in a dense network topology {keyword},
routers act as intermediaries between different nodes by forwarding messages from one node to
another using complex routing algorithms.
 Arduino MKR: The role of Arduino MKR in IoT devices is crucial as it acts as the brain or central
processing unit of these devices. It provides a platform for connecting various sensors and
actuators, allowing them to collect data and perform actions based on that data. The keyword
"Arduino" refers to an open-source electronics platform that offers users a wide range of
microcontroller boards with varying capabilities. Among these boards, the MKR series stands
out due to their power efficiency, compactness, and compatibility with different connectivity
protocols such as Wi-Fi, Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE), and Narrowband IoT (NB-IoT). These
features make it possible for developers to create small-scale IoT solutions that can be
deployed seamlessly in various settings. Additionally, the Arduino IDE software simplifies
coding by providing a user-friendly interface for programming various modules used in IoT
applications. Overall, the use of Arduino MKR has revolutionized IoT development by making it
more accessible and cost-effective while maintaining high levels of functionality.
 Spark Fun ESP8266 Thing: Spark Fun ESP8266 Thing is a compact and powerful development
board designed for Internet of Things (IoT) projects. It is based on the ESP8266 Wi-Fi module
and offers an easy-to-use interface for programming and controlling IoT devices. The board is
equipped with a USB-to-serial converter for easy programming and a built-in antenna for Wi-Fi
connectivity. It also features an on-board regulator to provide a stable power supply to
connected devices. The Spark Fun ESP8266 Thing supports multiple development
environments, including the Arduino IDE and the Lua-based NodeMCU firmware, making it a
versatile option for both beginners and experienced developers.
 The Particle Argon: The Particle Argon is a Wi-Fi and Bluetooth-enabled development board
designed for building connected IoT applications. It is based on the powerful Nordic nRF52840
SoC, which includes an ARM Cortex-M4 processor, 1MB flash memory, and 256KB RAM. The
board is equipped with an external antenna to provide reliable wireless connectivity and
features an on board RGB LED and a reset button. It also includes a micro-USB port for power
and programming. The Particle Argon supports over-the-air (OTA) firmware updates and is
compatible with a variety of development tools, including Particle Workbench, Arduino, and
Circuit Python. With its rich set of features, the Particle Argon is an ideal choice for building IoT
projects that require wireless connectivity and advanced processing capabilities.
 Flutter: Flutter is a mobile app development framework that allows developers to build high-
performance, visually engaging apps for both Android and iOS platforms using a single
codebase. It is a software development kit (SDK) that includes a set of tools and widgets for
building beautiful and responsive user interfaces. Flutter is based on the Dart programming
language, which is known for its fast performance and ease of use. One of the key benefits of
Flutter is its ability to create custom widgets, which allows developers to build highly
personalized and interactive user interfaces. Flutter also supports hot reload, which enables
developers to see changes to their code in real time without the need to restart the app.
Additionally, Flutter provides a wide range of libraries and plugins that make it easy to
integrate with other technologies, such as Firebase for backend services and Google Maps for
location-based services. Overall, Flutter is a powerful and flexible tool for building mobile apps
that provide a superior user experience.
4. API Technique available for IoT Applications:
 REST APIs: REST (Representational State Transfer) APIs are a popular choice for building IoT
applications. They provide a simple, lightweight way for devices to communicate with servers
over HTTP.
 MQTT: MQTT (Message Queuing Telemetry Transport) is a lightweight messaging protocol

designed for IoT applications. It is ideal for systems that require low-latency, low-bandwidth
communication between devices.
 CoAP: CoAP (Constrained Application Protocol) is another lightweight messaging protocol

designed for use in constrained environments, such as IoT devices.
 Web Socket: Web Socket is a bi-directional, real-time communication protocol that allows
devices to communicate with servers over a single, persistent connection.
 GraphQL: GraphQL is a query language for APIs that allows clients to request only the data
they need, reducing the amount of data transferred and improving performance.
P4 Determine a specific problem to solve using IoT.
1. Asset-tracking IoT-based systems
Asset-tracking IoT-based systems work by utilizing various sensors and devices to monitor the
location, status, and movement of assets. If you're in the business of managing assets, whether it's
equipment, inventory, or vehicles, then you know just how challenging it can be to keep track of
everything. But with the rise of IoT technology (Internet of Things), there's now an easier way to
manage your assets and streamline operations. That's where asset-tracking IoT systems come in!
These systems allow for real-time monitoring and data collection on all your assets, making it possible
for you to make informed decisions that drive efficiency and cut costs. In this blog post, we'll dive into
how asset-tracking IoT systems work, their benefits, and implementation steps so you can start
optimizing your asset management today!
The keyword "IoT" stands for Internet of Things, which refers to the interconnected network of
devices that communicate with each other without human intervention. The system operates by
attaching small beacons or RFID tags on assets like vehicles, equipment, or products. These tags send
out signals to nearby receivers installed in designated locations such as warehouses or shipping yards.
The receivers then relay this information through cloud-based platforms accessible from any device
with authorized access to view real-time data reports about inventory levels, usage patterns,
maintenance schedules, and predictive analytics— all at your fingertips! This technology's use enables
organizations to optimize their supply chain operations effectively while enhancing security measures
against theft and loss prevention opportunities using defencing features that alert when an asset
leaves a certain area unauthorized. Asset-tracking IoT systems have revolutionized industries by
providing unparalleled visibility into the movement and management of logistics assets globally –
making it easier than ever before.
2. How does an asset-tracking IoT system work?
An asset-tracking IoT system uses sensors and other devices to collect data on assets. These devices
are connected to the internet, allowing real-time monitoring of assets from anywhere in the world.
The sensors can be placed on equipment, inventory or vehicles, and they collect a range of
information such as location, temperature, humidity, speed and more. This data is then transmitted to
a central platform where it can be analyzed and used for insights into asset performance.
One key component of an IoT asset tracking system is GPS technology which allows you to track your
assets' locations accurately. The system can also send alerts when an asset leaves its designated area
or if there's any suspicious activity detected.
Asset owners can access this data through a user-friendly dashboard that provides them with
actionable insights about their assets. With all this information at their disposal, businesses can
optimize operations by reducing downtime and improving maintenance schedules.
An asset-tracking IoT system works by collecting real-time data on your valuable resources so that you
can make informed decisions based on accurate information.
Working Process of Asset-tracking System
3. Hardware devices used for Asset-tracking IoT system:
Hardware devices used for Asset Tracking IoT systems are essential components that enable
businesses to monitor the location and condition of their assets in real time.
 One such device is a GPS tracker, which uses satellite technology to determine an object's
precise location at any given time.
 Another critical hardware component is RFID tags, small electronic chips that communicate
with a reader and provide asset identification information instantaneously. In addition to GPS
trackers and RFID tags, sensors that measure environmental conditions like temperature,
humidity or vibration can also be included as part of an IoT tracking system setup.
 These sensors transmit data wirelessly over cellular networks or Wi-Fi connections, allowing
end-users to receive alerts whenever there is a change in these environmental metrics. The
combination of these sophisticated hardware devices provides businesses with unparalleled
visibility into their asset monitoring operations – enabling them to improve efficiency,
minimize theft risk, and optimize asset utilization for maximum ROI contribution across
multiple sectors such as supply chain logistics management systems (SCM), healthcare facility
asset tagging solutions, agriculture crop monitoring etcetera
4. Implementation steps of Asset tracking IoT system
Implementing an asset-tracking IoT system can bring numerous benefits for businesses, from
increased efficiency to improved customer satisfaction. However, it's important to follow the right
steps to ensure a successful implementation:
 Firstly, the installation process needs to be planned by conducting an on-site survey to assess
the network coverage area, check for power supply conditions and confirm complete
integration with existing systems.
 Once all logistics have been ironed out, hardware devices (such as sensors) can then be
installed in each asset that requires tracking along with ensuring that they are appropriately
configured to receive transmitted signals from satellite or cellular networks using GPS tracking
technology.
 The next step would involve integrating these devices onto cloud-based software platforms
where businesses could easily track their assets using mobile apps or web portals depending
upon user preference.
 Finally, organizations need to set up alerts/notifications based on critical parameters such as
temperature thresholds, movement detection etc., which could warn them about potential
risks in advance thereby enhancing their overall security measures.
By following these implementation steps carefully, companies can successfully integrate an asset-
tracking IoT system into their operations and enjoy the many benefits it brings in terms of enhanced
productivity, cost savings, and customer satisfaction.
5. Benefits of using an asset-tracking IoT system
Using an asset-tracking IoT system offers numerous benefits to businesses of all sizes and
industries. Firstly, it provides real-time visibility into the location and movement of assets,
enabling companies to maximize their efficiency by knowing exactly where their equipment and
inventory are at any given time. This can lead to improved productivity as employees spend less
time searching for misplaced items.
The data collected through an asset-tracking IoT system can be used to optimize operations and
identify areas for improvement. Companies can use this information to make informed decisions
about resource allocation, maintenance schedules, and even customer service.
Furthermore, implementing an asset-tracking IoT system can improve safety in the workplace by
helping employers monitor potentially hazardous equipment or materials. This reduces the risk of
accidents or injuries while also ensuring compliance with safety regulations.
Investing in an asset-tracking IoT system can result in significant cost savings for businesses by
reducing waste, improving efficiency, increasing productivity, and enhancing safety measures.
M1 Evaluate the impact of common IoT architecture, frameworks, tools, hardware, and APIs in the
software development lifecycle.
In today's fast-paced world, technology is advancing at a rapid rate. IoT or the Internet of Things is
one such innovation that has taken the world by storm. Everything seems to be connected, from
mobile phones to wearable devices and even home appliances! But what exactly is IoT? How does it
work? And why has it become such an essential part of our lives? We’ll explore the evolution of IoT,
how it works, and its major examples of the Internet of Things.
IoT is a network of physical objects, or "things", that are connected to the internet and can
communicate with other devices. These objects can sense and collect data from their surroundings
and then send it over the internet for analysis and storage. In essence, IoT allows us to monitor our
environment in real-time, allowing us to take action.
IoT is revolutionizing the way we interact with our physical environment, and its potential for
innovation is endless. From controlling our home appliances to tracking shipments and monitoring
production lines, IoT has become an integral part of modern life. In the coming years, we are likely to
see even more advancements in this cutting-edge technology. Accordingly. Through this technology,
we can improve safety, efficiency, convenience, and even productivity.
1. Understanding Common IoT Architecture for The development of An Asset Tracking IoT System
The architecture of the Internet of Things (IoT) is crucial for developers to understand when building
IoT applications. IoT architecture refers to the system of interconnected devices, sensors, and
networks that enable the exchange and analysis of data.
Asset-tracking IoT systems typically involve the use of sensors and GPS trackers to collect real-time
data about the location and status of assets. The data collected by these sensors is transmitted to a
cloud-based platform via a network connection, such as Wi-Fi, cellular, or satellite.
The cloud platform stores and processes the data, allowing authorized users to access and analyze it
through a web-based dashboard or mobile app. Common IoT architecture components for asset
tracking systems include edge devices, gateways, cloud platforms, and applications.
Edge devices, such as sensors and GPS trackers, are typically placed on the assets being tracked and
collect data about their location and status.
Gateways are devices that aggregate and transmit data from multiple edge devices to the cloud
platform, providing a more reliable and efficient way to transmit data.
Cloud platforms provide a centralized location for storing and processing data from multiple devices,
allowing for real-time monitoring and analysis of asset location and status.
Applications, such as web-based dashboards and mobile apps, provide authorized users with access
to the data collected by the system, allowing them to track assets, view asset history, and receive
alerts and notifications.
Security and privacy are critical considerations in IoT architecture for asset tracking systems, and
measures such as data encryption and access control are typically implemented to protect sensitive
data.
Choosing the right IoT architecture components for an asset-tracking system depends on various
factors, including the type of assets being tracked, the environment in which they operate, and the
level of data processing and analysis required
1. IoT frameworks for asset tracking IoT systems:
IoT frameworks provide a standardized approach to IoT development, allowing developers to quickly and easily
build and deploy IoT applications. Common IoT frameworks for asset tracking systems include platforms such
as Microsoft Azure IoT, Amazon Web Services IoT, and Google Cloud IoT.
These frameworks provide developers with pre-built components for data management, security, and device
connectivity, allowing them to focus on application-specific functionality.
Some IoT frameworks also offer machine learning and predictive analytics capabilities, allowing for more
advanced data analysis and decision-making.
When selecting an IoT framework for an asset tracking system, considerations include ease of use, scalability,
interoperability with existing systems, and cost.
Other considerations include the level of customization and flexibility offered by the framework, as well as its
ability to integrate with other technologies such as block chain and edge computing.
Security and privacy are also critical considerations when selecting an IoT framework, and it is essential to
choose a framework that provides robust security features such as data encryption and access control.
When building an asset tracking IoT system, it is important to select an IoT framework that supports the
specific requirements of the application, such as real-time data processing, location tracking, and alerting.
Integration with other IoT components such as sensors, gateways, and cloud platforms is also important, and
the selected IoT framework should support interoperability with these components.
Ultimately, the choice of IoT framework for an asset tracking system will depend on various factors, including
the specific requirements of the application, the available resources and expertise, and the desired level of
functionality and scalability.
1. Tools used for the development of IoT software for asset tracking IoT systems:
There are various tools available for the development of IoT software, including integrated development
environments (IDEs), software development kits (SDKs), and libraries.
Some common IDEs used for IoT software development include Eclipse, Visual Studio, and Net Beans. These
tools provide a comprehensive environment for coding, debugging, and testing IoT applications.
SDKs are also commonly used in IoT software development, providing developers with pre-built libraries, APIs,
and sample code for common tasks. Examples of popular IoT SDKs include Arduino, Raspberry Pi, and Node-
RED.
Libraries are another essential tool for IoT software development, providing reusable code modules for
common tasks such as sensor data processing and communication protocols. Popular IoT libraries include the
Adafruit IO library, the MQTT library, and the ESP8266WiFi library.
Collaboration tools such as GitHub and Bitbucket are also commonly used in IoT software development,
allowing developers to collaborate on code and track changes in real-time.
Testing and simulation tools are also essential for IoT software development, allowing developers to simulate
real-world scenarios and test the application's performance in various environments
Security and performance testing tools are also crucial in IoT software development, allowing developers to
identify and address potential vulnerabilities and ensure that the application meets performance requirements.
When selecting tools for IoT software development in asset tracking systems, it is essential to consider factors
such as ease of use, compatibility with existing systems, and cost.
The selected tools should also provide the required level of functionality and customization, enabling
developers to tailor the application to the specific needs of the asset-tracking system.
Ultimately, the choice of tools for IoT software development will depend on various factors, including the
specific requirements of the application, the available resources and expertise, and the desired level of
functionality and scalability.
2. Role of Hardware in IoT software Development
The role of hardware in Internet of Things (IoT) software development is crucial as it plays a vital role
in enabling the development of IoT applications. IoT hardware refers to the physical components that
make up the IoT ecosystem such as sensors, actuators, gateways, and microcontrollers.
Sensors are an essential part of IoT hardware as they collect data from the environment such as
temperature, humidity, and pressure, and transmit it to other devices for analysis. Actuators, on the
other hand, receive instructions from other devices and perform physical actions such as turning
on/off lights, opening/closing doors, or controlling the speed of a motor.
Gateways are another critical component of IoT hardware, as they act as intermediaries between
devices, sensors, and the internet. They provide a secure and reliable connection between devices
and servers, allowing for the transmission of data and instructions.
Microcontrollers are small, programmable chips that are commonly used in IoT devices to control
their functionality. They allow developers to write code that can interact with sensors, actuators, and
other components of the IoT ecosystem.
When developing IoT software, it is essential to consider the hardware components that will be used.
This involves selecting the appropriate sensors, actuators, and microcontrollers, and ensuring that
they are compatible with the desired software architecture and programming language.
In addition to selecting the right hardware components, developers must also consider the power
requirements of their IoT applications. IoT devices typically operate on low power, and optimizing
power consumption is critical to extending the life of batteries and reducing operational costs.
3. Role of IoT APIs and their Impact on Software Development
The role of Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) in Internet of Things (IoT) software
development is useful as they enable devices, applications, and services to communicate with each
other easily. IoT APIs provide a standardized interface for accessing and controlling IoT devices and
data, which simplifies the development process and accelerates time to market.
 IoT APIs play a vital role in enabling developers to create applications that can interact with IoT
devices and services, regardless of their underlying technology. These APIs enable developers
to focus on building the application logic and user interfaces while abstracting away the
complexities of the underlying hardware and protocols.
 IoT APIs also provide a way to access and analyze data generated by IoT devices. By exposing
data through APIs, developers can build applications that can consume this data and provide
insights into the behaviour and performance of IoT systems. This can lead to the development
of innovative and useful applications that can help users to make better decisions based on
real-time data.
 IoT APIs can be used to integrate different IoT devices and services into a single application,
providing a unified user experience. This can lead to the development of more sophisticated
and advanced IoT applications that can span across different domains and industries.
 The impact of IoT APIs on software development is significant, as they enable faster
development cycles, reduce development costs, and improve the quality of the resulting
applications. APIs also promote interoperability and standardization, which can lead to greater
collaboration and innovation within the IoT ecosystem.
4. Challenges in Developing IoT Software and Overcoming Them
Developing software for the Internet of Things (IoT) is a complex and challenging process that
presents several unique challenges for developers. These challenges range from hardware limitations
to security and privacy concerns, making IoT software development a highly specialized field. We will
discuss some of the challenges in developing IoT software and ways to overcome them.
 One of the most significant challenges in developing IoT software is the wide variety of
hardware platforms and protocols that are used in IoT devices. This makes it difficult to create
a unified software solution that can work seamlessly across different devices and platforms. To
overcome this challenge, developers need to focus on creating modular, scalable, and flexible
software architectures that can adapt to different hardware and protocols.
 Another significant challenge in IoT software development is ensuring the security and privacy
of user data. IoT devices collect vast amounts of data from various sources, and this data
needs to be protected from unauthorized access and theft. To overcome this challenge,
developers need to implement robust security measures such as data encryption, user
authentication, and access control to protect user data from cyber threats.
 The lack of standardization in IoT software development is another significant challenge that
developers face. The absence of industry-wide standards for IoT software development makes
it difficult to create interoperable and scalable solutions. To overcome this challenge,
developers need to collaborate with other stakeholders in the IoT ecosystem to establish
common standards and best practices for IoT software development.
M2 Review specific forms of IoT architecture, frameworks, tools, hardware, and APIs for different
problem-solving requirements.
1. IoT architecture for different problem-solving requirements.
IoT architecture refers to the design and structure of an IoT system, including how devices
communicate with each other and with the cloud. Different problem-solving requirements in IoT may
require specific forms of architecture to effectively address the challenges.
In industrial IoT applications, where reliability and stability are critical, a hierarchical architecture is
often used. This architecture comprises a control layer, a management layer, and a data acquisition
layer. The control layer is responsible for managing the devices and their interactions, while the
management layer is responsible for handling device management and monitoring. The data
acquisition layer collects data from sensors and devices, which is then processed by the control and
management layers.
In smart home applications, a flat architecture is often used. This architecture allows all devices to
communicate directly with each other and with the cloud, making it easier to manage and control
devices from a single point. This architecture is also more flexible and adaptable to changes in the
system.
In healthcare IoT applications, a hybrid architecture is often used, combining both centralized and
distributed elements. This architecture allows for real-time monitoring of patients and enables
medical professionals to make informed decisions quickly.
Different problem-solving requirements in IoT may require specific forms of architecture to effectively
address the challenges. The choice of architecture depends on various factors, including the type of
application, the level of reliability required, and the scalability of the system. It is essential to choose
the appropriate architecture that best suits the specific needs of the application to ensure its success.
2. IoT Frameworks for Different Problem-Solving Requirements

IoT frameworks provide developers with a set of tools, libraries, and pre-built components to build
and deploy IoT applications more efficiently. Different problem-solving requirements in IoT may
require specific frameworks to address the challenges effectively.
In industrial IoT applications, where real-time data processing is critical, frameworks such as Apache
Kafka and Storm are often used. These frameworks allow for the processing of large volumes of data
in real time, enabling quick decision-making and response times.
In smart home applications, where user experience and ease of use are essential, frameworks such as
Apple Home Kit and Google Nest are often used. These frameworks provide developers with pre-built
components and APIs to create user-friendly interfaces and seamless device interactions.
In healthcare IoT applications, where security and privacy are critical, frameworks such as Arm Mbed
and Amazon Web Services (AWS) IoT are often used. These frameworks provide developers with
robust security features and compliance with data protection regulations.
IoT frameworks play a crucial role in IoT software development by providing developers with a set of
tools and components to build and deploy applications more efficiently. The choice of framework
depends on various factors, including the type of application, the level of real-time data processing
required, the user experience, and the security and privacy concerns. It is essential to choose the
appropriate framework that best suits the specific needs of the application to ensure its success.
3. IoT Hardware and APIs for Different Problem-Solving Requirements
IoT hardware and APIs are critical components in IoT software development, and different problem-
solving requirements in IoT may require specific hardware and APIs to effectively address the
challenges.
In industrial IoT applications, where devices are located in remote and harsh environments, rugged
and durable hardware such as industrial sensors and gateways are often used. These devices can
withstand extreme temperatures, humidity, and vibration, ensuring reliable and stable operation.
In smart home applications, where devices need to be connected wirelessly, hardware such as Wi-Fi
and Bluetooth-enabled devices are often used. These devices allow for seamless communication
between devices and the cloud, providing users with a smooth and intuitive experience.
In healthcare IoT applications, where monitoring and tracking patient data is crucial, specialized
hardware such as wearable devices and medical sensors are often used. These devices provide real-
time monitoring of patient vitals, allowing medical professionals to make informed decisions quickly.
IoT APIs are also essential in IoT software development, providing developers with a set of tools to
interact with IoT hardware and cloud platforms. For example, APIs such as Amazon Web Services
(AWS) IoT, Google Cloud IoT, and Microsoft Azure IoT provide developers with the ability to manage
devices, collect data, and implement security measures.
M3 Select the most appropriate IoT architecture, frameworks, tools, hardware and API techniques
to include in an application to solve this problem.
1. Appropriate IoT Architecture for Asset Tracking System

The common IoT architecture for asset tracking systems is the client-server architecture. In this
architecture, the asset-tracking devices (clients) send data to a central server for processing and
analysis. The server can then provide real-time information on the location and status of the assets to
the end users through a web or mobile application
2. Appropriate frameworks for Asset Tracking System
Azure IoT Hub: Azure IoT Hub is a cloud-based platform that provides a scalable and secure solution
for connecting, monitoring, and managing IoT devices. It can be used to develop an asset tracking
system that integrates with other Azure services like Azure Functions, Azure Stream Analytics, and
Azure Machine Learning.
Google Cloud IoT Core: Google Cloud IoT Core is a cloud-based platform that provides a set of services
for building and managing IoT applications. It can be used to develop an asset tracking system that
integrates with other Google Cloud services like Google Cloud Storage, Google Big Query, and Google
Cloud Machine Learning.
3. Appropriate tools used for the development of Asset tracking system

Sensors and GPS Devices: Sensors like accelerometers, gyroscopes, and GPS devices can be used to
collect data on the location, movement, and orientation of assets.
Communication Protocols: Communication protocols like MQTT, CoAP, and HTTP can be used to
transfer data between IoT devices and the cloud.
Analytics Tools: Analytics tools like Apache Spark, Apache Storm, and Apache Flink can be used to
process and analyze data in real-time, allowing for the detection of anomalies and patterns.
Visualization Tools: Visualization tools like Tableau, Power BI, and D3.js can be used to create
interactive dashboards and reports that provide real-time insights into the location and status of
assets
4. Appropriate hardware and API techniques for Asset Tracking System
Hardware:
GPS Devices: GPS devices can provide accurate location data for assets, enabling real-time tracking
and monitoring.
RFID/NFC Tags: RFID and NFC tags can be attached to assets to track their location and status. These
tags can be scanned by IoT devices and transmit data to the cloud.
Beacon Devices: Beacon devices can be used to track the movement of assets in indoor environments.
These devices emit Bluetooth signals that can be detected by IoT devices.
Lora WAN Devices: Lora WAN devices can be used to track assets in outdoor environments, providing
long-range and low-power connectivity.
API Techniques:
Restful APIs: Restful APIs can be used to integrate the IoT asset tracking system with other enterprise
systems, enabling real-time data exchange and communication.
WebSockets: WebSockets can be used to provide real-time updates on the location and status of
assets, enabling real-time tracking and monitoring.
MQTT: MQTT can be used to provide a lightweight and scalable messaging protocol for IoT devices,
enabling efficient and reliable data transfer.
CoAP: CoAP can be used to provide a lightweight and efficient protocol for IoT devices, enabling low-
power and low-bandwidth connectivity
M4 Apply your selected techniques to create an IoT application development plan

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Unit 43 IOT - Assignment 01

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School of Computing and Engineering

Pearson Higher National in Computing

Student Name: Mahnoor Syed Nazeer Class: HND-Computing Y2

This assignment is to be submitted directly to Moodle on the date shown above.

Attach this section to the front of your completed work

P4 Determine a specific M4 Apply your selected

Assessor Signature: Date:

Assignment Grade: Choose an item. Assessors Signature:

Final Assignment Assessors Signature:

P1 Explore various forms of IOT functionality.

1. What is the Internet of Things (IoT)

2. The evolution of IoT

4. Major examples of IoT

8. How IoT has helped in the past few years

Here is an example of a Light Automation system using IoT:

1. The architecture of IoT:

Layers of IoT Architecture:

There are three layers of IoT’s standard architecture

2. Role of API (Application programming interface) in the development of IoT Architecture

How API Works

4. Role of Frameworks Used for the Development of IoT Systems

5. Tools used for the development of IoT systems

1. The architecture of IoT:

Layers of IoT Architecture:

There are three layers of IoT’s standard architecture

2. Tools available for IoT applications:

3. Hardware Available for the IoT Applications:

 MQTT: MQTT (Message Queuing Telemetry Transport) is a lightweight messaging protocol

 CoAP: CoAP (Constrained Application Protocol) is another lightweight messaging protocol

1. Asset-tracking IoT-based systems

2. How does an asset-tracking IoT system work?

Working Process of Asset-tracking System

4. Implementation steps of Asset tracking IoT system

5. Benefits of using an asset-tracking IoT system

2. Role of Hardware in IoT software Development

4. Challenges in Developing IoT Software and Overcoming Them

1. IoT architecture for different problem-solving requirements.

2. IoT Frameworks for Different Problem-Solving Requirements

3. IoT Hardware and APIs for Different Problem-Solving Requirements

1. Appropriate IoT Architecture for Asset Tracking System

3. Appropriate tools used for the development of Asset tracking system

4. Appropriate hardware and API techniques for Asset Tracking System

M4 Apply your selected techniques to create an IoT application development plan

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