1.

Title: Setting up routers

Software used:
● Cisco Packet Tracer
Cisco Packet Tracer is a network simulation tool developed by Cisco Systems. It
allows users to create virtual network topologies and simulate network
configurations, providing a practical environment for learning and experimenting
with networking concepts.

Theory:

DHCP: Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) is a client/server protocol

that
automatically provides an Internet Protocol (IP) host with its IP address and other
related
configuration information such as the subnet mask and default gateway.

IP addressing: An Internet Protocol (IP) address is a unique numerical identifier

for every device or network that connects to the internet.

Static IP addresses: Static IP addresses are assigned manually by an

administrator. In other
words, the device receiving the static IP is given a specific address (such as
192.168. 1.2), and
From then on, the address never changes.

Dynamic IP addressing: A dynamic IP address is an IP address that an ISP lets

you use
temporarily. If a dynamic address is not in use, it can be automatically assigned to
a different
device. Dynamic IP addresses are assigned using either DHCP or PPPoE.

A subnet mask: A subnet mask is defined as a 32-bit address that segregates an IP

address into network bits that identify the network and host bits that identify the
host device operating on
that network.
Default gateway: A default gateway is a router that connects your host to remote
network
segments. It is the exit point for all the packets in your network that have
destinations outside
your network.

DNS Server: The domain name system (i.e., “DNS”) is responsible for translating
domain names into a specific IP address so that the initiating client can load the
requested Internet resources.

Apparatus:
The following apparatus were used in the lab:
Terminal Devices:
Terminal devices, also known as end devices or user devices, are the devices
used by individuals to interact with and access a computer network or system.
These devices include personal computers, laptops, smartphones, tablets, thin
clients, VoIP phones, POS terminals, and IoT devices. They serve as the interface
between users and the network, allowing individuals to access resources and
perform tasks within a network environment.
Router:
A router is a network device that connects multiple computer networks
together and forwards data packets between them. It acts as a central hub for
network communication, directing traffic based on IP addresses and making
routing decisions to ensure that data reaches its intended destination.
Switch:
A switch is a network device that connects multiple devices within a local area
network (LAN) and facilitates efficient communication by forwarding data packets
based on their MAC addresses. It creates dedicated communication channels
between devices, improving network performance and optimizing data
transmission.
Straight Cable:
A straight cable, also known as a patch cable or an Ethernet cable, is a type of
network cable used to connect devices that have different roles in a network, such
as a computer to a switch or a router to a modem. It has the same wiring sequence
on both ends, with the wires maintaining a consistent order from pin 1 to pin 8. A
straight cable is commonly used for data transmission in Ethernet networks and
follows the TIA/EIA-568 wiring standards.
Procedure:
1. At first, two PC’s were connected in a switch with straight cable, then,
switches were connected to a router through straight cable.

2. Configure a Router Hostname:

To differentiate your Router from other devices in the network, you should
configure a Hostname for your device and examine the current switch
configuration.
3. Configure Access Passwords
This step is to secure your access to the router by configuring a global secret
password and also passwords for Telnet or Console as needed, access
config-line mode and set the console password to bim5.
4. Enable Authentication Methods
Choose the authentication methods you want to use for user access
verificationTest the user access by logging in with different user accounts
and verifying that each user has the appropriate access and privileges
assigned , and closing the port for other devices to access.
Conclusion: In this lab assignment, we successfully achieved the objectives of
setting up router authentication and authorization, enabling passwords for router
access, and configuring Telnet for remote management by following the above
procedures.
2.

Title: Dynamic IP Address Assignment

Software used:
● Cisco Packet Tracer
Cisco Packet Tracer is a network simulation tool developed by Cisco Systems. It
allows users to create virtual network topologies and simulate network
configurations, providing a practical environment for learning and experimenting
with networking concepts.

Theory:
Dynamic IP address assignment refers to the process of automatically assigning IP
addresses to devices on a network. It is commonly used in large networks where
manually configuring IP addresses for each device would be impractical and
time-consuming.

Dynamic IP address assignment is typically achieved using the Dynamic Host

Configuration Protocol (DHCP). DHCP allows a central server, called a DHCP
server, to manage and distribute IP addresses to devices on the network. When a
device connects to the network, it sends a DHCP request to the server, and the
server responds with an available IP address from a predefined pool.

Apparatus:
The following apparatus were used in the lab:

● Cisco router and switch: Used as the DHCP server to manage IP address
assignments.
● PCs or devices: Used as DHCP clients to obtain IP addresses dynamically
from the DHCP server.
● Ethernet cables: Used to connect the devices in the network.
Procedure:
1. Set up the network topology by connecting the Cisco router and switch with
the PCs or devices using Ethernet cables as shown in the figure.

2. Click on the router and access the CLI, type no and start configuring the
router by typing enable.
3. Type conf t to enter configuration mode of the router then enter the interface
for the port GigabitEthernet 0/0/0 and provide required IP Address and
subnet mask then type no shutdown to change the state of port to up.

4. Repeat step 3 for other GigabitEthernet ports.

5. Create a DHCP pool by using the ip dhcp pool command then configure the
network address and subnet mask for the DHCP pool using the network
command and Configure additional parameters such as default gateway,
DNS servers, etc.

6. Repeat step 5 to create additional DHCP pools if required.

7. Open any connected devices in the network and go to the IP configuration

panel then click on DHCP, it then assigns the ip address and other required
information automatically.
8. Repeat step 7 for any other remaining terminal devices to assign the ip
addresses.

9. Now to check the connection between devices we open command prompt on

any of the end devices and ping ip address of another device
Conclusion:

In conclusion, the lab successfully demonstrated the implementation of

dynamic IP address assignment in Cisco networks using Cisco Packet
Tracer. By following the outlined procedure, we were able to configure a
DHCP server on a Cisco device and observe the dynamic allocation of IP
addresses to connected devices. This lab provided practical experience in
managing IP addresses efficiently, simplifying network administration, and
ensuring flexible connectivity.
3.

Title: Static Routing

Software used:
● Cisco Packet Tracer
Cisco Packet Tracer is a network simulation tool developed by Cisco Systems. It
allows users to create virtual network topologies and simulate network
configurations, providing a practical environment for learning and experimenting
with networking concepts.

Theory:
Static routing is a method in which network administrators manually configure the
routing tables on network devices to define specific paths for network traffic. With
static routing, the network administrator manually determines and configures the
routes that network packets should take to reach their destinations. Static routes are
typically set up on routers or Layer 3 switches.

Apparatus:
The following apparatus were used in the lab:

● Cisco Router: Used as the network device for implementing static routing.
● Switch: Connect end devices and router.
● PCs or devices: Used as endpoints for network connectivity and to test static
routes.
Procedure:
1. Set up the network topology by connecting the Cisco router with the PCs or
devices as shown in the figure.

2. Configure both the routers with specific ip addresses

3. With the help of DHCP assign ip addresses to the terminal devices of the
network

4. Repeat step 3 for the next router and provide ip addresses to remaining end
devices

5. After providing ip addresses to every devices in the network now we setup a

route to connect end devices of the different network

(path from router0 to router1)

(path from router1 to router0)

 6. Now to check the connection between devices we open command prompt on
any of the end devices and ping ip address of device of another network

7. Since the device is pinged successfully the connection has been established.

Conclusion:

The lab successfully demonstrated the implementation of static routing in Cisco

networks. By manually configuring static routes on the Cisco router, we were able
to define specific paths for network traffic. This allowed us to control the routing
behavior and determine the exact routes that packets should take to reach their
destinations. Static routing provides simplicity and predictability in routing
decisions, making it suitable for smaller networks or specific routing requirements.
The knowledge gained from this lab can be applied to real-world network
configurations, enhancing our understanding of static routing and its benefits in
Cisco networks.
4.

Title: Configure dynamic routing using RIP v2 in Cisco Packet Tracer.

Software used:
Cisco Packet Tracer: Cisco Packet Tracer is a network simulation tool developed
by Cisco Systems. It allows users to create virtual network topologies and simulate
network configurations, providing a practical environment for learning and
experimenting with networking concepts.

Theory:

Rip (Router Information Protocol):

● RIP (Routing Information Protocol) is a simple distance-vector routing

protocol.
● It uses hop count as its metric, aiming to find the path with the fewest hops.
● Routers exchange routing updates to share information about reachable
networks.
● Updates contain network entries and associated hop counts.
● RIP has limitations in scalability and is commonly used in smaller networks.
● Mechanisms like split horizon and poison reverse prevent routing loops.

RIP version 2:

RIP version 2 (Routing Information Protocol version 2) is an interior gateway

protocol (IGP) used for dynamic routing in computer networks. It is an
enhancement of the earlier RIP version 1 and provides additional features and
improvements. RIP version 2 operates based on the distance-vector algorithm and
is commonly used in small to medium-sized networks. It is an enhanced version of
RIP that provides additional features such as support for VLSM, subnet mask
advertisement, authentication, and improved routing updates. It is suitable for
small to medium-sized networks but may have limitations in larger and more
complex environments.
Clock Rate:

In networking, clock rate refers to the timing rate or frequency at which data is
transmitted over a serial interface between networking devices, such as routers or
switches. It is typically measured in bits per second (bps) or a multiple thereof
(e.g., kilobits per second, megabits per second).The clock rate determines the speed
at which data can be sent or received over the serial interface. It synchronizes the
transmission and reception of data between the connected devices. The clock rate
is set by configuring the device with a specific value, which determines the
transmission rate for that interface.

Apparatus:

The following apparatus were used in the lab:

PT-Router:

A PT router, also known as a Provider Edge router or PE router, is a type of

network router that operates at the edge of a service provider's network. It is
responsible for connecting the customer's network to the provider's network and
facilitating the exchange of data between them.

Serial-DTE:

A serial DTE (Data Terminal Equipment) is a device that serves as the endpoint in
a serial communication link. It is responsible for transmitting and receiving data
over a serial interface. Examples include computers connected to modems or
routers connected to network switches via serial connections.

Terminal Devices:

Terminal devices, also known as end devices or user devices, are the devices used
by individuals to interact with and access a computer network or system. These
devices include personal computers, laptops, smartphones, tablets, thin clients,
VoIP phones, POS terminals, and IoT devices. They serve as the interface between
users and the network,
PT-Switch:

The PT-switch within Cisco Packet Tracer provides a graphical user interface
(GUI) where users can interact with and configure switch settings. It allows users
to simulate the behavior and operation of a network switch without the need for
physical hardware.

Straight Cable:
A straight cable, also known as a straight-through cable, is a type of Ethernet cable
commonly used to connect different types of networking devices, such as a
computer to a switch, a computer to a router, or a switch to a router. In Cisco
Packet Tracer, a straight cable is represented as a simple, non-crossed cable with
the same pin configuration on both ends.

Procedure:

Step 1:Setup the network as shown in the figure below. To link devices with other
devices, use straight cables, Copper crossOver, and Serial DTE.
Step 2: Now we configure the router through CLI and provide them with the
required network IP address and interface IP address.Configure Router R1 by
using the commands as shown in the figure.
Step 3: Now we configure Router R2 and R3, it is the same as configuring router
R1 but we need to configure DHCP to assign IP addresses to terminal devices. We
can configure Router R2 and R3 by using the commands shown in the figure
below.

(commands used for Router R2 and R3 are same only the IP addresses are changed)
Step 4: Now we provide IP addresses to the terminal devices by the help of DHCP.
In PC0, click the device. In the opened Window, click the IP configuration option
from the desktop menu and set the IP configuration option to DHCP.
Do this to every terminal device in the network.

Step 5: We configure RIP routing on the network by the help of which we can
establish connection in the network. To configure RIP routing we use the following
commands in the CLI of the router which adds the networks to be connected to the
router.
Step 6: Configure Router R2 and R3 using the same process and add the required
networks to establish a proper connection between the devices.
Step 7: To check whether a proper connection is established or not in the network
we ping the devices from one network to the other.

Here the terminal devices of two different networks are successfully pinged thus a
connection is established by the use of RIP routing protocol.

Conclusion: Routing information can be exchanged and routing tables can be

dynamically updated by using RIP v2 to build up dynamic routing. It also makes
network management simpler and enables effective routing in the network. A
practice and testing environment for dynamic routing settings is offered by Cisco
Packet Tracer.
5.

Title:
Configuration of OSPF Routing in Cisco Packet Tracer.

Software used:
Cisco Packet Tracer: Cisco Packet Tracer is a network simulation tool developed by
Cisco Systems that allows users to create, configure, and troubleshoot computer networks
in a virtual environment. It is widely used for educational and training purposes,
especially in networking courses and certifications.

Objective:

● Establish neighbor relationships between OSPF routers.

● Advertise network information through link-state advertisements (LSAs).
● Calculate the shortest path using the Dijkstra algorithm.
● Implement route summarization to reduce routing table size.
● Enable OSPF features such as authentication, route redistribution, virtual links,
and route filtering.

Theory:
OSPF Routing:

OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) is a widely used dynamic routing protocol designed to
efficiently exchange routing information within an autonomous system, typically an
enterprise or service provider network. It is a link-state routing protocol, which means
that routers in an OSPF network exchange information about their connected links to
build a detailed topology map of the network. This map allows OSPF to calculate the
shortest path to each network destination and determine the best routes for data packets.
OSPF AREA:

In OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) routing, an OSPF area is a logical grouping of routers
and networks within an autonomous system (AS). OSPF areas are used to enhance the
scalability and efficiency of the OSPF routing protocol by dividing the network into
smaller manageable units. Each area has its own link-state database and is responsible for
maintaining detailed topology information of the networks within that area.

OSPF uses a hierarchical network design, where routers are organized into different
areas. The backbone area, known as Area 0 (zero), is the central area that connects all
other areas in the OSPF domain. Area 0 must be present in any OSPF network, and all
other areas must be directly or indirectly connected to it.

DHCP:

DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) is a network protocol used to

automatically assign IP addresses and other network configuration parameters to devices
on a network. It simplifies the process of connecting devices to a network by dynamically
allocating IP addresses, subnet masks, default gateways, DNS (Domain Name System)
servers, and other necessary settings without manual intervention.

Clock Rate:

In networking, clock rate refers to the timing rate or frequency at which data is
transmitted over a serial interface between networking devices, such as routers or
switches. It is typically measured in bits per second (bps) or a multiple thereof (e.g.,
kilobits per second, megabits per second).The clock rate determines the speed at which
data can be sent or received over the serial interface. It synchronizes the transmission and
reception of data between the connected devices. The clock rate is set by configuring the
device with a specific value, which determines the transmission rate for that interface.

Bandwidth:

Bandwidth refers to the maximum data transfer rate of a network or communication

channel, measured in bits per second (bps) or multiples thereof, such as kilobits per
second (Kbps), megabits per second (Mbps), or gigabits per second (Gbps). It represents
the capacity of a network or channel to carry data from one point to another within a
given period.
In digital communications, bandwidth is crucial for determining how much data can be
transmitted over a network in a specific timeframe. A higher bandwidth allows for faster
data transmission and typically results in better network performance and responsiveness.
Conversely, a lower bandwidth may lead to slower data transfer rates and potential
bottlenecks, particularly when dealing with large volumes of data or high-demand
applications.

Apparatus:
The following apparatus were used in the lab:

PT-Router:

"PT router" typically refers to a router device used in the simulation software Cisco
Packet Tracer. Cisco Packet Tracer is a network simulation tool developed by Cisco
Systems that allows users to design, configure, and troubleshoot computer networks in a
virtual environment.

The "PT router" is a virtual representation of a Cisco router within the Packet Tracer
software. It emulates the functionalities and behaviors of a real Cisco router, allowing
users to practice configuring and managing routing protocols, connecting networks, and
troubleshooting network issues.

Serial-DTE:

In networking, Serial DTE (Data Terminal Equipment) refers to the endpoint device in a
serial connection that serves as the data source or destination. It is commonly used in
serial communication, where data is transmitted sequentially, one bit at a time, over a
single communication channel.

In a serial communication link, there are two types of devices: Data Terminal
Equipment (DTE) and Data Communications Equipment (DCE). The DTE device is
typically the end-user device, such as a router, switch, or computer, which generates or
consumes data. The DCE device, on the other hand, provides the communication channel
and manages the physical connection.

Terminal Devices:

Terminal devices, also known as end-user devices or user equipment, are electronic
devices used by individuals to interact with a computer network or communication
system. These devices facilitate communication, access to information, and the execution
of various tasks within the network. Terminal devices are an essential component of any
network as they enable end-users to access resources and services provided by the
network infrastructure

PT-Switch:

PT switch refers to a virtual representation of a network switch used in the simulation

software Cisco Packet Tracer. Cisco Packet Tracer is a network simulation tool developed
by Cisco Systems that allows users to design, configure, and troubleshoot computer
networks in a virtual environment. The "PT switch" emulates the functionalities and
behaviors of a real network switch, allowing users to practice configuring and managing
switch features, creating VLANs (Virtual Local Area Networks), implementing spanning
tree protocols, and troubleshooting network connectivity issues.

Straight Cable:
A straight cable, also known as a straight-through cable, is a type of Ethernet cable used
to connect different types of devices directly to each other. It is most commonly used to
establish connections between two dissimilar devices, such as a computer to a switch, a
computer to a router, or a switch to a router. The wiring inside a straight cable maintains a
consistent pinout from one end of the cable to the other, meaning that the wire
arrangement at one end is identical to the arrangement at the opposite end. In a straight
cable, both ends follow the same color code for the eight wires, typically using the
T568A or T568B wiring standards.
Procedure:

Step 1:To begin, open the Cisco Packet Tracer desktop and choose your devices to
construct your network following the given layout. Connect the devices together using
straight cables and Serial DTE connections where necessary.

Router1 IP and interface Configuration:

Device Interface IP configuration Connected with

Router 0 S 2/0 20.0.0.1 Router1 S 2/0

Router 0 Fa 0/0 10.0.0.1 Switch2 Fa 0/1

Router 1 S 2/0 20.0.0.2 Router 0S 2/0

Router 1 Fa 0/0 30.0.0.1 Switch3 Fa 0/1

Step 2: Before using interfaces to enable routing, you need to set up IP addresses and
other settings on those interfaces. This is done in the interface mode, which is connected
to the global configuration mode. To access the global configuration mode, use the
provided commands listed below.
Router2 IP and interface Configuration:

Perform the same configuration as on the above router with their IP scheme.
Step 3: To configure PC0's IP address, first, double-click on PC0 to open its
configuration window. Next, click on the "Desktop" menu, and from there, choose "IP
Configuration." In the IP Configuration window, assign the IP address 10.0.0.2 to PC0.
Step 4: Set up an OSPF routing process on all routers using OSPF process number 1, and
ensure that all networks are placed in area 0. To configure OSPF on any router, make sure
to advertise all directly connected networks within the OSPF process.
Step 5: To confirm the setup, we will utilize the ping command, which checks
connectivity between two devices. As there are two possible routes between the source
and destination, we will use the tracert command to determine the specific route taken. To
do this, access the command prompt of PC1 and use the ping command to test the
connection to Server0. Then, use the tracert command to display the path taken to reach
the destination.

Conculsion:

We have successfully implemented OSPF routing in our network.

6.

Title:

Configure HTTP, DNS, Email Server in Cisco Packet Tracer

Software used:
Cisco Packet Tracer: Cisco Packet Tracer is like a computer game that helps people
learn about computer networks. It lets you make and fix networks on a pretend computer
world. This is really useful for learning how networks work and how to make them better.
People who want to become experts in networking use this tool to practice and get better..

Objective:

● Enable and optimize web services on the HTTP server.

● Host websites and web applications efficiently.
● Implement security measures for web communication.
● Translate domain names to IP addresses with the DNS server.
● Manage DNS zones and records for proper navigation.
● Ensure redundancy and load balancing for DNS queries.
● Set up email services on the Email Server.
● Manage user accounts and access controls for email.
● Implement spam and malware protection for email.
● Enable email encryption to secure communication.

Theory:
HTTP Server:

HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) is the foundation of data communication on the

World Wide Web. An HTTP server is a software application that receives, processes, and
responds to HTTP requests from web browsers or clients. When you enter a URL in your
web browser, it sends an HTTP request to the server associated with that URL, which
then sends back the requested web page or resource (HTML, images, etc.) in the HTTP
response.
DNS Server:

DNS (Domain Name System) is a hierarchical decentralized naming system for

computers, services, or other resources connected to the internet or a private network.
DNS servers translate human-readable domain names (like www.example.com) into IP
addresses (like 192.0.2.1), which are used by computers to locate and communicate with
each other.

Email server:

A server in the network who stores incoming mail for distribution to local users and
sends out outgoing messages. This uses a client-server application model to send and
receive messages using Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP).

Apparatus:
The following apparatus were used in the lab:

Router:

A router is a network device that directs data packets between different networks,
determining the optimal path for data to travel. It connects multiple devices to form a
network and enables data communication between them. Routers play a vital role in
managing internet traffic and facilitating communication across various interconnected
devices in both local area networks (LANs) and the internet.

Switch:

A switch is a network device that connects multiple devices within a local area network
(LAN). It operates at the data link layer of the OSI model and uses MAC addresses to
forward data packets to the appropriate destination. Unlike hubs, switches intelligently
direct data only to the intended recipient, improving network performance and efficiency.
Switches enable efficient and secure data transfer between devices within a LAN.

Server:

A server is a powerful computer or software system that provides services, resources, or

data to other computers or clients over a network. It serves as a central repository or
processing unit, responding to requests from clients and distributing information or
performing specific tasks. Servers are essential for hosting websites, applications, email
services, and other network-based functionalities.

Terminal Devices:

Terminal devices, also known as end-user devices or user equipment, are electronic
devices used by individuals to interact with a computer network or communication
system. These devices facilitate communication, access to information, and the execution
of various tasks within the network. Terminal devices are an essential component of any
network as they enable end-users to access resources and services provided by the
network infrastructure

Straight Cable:
A straight cable, also known as a straight-through cable, is a type of Ethernet cable used
to connect different types of devices directly to each other. It is most commonly used to
establish connections between two dissimilar devices, such as a computer to a switch, a
computer to a router, or a switch to a router. The wiring inside a straight cable maintains a
consistent pinout from one end of the cable to the other, meaning that the wire
arrangement at one end is identical to the arrangement at the opposite end.

Procedure:
Step 1:To begin, open the Cisco Packet Tracer desktop and choose your devices to
construct your network.Connect the devices together using straight cable.
Initial IP Configuration

Device Interface IP Configuration Connected with

Router0 Fa0/0 172.16.1.1/24 Router1’s Fa0/0

Router0 Fa0/1 192.168.1.1/24 Switch0’s Fa0/1

Router1 Fa0/0 172.16.1.2/24 Router0’s Fa0/0

Router1 Fa0/1 192.168.2.1 /24 Switch1’s Fa0/1

Server Fa0 192.168.2.100/24 Switch!’s Fa0/2

Step 2: We need to set up IP addresses and other settings on those interfaces. This is
done in the interface mode, which is connected to the global configuration mode. To
access the global configuration mode, use the provided commands listed below.We will
use the same commands to assign IP addresses on interfaces of remaining routers, then
Configure the router as a DHCP server and configure the PCs to obtain IP addresses
automatically using DHCP.
Step 3: To configure PC3's IP address, first, double-click on PC3 to open its
configuration window. Next, click on the "Desktop" menu, and from there, choose "IP
Configuration." In the IP Configuration window, assign the IP address 192.168.2.2 to
PC3.

Step 4: Enable RIP: In global configuration mode, use the router rip command to enable
the RIP routing protocol on the router. This command activates the RIP process on the
router.
Step 5: Configure gateway in the server

Step 6: Configure HTTPS server

To configure the HTTP server go to services then click on HTTP and delete all of the
files except the index.html and edit it.

Test HTTP connectivity from PC0 to the Server:

Step 7: Configure DNS server

On the Server device, enable DNS service and name the server and address and add the
records.

Test DNS resolution from PC0 to an external website:

Step 8: Configure EMAIL

Configure Email server. For this click on the server, then click the Services tab, and
pick the email server from the menu.Provide the Domain name of the server then
click on Set to set it.Proceed and add users and provide their passwords.

Configure mail client in PCS.

PC2 setup:
 PC0 Setup:

Step 9: Finally, test the email services. Go to the PC0 email client, compose an email,
and send it to the PC2 email address.
 Mail sent Successfully

To see whether the email from PC2 is received on PC0. On the email client of PC0, click
on Receive.

Received message from pc0 to pc2:

Received message from pc2 to pc0:

Conclusion:Successful configurations of DNS, HTTP, and Email services have enabled

efficient communication within the network, ensuring reliable domain name resolution,
web hosting, and seamless internal and external email correspondence.