TOM (22438) IMP question & Answers

 UNIT -1 Fundamentals and type of Mechanism

 2 Marks questions

1) Define completely constrained motion and successfully constrained motion.

 Completely constrained motion :- When the motion between a pair is limited to a definite
direction irrespective of the direction of force applied, then the motion is said to be a
completely constrained motion.
 Successfully constrained motion:- When the motion between the elements, forming a pair,
is such that the constrained motion is not completed by itself, but by some other means, then
the motion is said to be successfully constrained motion.

2) State the types of constrained motion with one example.

 Completely constrained motion-
For example- i) The motion of piston inside the cylinder is limited to a definite direction
ii) Motion of a square bar in a square hole.
 Incompletely constrained motion-
For example- i) A circular bar or shaft in a circular hole
ii) Shaft mounted vertically in a foot step bearing with no load at top.
 Successfully constrained motion-
For example- i) Shaft in a foot-step bearing. The shaft may rotate in a bearing or it maymove
upwards. ii) In cam and follower arrangement.iii) The motion of an I.C. engine valve.(These
are kept on their seat by a spring) iv) The piston reciprocating inside an engine cylinder.

3) State two examples of Rigid link and Flexible link

 Rigid link-For example - Connecting rod, crank etc.
 Flexible link- For example - Belts, ropes, chains, wires etc.

4) Define term ‘Kinetics’.

 It is that branch of Theory of Machines which deals with the inertia forces which arise
fromthe combined effect of the mass and motion of the machine parts.

5) List different types of ‘Kinematic Pair’.

 Types of Kinematic pairs:
a) According to the type of relative motion between the elements:
(a) Sliding pair.
(b) Turning pair.
(c) Rolling pair.
(d) Screw pair.
(e) Spherical pair.
b) According to the type of contact between the elements:
(a) Lower pair.
(b) Higher pair.
c) According to the type of closure:
(a) Self closed pair.
(b) .Force - closed pair.
 d) According to Constrained Motion:
(a) Incompletely Constrained
(b) Completely Constrained
(c) Successfully Constrained
6) Identify Kinematic pairs and named it.

1) Link 1 and 2 -- Sliding Pair

2) Link 2 and 3 -- Turning Pair
3) Link 3 and 4 -- Turning Pair
4) Link 4 and 1 -- Sliding pair

 4 Marks questions
1) Draw a neat sketch of Oldham coupling and label the following parts :
(1 ) Shaft (2) Flanges (3) Bearing (4) Centre block

2) Explain the working of mechanism, used to draw elliptical shape with neat sketch .
Construction : This mechanism is an inversion of Double slider crank Chain mechanism . it consist of
four links. Link one is first slider, link two is connecting rod AB, link three is second slider and link four
is slotted frame which is fixed. It has two sliding & two turning pairs. all pairs are lower pairs. As shown
in figure it has rectangular frame with vertical and horizontal slots. Two sliders are free to slide inside
both slots. Connecting rod AB connects two sliders at point A & B.

Working: When one of the slider is given reciprocating motion it is transmitted to another slider
through the link AB . It is observed that while the two sliders slide into respective slots the point 'P'
traces the path of an ellipse. The major axis and minor axis of the ellipse can be changed by changing
the point which traces the path of an ellipse.

Application : This mechanism is used for drawing ellipse of required size..

3) Differentiate between machine and structure on basis of :

(1) Relative motion (2) Transmission of Energy (3) Degree of Freedom (4) Application

BASIS OF COMPARISON MACHINE STRUCTURE

Relative motion Parts of a machine moves The members of a structure do
relative to one another. not moves relative to one
another.
Transmission of Energy The machine transforms the In a structure, no energy
available energy into some istransformed into useful
useful work. work.
Degree of Freedom Degree of freedom is one or Degree of freedom is zero or
more than one negative
Application Drilling machine, Lathe
machine, slotting machine Building, bridge, trusses
machine frames etc.

7) Draw a neat diagram of ‘Scotch Yoke Mechanism’. Explain its constructional features in
brief.
 Construction : It is also known as slotted link mechanism.This mechanism is an inversion of Double
slider crank Chain mechanism . It consist of four links. Link 1 is frame,Link 2 is crank ,link 3 is slider
and link 4 is yoke. This inversion is obtained by fixing either the link 1 (frame) or link 3 (slider) .
It has two sliding & two turning pairs. all pairs are lower pairs.
link 1 (Frame) & link 2 (Crank) forming one turning pair,
link 2 (Crank) & link 3 (Slider) forming second turning pair,
link 3 (Slider) & link 4 (Yoke) forming one Sliding pair,
link 1 (Frame) & link 4 (Yoke) - forming second Sliding pair

Working: . In this mechanism, when the link 2 (crank) rotates about fixed center point B, then the
link 4 (Yoke) reciprocates in fixed link 1.

Application : This mechanism is used for converting rotary motion into a reciprocating motion.

8) Draw a neat sketch of ‘Locomotive coupler’ mechanism. Explain its working in brief

Construction:
This mechanism is an inversion four bar chain mechanism .
It is consists of frame AD which is fixed, on which two cranks AB & CD are fitted on it .The cranks are
free to rotate about fixed points A and D. Both the cranks have same lengths. Two cranks are
connected to each other by means of coupling rod, which connects at point B and C of both cranks.
At the connections A,B,C & D has four turning pairs. All four pairs are lower pairs.

Working –
When link AB starts rotating about fixed point A it allows the coupling rod to oscillate. The rotary
motion of wheel is transmitted to next wheel by means of coupling rod BC. As a result the other wheel
also starts rotating in same direction and same speed.

Application – coupled wheels of locomotive mechanism is use where rotary motion of one link is
transmitted in to rotary motion to another link.

9) Name the suitable mechanism to be used for following applications:

a) Lifting water from well
b) Connecting misaligned shafts
c) Converting rotary motion into reciprocating motion
d) Maintain constant relative motion between two rotary elements
S.N. Application Suitable Mechanism
(i) Lifting water from well Pendulum pump (Bull Engine)

(ii) Connecting misaligned shaft Oldham’s coupling

(iii) Converting rotary motion into Beam Engine (Crank & Lever Msm)
reciprocating motion
(iv) Maintain constant relative motion Coupling rod of locomotive
between two rotary elements

10) Differentiate between mechanism and machine.

 6 Marks questions
11) Define following terms
i. Kinematic link
ii. Kinematic pair
iii. Kinematic chain
iv. Mechanism
v. Machine
vi. Inversion
(i) Kinematic link: Each part of a machine, which moves relative to some other part, is known
as a kinematic link.

(ii) Kinematic pair: The two links or elements of a machine, when in contact with each other, are
said to form a pair. If the relative motion between them is completely or successfully constrained
(i.e. in a definite direction), the pair is known as kinematic pair.

(iii) Kinematic chain: When the kinematic pairs are coupled in such a way that the last link is joined
to the first link to transmit definite motion (i.e. completely or successfully constrained motion), it
is called a kinematic chain.

(iv) Mechanism: When one of the links of a kinematic chain is fixed, the chain is known as
mechanism. It may be used for transmitting or transforming motion e.g. engine indicators,
typewriter etc.

(v) Machine: A machine is a device which receives energy and transforms it into some useful work.
 (vi) Inversion: obtaining different mechanisms by fixing different links in a kinematic chain is
known as inversion of the mechanism.

12) Draw the Construction of Crank and Slotted lever mechanism and briefly explain its
working.

Construction : it is an Inversion of Single Slider crank chain Mechanism. it consist four links. It has
three turning pairs & one Sliding pair. all pairs are lower pairs.
Link 4 slotted bar, link 2 crank, link 3 fixed link (connecting rod) , link 1 slider.
Link 1 (slider) & link 2 (crank ) forming one turning pair, link 2 (crank ) & link 3 (fixed link) forming
second turning pair, link 3 (fixed link) & Link 4 (slotted bar) forming third turning pair, Link 4 (slotted
bar) & Link 1 (slider) forming one sliding pair.

Working: when the crank CB rotates about fixed center point 'C', the slider ‘B’. slides inside the
slotted bar. the slotted bar ‘AP’ oscillates about the pivoted point 'A'.
A short link PR transmits the motion from AP to the ram which carries the tool and reciprocates
along the line of stroke R1 R2.

The forward or cutting stroke occurs when the crank rotates from the position CB1 to CB2 (or
through an angle β) in the clockwise direction. The return stroke occurs when the crank rotates
from the position CB2 to CB1 (or through angle α) in the clockwise direction.

Application : This mechanism is mostly used in shaping machines and slotting machines.
 13) Draw a neat sketch of oscillating cylinder engine mechanism and explain its working and
construction

Construction –
This mechanism is an inversion of Single slider crank chain mechanism, it consist four links. crank
,fixed connecting rod, piston rod with piston and cylinder . It has three turning pairs & one Sliding
pair. As shown in figure. piston rod & piston form one link . The cylinder is pivoted to frame, due to
which whole cylinder is free to oscillate about the frame.

Working –
When crank starts rotating about fixed point, it causes the piston to reciprocate inside the cylinder.
A piston while reciprocating causes the cylinder oscillate about pivoted point 'O'

Application –
Oscillating cylinder mechanism is used where rotary motion is transmitted into oscillating motion.

UNIT – 2 Velocity & Acceleration in Mechanism

 2 Marks questions
1) State the necessity of Acceleration diagram of a mechanism.
 Acceleration diagram is important in mechanism , because acceleration is directly related to
force. F = m *a
 By calculating acceleration, we calculate inertia force acting on different links.
 Design of machine parts rotating at higher speed becomes safe.

2) Define Linear Velocity & Angular velocity

1) Linear Velocity:- It may be defined as ‘’the rate of change of linear displacement withrespect
to time’’
Mathematically, linear velocity is V=ds/dt
2) Angular velocity:- It may be defined as “the rate of change of angular displacement with
respect to time”. It is usually expressed by a Greek letter (omega). Mathematically,angular
velocity is dθ/ dt

 6 Marks questions
1) Explain Klein's construction to determine velocity and acceleration of different links
in single slider crank mechanism.
Let OC be the crank and PC the connecting rod of a reciprocating steam engine, as shown in
Fig. Let the crank makes an angle θ with the line of stroke PO and rotates with uniform
angular velocity ω rad/s in a clockwise direction. The Klien’s velocity and acceleration
diagrams are drawn as discussed below:

Klien’s velocity diagram

First of all, draw OM perpendicular to OP; such that it intersects the line PC produced at M. The
triangle OCM is known as Klien’s velocity diagram. In this triangle OCM, OM may be regarded as
a line perpendicular to PO, CM may be regarded as a line parallel to PC, and ...(_It is the same
line.) CO may be regarded as a line parallel to CO. The velocity diagram for given configuration is
a triangle ocp
 UNIT – 3 Cam & Follower
 2 Marks questions
1) Define base circle and pressure angle.
 Base circle. It is the smallest circle that can be drawn to the cam profile.
 Pressure angle. It is the angle between the direction of the follower motion and a normal to
the pitch curve.
2) State the reason of using roller follower over kinfe edge follower.
 Roller follower has less wear and tear than knife edge follower.
 Power required for driving the cam is less due to less frictional force between cam and
follower.

 4 Marks questions
1) Write the classification of follower
 As per shape
 As per motion.
Draw sketch of any one follower.

Classification of follower:

i) As per shape:

 Knife-edge follower: When the contacting end of the follower has a sharp knife edge,
it is called a knife edge follower.

 Roller follower: When the contacting end of the follower is a roller, it is called a roller follower.

 Flat faced or mushroom follower: When the contacting end of the follower is a perfectly
flat face, it is called a flat faced follower and when the flat faced follower is circular, it is
then called a mushroom follower.

 Spherical follower: When the contacting end of the follower is of spherical shape, it is
called a spherical faced follower.

ii) As per motion:

 Reciprocating or translating follower: When the follower reciprocates in guides as the

cam rotates uniformly, it is known as reciprocating or translating follower.

 Oscillating or rotating follower: When the uniform rotary motion of the cam is converted
into predetermined oscillatory motion of the follower, it is called oscillating or rotating
follower.

(Sketch any one 01

marks)
 2) Why roller follower is preferred over a knife follower ? State two advantages and
application of roller follower.

In case of knife edge follower there is sliding motion between the contacting surface
of cam and follower. Because of small contact area, there is excessive wear;
therefore it is not frequently used. Whereas in roller follower there is rolling motion
between contacting surfacing and more contact area, therefore rate of wear is
greatly reduced. Advantages: i) Less wear, more life ii) Less side thrust as compared
to knife edge follower. Application: Used in stationary oil and gas engines

3) Explain construction and working of Radial Cam with suitable sketch

Construction and working of radial cam

In radial cams, the follower reciprocates or oscillates in a direction perpendicular
to the cam axis. The cams as shown in Fig. are all radial cams. Cam rotatesabout a center and it’s
radial distance varies from the center to the outer surface. The ‘radial cam’ is a rotating plate or
disc with an outer circumference shaped to produce a required movement (usually linear) to a
‘follower’ which is held against it.
This provide a rise and fall of the follower during the cam rotation. The cam
follower may be arranged in a different combinations but the motion of the
followerdepends upon the profile of the cam.

3) List any four applications of ‘cam’ and ‘follower’

 Operating the inlet and exhaust valves of internal combustion engines
 Used in Automatic attachment of machineries, paper cutting machines
  Used in Spinning and weaving textile machineries.
 Used in Feed mechanism of automatic lathes etc.
 Used in Diesel Fuel Pumps.
 Used in printing control mechanism
 Used in wall clock
 Used in feed mechanism of automatic lathe.

4) Define the term ‘Dwell’ w.r.t. cam profile

When the follower is not moving upward and downward even when the cam rotates is
called as dwell.

5) Draw the following displacement diagram for follower:

(i) SHM (ii) Uniform acceleration and deceleration

 Displacement Diagram for Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM

 Displacement Diagram for Uniform Acceleration and Deceleration:

6) Define the following terms as applied to cam with a neat sketch: (i) Base circle (ii) Pitch
circle (iii) Pressure angle (iv) Stroke of the follower
a) Base circle: it is smallest circle that can be drawn to the cam profile.
b) Pitch circle: it is the circle that can be drawn from the center of the cam through the
pitch points.
c) Pessure angle: it is the angle between the direction of follower motion and a normal to
the pitch curve.
d) Stroke of the follower: it is maximum travel of the follower from its lowest position to
the topmost position
7) Draw basic ‘cam-follower’ diagram showing its terminology (Minimum four terms
 UNIT – 4 Power Transmission (Rope, Belt, Chain & Gear drive)

 4 Marks questions
1) Explain the term: (i) Slip (ii) Creep

Slip: The forward motion of the belt without carrying the driven pulley with it, is called slip of the
belt.

Slip reduces velocity ratio and also power transmission capacity of the belt drive. Less slip in the
belt drive is desirable.

Slip of Belt by neglecting thickness of belt is expressed as below;

Creep: When the belt passes from the slack side to the tight side, a certain portion of the belt
extends and it contracts again when the belt passes from the tight side to slack side. Due to these
changes of length, there is a relative motion between the belt and the pulley surfaces. This relative
motion is termed as creep.

Creep reduces velocity ratio and also power transmission capacity of the belt drive. Less creep in
the belt drive is desirable.
Creep of Belt is expressed as below;

 6 Marks questions

1) Compare Belt Drive and Chain Drive (four points)

Particulars Belt drive Chain drive

Slip Slip may occur No slip (Positive drive)
Use For low Velocity Ratio For moderate Velocity
Ratio
Suitability For large centre For moderate centre
distance distance
Space requires Large Moderate
Lubrication Not required Require
Installation cost Less Moderate
Example Floor Mill, Compressor, Bicycle, Automobile
Conveyors
 2) State the need of chain lubrication and explain various methods of chain lubrication
 To avoid slipping and to get a constant velocity ratio the belt and rope can be replaced by
another type of drive called as chain drive

Lubrication methods

1. Manual Lubrication
2. Drip Lubrication
3. Oil Bath Lubrication
4. Oil Stream Lubrication

 Manual Lubrication - In manual lubrication, the user applies oil periodically

The preferred frequency is once every eight hours, but a longer interval may be used if experience
shows it is adequate for that particular drive.

 Drip Lubrication - In drip lubrication, oil is dripped between the link plate at a rate from
four to 20 drops per minute, depending on speed of chain.

 Oil Bath Lubrication - In oil bath lubrication, a short section of the chain runs through the
oil in the bottom of the chain casing. The oil level should extend only to the pitch-line of the
chain at its lowest operating point. Having long sections of chain run through the oil bath
can cause oil foaming

 Oil Stream Lubrication - In oil stream lubrication, the oil is pumped under pressure to
nozzles that deliver a stream or spray onto the lower span of the chain from the inside of
the loop.
The oil spray should be distributed uniformly across the entire width of the chain.
The excess oil is collected in the bottom of the sump and returned to the pump via a
reservoir.
An oil cooler may be used to keep oil temperature below the maximum limit

3) Define initial tension in belt drive & state its effect.

Initial tension : When a belt is wound round the two pulleys (i.e. driver and follower), its two
ends are joined together ; so that the belt may continuously move over the pulleys, since the
motion of the belt from the driver and the follower is governed by a firm grip, due to friction
between the belt and the pulleys. Effects: In order to increase this grip, the belt is tightened up.
At this stage, even when the pulleys are stationary, the belt is subjected to some tension, called
initial tension. When the driver starts rotating, it pulls the belt from one side (increasing tension
in the belt on this side) and delivers it to the other side (decreasing the tension in the belt on
that side). The increased tension in one side of the belt is called tension in tight side and the
decreased tension in the other side of the belt is called tension in the slack side.

4) Compare cross belt drive and open belt drive on the basis of i) velocity ratio ii) application
iii) direction of driven pulley iv)length of belt drive
5) Draw the neat sketch of epicyclic gear train and explain how it works

In an epicyclic gear train, the axes of the shafts, over which the gears are mounted, may
move relative to a fixed axis. A simple epicyclic gear train is shown in Fig. where a gear A and
the arm C have a common axis at 1 about which they can rotate. The gear B meshes with
gear A and has its axis on the arm at O2, about which the gear B canrotate. If the arm is fixed,
the gear train is simple and gear A can drive gear B or vice-versa, but if gearAis fixed and the
arm is rotated about the axis of gearA(i.e.O1),then the gear B is forced to rotate upon and
around gear A. Such a motion is called epicyclic and the gear trains arranged in such a manner
that one or more of theirmembers moves upon and around another member are known as
epicyclic gear trains (epi. means upon and cyclic means around). The epicyclic gear trains
may be simple or compound

 6 Marks questions

1) Give the classification of gears, mentioning the application of each

 UNIT – 5 Brakes & Clutches
 2 Marks questions
1) Draw a neat sketch of internal expanding shoe brake and lable it.

2) Function of brakes:-
 Brake is used to retard or stop the motion of a machine.
 Brakes converts the energy absorbed (K.E. or P.E.) in the form of heat, which is dissipated to
the surrounding.
 It acts as a safety device.

3) Classification of brakes:-
1) Block or shoe brake 2) Band brake 3) Band and block brake 4) Internal expanding brake
5) Hydraulic brake 6) Pneumatic brake 7) Vacuum brake.

4) State the functions of clutches

 To engage and disengage output shaft with the engine shaft as and when required.
 To engage shafts very smoothly without much slipping of friction surfaces.
 To transmit power from engine shaft to output shaft without loss.
 To engage the shafts smoothly without noise and jerk
5) Types of clutches
 Disc or plate clutches (single disc or multiple disc clutch),
 Cone clutches,
 Centrifugal clutches.
 Diaphragm clutch

 4 Marks questions
1) Write any two functions and applications of clutch.
i) A clutch is a device used to transmit rotary motion of one shaft to the other shaft when desired.

ii) A clutch is a device used for engaging and disengaging the engine crank shaft instantaneously
when desired by the driver.

iii) A clutch is a device used to deliver power to machines partially or fully loaded.

Applications:

i) Single plate clutch: Heavy vehicles, four-wheeler such as car, truck, bus

ii) Multi plate clutch: Two wheelers, mopeds, scooters, bikes

iii) Cone clutch: Machine tools, automobiles, press work

 iv) Centrifugal clutch: mopeds, Luna

2) With at least one example explain the terms : (1) self locking brake (2) self energizing
brake.

a) Self Locking brake

Rn x X = PL + μaRn

Rn = Normal reaction, P = Applied force, L = lever length

X = Distance of block from hinge, μ= coefficient of friction, a = distance of drum fromhinge

In the above equation when frictional force adds to the breaking torque. In other words, the
frictional torque and braking torque are in the same direction its a self locking brake.

Example- The locking mechanism, through suitable use of indexing via Geneva mechanisms, allows
multiple brakes to be engaged and/or disengaged from a single point of adjustment

b) Self energizing brake

In the above equation when X < μa, P becomes negative

Hence, P is not required for braking and brake gets applied on its own. It is called as selfenergizing
brake.

Example-Shoe design should allow very liberal limits and tolerance in wheel, axle and drum
assemblies

3) Explain the construction of ‘Disc Brake’ with neat sketch

Modern vehicles always equipped with disc brakes on at least the front two wheels. It
consists of mainly 3 parts, [1] Rotor [2] Caliper [3] Brake pads
In between each piston and disc, friction pad held in position by springs. Higher applied
forces can be used in disc brakes than in drum brakes, because the design of the rotor is
stronger than the design of the drum. Due to this, large resistance is carried by flat disc. In
this, Flat plate disc with flat friction pad are used against heavy drum. Friction surface directly
exposed to air cooling which results better (faster) heat dissipation.
4) Explain working principle of clutch. State its location in transmission system of an
automobile.

A friction clutch has its principal application in the transmission of power of shafts and
machines, which must be started and stopped frequently. The force of friction is used to start
the driven shaft from rest and gradually brings it up to the proper speed without excessive
slipping of the friction surfaces. In automobiles, friction clutch is used to connect the engine
to the driven shaft. In operating such a clutch, care should be taken so that the friction
surfaces engage easily and gradually brings the driven shaft up to proper speed. Location:
Between the engine and gear box.

 6 Marks questions
1) Draw the sketch of multiplate clutch and describe its constructionand working.

Multi – Plate clutch consists of a number of clutch plates instead of only one clutch plate
like in the Single plate clutch.
Friction surface also increased because of a number of clutch plates. Because of number
of friction surfaces, the capacity of the clutch to transmit torque is also increased.
The plates are alternately fitted to the engine crankshaft and gearbox shaft. They are
firmly pressed by strong coil springs and assembled in a drum type casing.
Each of the alternate clutch plate slides on the grooves on the flywheel and the other
slides on splines on the pressure plate. Thus, each alternate clutch plate has inner and
outer splines.
A multiple disc clutch, as shown in Fig., may be used when a large torque is to be
transmitted. The inside discs (usually of steel) are fastened to the driven shaft to permit
axial motion (except for the last disc). The outside discs (usually of bronze) are held by
bolts and are fastened to the housing which is keyed to the driving shaft. The multiple
disc clutches are extensively used in motor cars, machine tools etc.
Let n1 = Number of discs on the driving shaft, and n2 = Number of discs on the driven
shaft. Number of pairs of contact surfaces,
n = n1 + n2 – 1
and total frictional torque acting on the friction surfaces or on the clutch,
T = n.μ.W.R
where R = Mean radius of the friction surfaces

2) Draw the constructional details diagram of Centrifugal clutch. Explain its working principle.
 Working Principle of Centrifugal Clutch

The centrifugal clutch uses centrifugal force, instead of spring force for keeping it in engaged position.
Also, it does not require clutch pedal for operating the clutch. The clutch is operated automatically
depending upon the engine speed. The vehicle can be stopped in gear without stalling the engine.
Similarly the vehicle can be started in any gear by pressing the accelerator pedal. This makes the
driving operation very easy.

3) Draw the labeled sketch of cone clutch and explain its working

A cone clutch serves the same purpose as a disk or plate clutch. However, instead of mating
two spinning disks, the cone clutch uses two conical surfaces to transmit torque from the
engine to wheels by friction. When the driver presses the clutch pedal, the male cone slides
against the spring force, and the clutch is disengaged. When the driver removes the pressure
on the clutch pedal, the friction surfaces of the male cone are in direct contactwith the
female cone due to the force of the spring.
 UNIT – 6 Flywheel, Governor & Balancing

 2 Marks questions
1) State the adverse effect of imbalance on rotating element of machine.
 The dynamic forces are set up and these forces increase the loads on bearings and stresses
in the various members.
 Produce unpleasant noise and dangerous vibrations.

2) Sate the functions of flywheel

It serves as a reservoir, which stores energy during the period when the supply of energy is
more than requirement and release it during period when requirement of energy is more
than supply.

3) State two methods of balancing of single rotating masses.

Following of Two methods of balancing of single rotating masses,

1) Balancing of a single rotating mass by a single mass rotating in same plane
2) Balancing of a single rotating mass by two masses rotating in different planes.

3) Define coefficient of fluctuation of energy

 It may be defined as the ratio of the maximum fluctuation of energy to the work doneper
cycle.
Mathematically it is expressed as;

4) Define Turning Moment Diagram

Turning moment diagram (TDM) is a graphical representation of turning moment or torque (along
Y-axis) versus crank angle (X-axis) for various positions of crank

5) State four applications of flywheel

Applications of flywheel: Used in Internal combustion engines, press machines, mills,
punching machines.
 4 Marks questions
1) Draw and explain the turning moment diagram of 4-stroke I.C. Engine.
 A turning moment diagram for a four stroke cycle internal combustion engine is shown. We know
that in a four stroke cycle internal combustion engine, there is one working stroke after the crank
has turned through two revolutions, i.e. 720° (or 4 ð radians). Turning moment diagram for a four
stroke cycle internal combustion engine.
Since the pressure inside the engine cylinder is less than the atmospheric pressure during the
suction stroke, therefore a negative loop is formed as shown in Fig. During the compression
stroke, the work is done on the gases, therefore a higher negative loop is obtained. During the
expansion or working stroke, the fuel burns and the gases expand, therefore a large positive loop
is obtained. In this stroke, the work is done by the gases. During exhaust stroke, the work is done
on the gases, therefore a negative loop is formed. It may be noted that the effect of the inertia
forces on the piston is taken into account in Fig

2) Explain : ( 1) Sensitiveness (2) Hunting of governor

 Sensitiveness -As a governor is used to limit the change of speed of the engine between
minimumto full-load conditions, the sensitiveness of a governor is also defined as the
ratio of the difference between the maximum and the minimum speeds to the mean
equilibrium speed.

Hunting of governor :
 A governor is said to be hunt if the speed of the engine fluctuates continuously above
and below the mean speed. This is caused by a too sensitive governor which changes the
fuel supply by a large amount when a small change in the speed of rotation takes

3) State the necessity of Balancing. List different types of Balancing Methods.

Necessity of Balancing:
[1] The high speed of engines and other machines is a common phenomenon now-a- days. It is,
therefore, very essential that all the rotating and reciprocating parts should be completely balanced
as far as possible.
[2] If these parts are not properly balanced, the dynamic forces are set up. These forces not only
increase the loads on bearings and stresses in the various members, but also produce unpleasant
and even dangerous vibrations.
The balancing of unbalanced forces is caused by rotating masses, in order tominimize pressure on
the main bearings when an engine is running.

Types of Balancing Methods:

[1] Balancing of rotating masses:
 (a) Balancing of a single rotating mass* by a single rotating mass in the same plane
(b) Balancing of a single rotating mass by two masses rotating in the different planes
(c) Balancing of different masses rotating in the same plane
Balancing of different masses rotating in the different planes
[2] Balancing of Several masses revolving in same plane:

 6 Marks questions
1) Compare flywheel with Governor.
FLYWHEEL GOVERNOR
1.Function- To control the speed variations 1.Function- To regulate the mean speed of
caused by fluctuations of engine turning engine within prescribed limit when there
moment during a cycle. are variations of load.
2. Flywheel acts as a reservoir; it stores 2. A governor regulates the speed by
energy due to its mass moment of inertia regulating the quantity of charge/working
and releases energy when required fluid of prime mover.
during a
cycle.
3.It regulates speed in one cycle only 3. It regulates speed over a period of time.
4.Flywheel has no control over supply of 4. Governor takes care of quantity of fluid
fluid/charge
5. It is not an essential element of every 5. It is an essential element of prime
prime mover. It is used when there are mover since varying demand of power is
undesirable cyclic fluctuations. met by it.
6. Mathematically it controls δN/δt 6. Mathematically it controls δN

2) Explain the following terms of centrifugal governor with neat sketch:

(i) Height of Governor
(ii) Equilibrium Speed
(iii) Sleeve Lift

(i) Height of Governor:

It is the vertical distance from the centre of the ball to a point where the axes of
the arms (orarms produced) intersect on the spindle axis. It is usually denoted by h as
shown in figure.
(ii) Equilibrium Speed:
It is the speed at which the governor balls, arms etc. are in complete equilibrium &
the sleevedoes not tend to move upwards or downwards.
(iii) Sleeve Lift:
It is the vertical distance which the sleeve travels due to change in equilibrium speed.
 3) Draw neat labelled sketch of Porter Governor, showing 1) Spindle 2) Dead weight 3) Flyball
4) sleeve
And explain its working.

Porter governor
Porter governor is a type of simple governor which is an updated from watt governor, Porter
Governor is a type of governor contains two equally weighted balls connected to the arm. This ball
contains some specified weight and this is a simple construction and easy in maintenance. Porter
governor is used to decreasing the fluctuations developed in the engine and supply the required
quantity of fuel to the engine according to the load applied to it. Supply of fuel depends on the
displacement of the sleeve from its bottom point and this sleeve lifted with the help of balls
rotation, when the balls rotate with high speed the sleeve lifted to the maximum point and the
supply of fuel is maximum to the engine
 4) Draw turning moment diagram for multi cylinder engine and define
a) Mean effective pressure
b) Fluctuation of energy

(1) Mean Effective pressure:- The mean effective pressure can be regarded asan average
pressure in the cylinder for a complete engine cycle.

(2) Fluctuation of energy:- The variations of energy above and below the meanresisting
torque line are called fluctuation of energy.

5) Enlist types of Governors

Governor broadly classified as:- 1) Centrifugal governor and 2) Inertia governor Centrifugal
governor classified as follows:-
Function Of Governor

 The function of a governor is to regulate the mean speed of an engine, when there are
variations in the load e.g. when the load on an engine increases, its speed decreases,
therefore it becomes necessary to increase the supply of working fluid.
 So, the governor automatically controls the supply of working fluid to the engine with the
varying load condition and keeps the mean speed within certain limits.

Define Maximum and minimum equilibrium speeds.

The speeds at the maximum and minimum radius of rotation of the balls, without tending to move
either way are known as maximum and minimum equilibrium speeds respectively

Define Kinematic pair :

The two links or elements of a machine, when in contact with each other, are said to form a pair. If
the relative motion between them is completely or successfully constrained (i.e. in a definite
direction), the pair is known as kinematic pair.

Explain Open belt drive and cross belt drive

open belt drive

 The open belt drive, as shown in Fig. 11.3, is used with shafts arranged parallel and rotating in the
same direction.
In this case, the driver A pulls the belt from one side (i.e. lower side RQ) and delivers it to the other
side (i.e. upper side L M). Thus the tension in the lower side belt will be more than that in the
upper side belt. The lower side belt (because of more tension) is known as tight side whereas the
upper side belt (because of less tension) is known as slack side, as shown in Fig.

Cross Belt Drive

The crossed or twist belt drive, as shown in Fig. 11.4, is used with shafts arranged parallel and
rotating in the opposite directions.

In this case, the driver pulls the belt from one side (i.e. RQ) and delivers it to the other side (i.e. L
M). Thus the tension in the belt RQ will be more than that in the belt L M. The belt RQ (because of
more tension) is known as tight side, whereas the belt L M (because of less tension) is known as
slack side, as shown in Fig.