Refrigerant System Components and Controls

“Refrigeration systems play a vital role in providing efficient cooling and preservation for a wide range
of industries. Understanding the key components and controls of a refrigeration system is essential
for ensuring optimal performance and maintaining the desired temperature conditions. In this
complete guide, we will explore the important components, such as compressors, condensers,
evaporators, and expansion valves, as well as the vital controls that regulate and monitor the
refrigeration process. Let us continue reading about refrigeration system components and controls
and uncover the fundamental principles behind their operation.”

HERMETIC Compressor or (fridge compressor)

Hermetic compressors are commonly used in household refrigerators, both motor and compressor
are enclosed in a steel housing, also known as a hermetic container, where no gas or liquid can enter
or escape from the welding seals welded around the container.

The hermetic compressor has a direct drive with no coupling and no mechanical seal.

The hermetic compressor has a low-pressure housing, which means that the interior of the
compressor housing is subjected only to suction pressure whereas discharge can cause stress
hazard inside the compressor.

The refrigerant and compressor oil inside the compressor housing is totally in contact with
the motor rotor and stator windings. So, to avoid any short circuit within the motor winding the
refrigerant used must have a high dielectric strength and must be fully compatible with the insulation
material.
The electric motor is directly connected to the compressor with a single shaft avoiding the use of any
coupling or mechanical seal and leaving no chance of refrigerant leaking into the atmosphere.

The crankshaft is designed to circulate lubricating oil from the pump to all bearing surfaces.

A typical household hermetic compressor may be used continuously for more than 20 years, but often
at the end of its service period, it is moved to secondary duty like it can be used as a refrigerant
evacuation pump after some modification, traded and resold, or discarded.

Since the motor, as well as the compressor, is not accessible for repair or maintenance, a
failure of the inbuilt motor winding like short circuit can cause the decomposition of the refrigerant and
serious contamination of the crankcase lubricating oil.

Therefore to avoid such damage, internal and external motor protection devices shuts off the motor
power supply in case of any fault.

Commercial Refrigeration Compressor

The Commercial Refrigeration Compressor is usually a reciprocating or a screw compressor. It
provides the differential pressure and a necessary flow around the system by raising the refrigerant
temperature and pressure thereby giving a desired mass flow rate.
 The purpose of the compressor in the refrigeration cycle is to accept the low-pressure dry gas from
the evaporator and raise its pressure to that of the condenser.

The rate of heat absorption by the evaporator differs from different cargoes carried and the outside air
temperature.

Sometimes cargo/stores are freshly located in a warm climate, the cooling load on the system
increases significantly.

Therefore, most large compressors are multi-unit v –type compressor fitted with some
arrangement of load or capacity control.

The load controller senses the temperature and controls the capacity of the compressor by off-loading
or cutting out one of the compressor unit.

For the reciprocating units, this is carried out by using unloader push pins to keep the suction valve
lifted from their seats.

Question: Why is a coupling needed in a commercial refrigeration compressor and motor?

Couplings are used to connect large compressor shaft with the compressor motor shaft, a driving
force in these large units are very high.

1. The coupling can allow some amount of flexibility during miss alignment of shafts.
2. It can save the compressor when there is a sudden excess torque by allowing limited slip or twist.

Question: What is the function of a Mechanical Seal in a refrigeration compressor?

The mechanical seal screwed on the rotating compressor shaft provides sealing of crankcase, also
contains the crankcase pressure and prevents any contamination from outside substance.
 How does a Thermostatic expansion valve (TEV or TXV) or
Metering device work?
The thermostatic expansion valve acts as a regulator where the refrigerant is metered from the high-
pressure side to the low-pressure side of the system.

1. The expansion valve controls the flow of refrigerant to the evaporator according to the load.
2. Expansion valve prevents the liquid refrigerant from entering into the compressor.
3. It maintains 6°C to 7°C of superheat at the outlet of the evaporator.
4. The expansion valve helps to maintain an appropriate amount of refrigerant in the high-pressure side and low-
pressure side of the system.

Why an equalizing line required in thermostatic expansion valve (TEV) or metering valve?

There is always pressure drop across the evaporator in practical, and it’s even higher in large
evaporators.

Thus evaporator having a pressure drop of 0.15 kg/cm2 and above should have an equalizing line
attached at the evaporator outlet. Otherwise, the evaporator gets starved of refrigerant.

In an expansion valve, the pressure acting on the top of the diaphragm (Pb) corresponds to saturation
pressure plus a degree of superheat of the refrigerant leaving the evaporator.

Thus the pressure (Pb) is trying to open the valve against the spring force (Ps) from below the
diaphragm.

The equalizing line has a saturation pressure (Po) of the refrigerant, leaving the evaporator to act
below the diaphragm.

Thus both the saturation pressures of Pb and Po cancel out each other; therefore, the degree of
superheat of (Pb) is supposed to open the expansion valve to maintain 6° to 7° of superheat and
ensure no liquid enters the compressor suction.

Filter Drier: Essential for Moisture Removal

The primary purpose of a filter drier is to effectively filter and capture small foreign particles, absorb
any moisture or water present in the refrigeration system, and also neutralize and absorb acids that
may be generated within the system. It is typically installed in the liquid line at the outlet of the
condenser coil.
One of the major concerns in a refrigeration system is the presence of acids, which can cause
damage and failure to various components. The filter drier plays a vital role in protecting the system
by absorbing these acids and preventing them from causing corrosion and harmful effects on
compressor valves, motor windings, and other sensitive parts.

By effectively absorbing acids, the filter drier helps maintain the integrity and efficiency of the
refrigeration system, ensuring its smooth operation and prolonging its lifespan.

Exposure to moisture can have detrimental effects on lubricating oil, compromising its
effectiveness and potentially resulting in the buildup of corrosive sludge. This accumulation of sludge,
which can contain metallic or acidic components, has the potential to block or obstruct valves and
other vital oil passages, impeding their proper functioning.

Moisture present in the air conditioning system reacts with the refrigerant, resulting in the formation of
an acidic solution. This solution can corrode copper tubings and extract copper from copper-based
alloys found in various components of the system, such as brass or bronze.

The copper extracted from these materials can accumulate in the compressor bearings and valves,
creating a “copper plating” effect. This buildup of copper can cause issues such as system leaks,
improper evacuation or vacuuming, malfunction of the filter/drier, and contamination of the oil and
refrigerant.

To combat this problem, desiccants are used in filter driers to absorb moisture. Common solid
desiccant materials include silica gel, activated alumina, zeolites, titanium dioxide, activated carbons,
metal oxides, and specially developed porous metal hydrides. Silica gel is particularly effective and
widely used due to its long-term stability, although it is only suitable for low-temperature systems

Sight glass|Moisture indicator of refrigeration system

Sight glass gives a more accurate reading in a horizontal position and shows up bubbles on the top of
the sight glass/moisture indicator.

In the vertical position, the refrigerant gas bubbles go anywhere in the sight glass/moisture indicator.

The presence of bubbles in sight glass during normal operation indicates low refrigerant.

Sight glasses are used to indicate whether refrigerant vapours are present in the pipe, which should
carry only liquid refrigerant.
The sight glass is installed closest to the thermostatic expansion valve so as to determine how
much liquid is present at the expansion valve and being drawn from the filter drier; it can also be used
to indicate the moisture content present in the refrigerant.

An indication of only liquid means the system is correctly working, while the presence of any gas
bubbles means the system is getting short of refrigerant.

Moisture-indicating sight glasses have a colour indicator that changes colour when the
moisture content of the refrigerant exceeds the critical value

Commonly used materials for sight glass are brass metals and for ammonia, it’s steel or cast iron.

Heat exchangers in a Refrigeration system

Cold refrigerant leaving the evaporator coil outlet can be used to under cool the warm liquid
refrigerant leaving from the condenser outlet by using a heat exchanger as shown in the diagram
known as suction to the liquid heat exchanger.

By cooling and removing the enthalpy (heat) from the warm liquid refrigerant and then releasing to the
inlet of the expansion valve provides more efficient use of the evaporator surface.

Greater refrigeration effect and reduction in the refrigerant mass flow into the compressor.

The drawback of this system can be the evaporator unable to provide required superheat to the
refrigerant entering at the suction of the compressor.

A mix of vapor and liquid refrigerant entering into compressor suction may cause severe damage to
the compressor.

Therefore the overall effect of fitting such a heat exchanger varies with the refrigerants
thermodynamic property and its operating conditions.
Solenoid Valve in refrigeration system
The solenoid valve is an electromagnetic valve for the automatic opening and closing of liquid and
gas lines.
When the coil gets energized, the diaphragm valve plate moves up into the open position and vice
versa when the coil is de-energized.
The bleed hole allows the refrigerant to pressurize the top side of the diaphragm to provide a tight
seating closure when the solenoid valve is in a closed position.

Solenoid valves are used in refrigeration and air-conditioning systems (HVAC) to isolate the
thermostatic expansion valve to avoid evaporator flooding.

A burnt-out coil, a damaged diaphragm, or blockage by dirt, causes the solenoid valve to malfunction.

Back Pressure Valve in Refrigeration System

A back pressure valve may sometimes be fitted into the system to hold back a high evaporator
pressure, where two to three evaporator outlet feeds into a common compressor suction line.

The back pressure valve is fitted at the outlet of the evaporator in a multi-temperature zone system
as shown in the diagram.

Back pressure valves are usually fitted at warmer rooms where the temperature is set at 4°C to 5°C
or higher, for eg. Vegetable storeroom or lobby.
If there is no back pressure valve, then it can lead to low temperatures or over flooding of the
evaporator which could cause a problem like freezing in water coolers and spoilage of perishable
items like vegetables and fruits.
It creates back pressure on the evaporator coil and ensures that most of the liquid refrigerant is made
available at lower temperature zones like meat or fish room.
Back pressure valves are spring loaded and a non-return valve.

Safety Devices in refrigeration system:

Refrigeration Compressor Unloader Safety device

Large refrigerating compressors are running with 2 to 3 units in a v or w-type arrangement, provided
with an unloading mechanism.
It enables the compressor to start easily with no vapor pressure load in the cylinder unit, thereby
permitting the use of electric motors with low starting torques.
The unloading mechanism works by raising the suction valve at the open position so that the gas
moves freely in and out through the valve without compression.
Unloader mechanism works by the release of oil pressure from compressor crankcase oil pump via a
solenoid valve to the compressor unloader. The solenoid valve gets its signal from the load control
system.
The discharge valve body is held in place by a safety spring as shown in the image which is fitted to
allow the complete discharge valve to lift in the event of liquid carry over to the compressor.
The unloader system is used for capacity control by successively cutting in or out cylinders or cylinder
groups.
Other methods of capacity control include varying the compressor speed and ‘hot gas bypass, which
involves passing a proportion of the discharge gas from the compressor directly to the evaporator and
bypassing the condenser.

Compressor High Pressure cut out Safety Device

The compressor is fitted with a discharge high-pressure trip safety device, which prevents over-
pressurization of the system and overload of the compressor motor.
Some high-pressure switch controls the restart of the compressor automatically on a drop in
pressure; others have a manual reset mechanism.

The high-pressure cutout switch stops the compressor motor at a pressure of about 90% of the
maximum working pressure of the system.

Compressor Low Pressure cut out Safety Device

Low-pressure cutout switch safety device is used to protect against too low suction pressure, which
usually indicates a blockage by dirt, ice formation if water is present in the system or loss of
refrigerant.

The control is normally set to stop the compressor at a pressure corresponding to a saturation
temperature of 5°C or 41°F below the lowest evaporating temperature.

In some small plants, it is also used as a temperature controller ie. stopping and starting of the
compressor to maintain the desired pressure and temperature.
 Compressor Differential Lube Oil Pressure Safety Device
Differential lube oil pressure switch safety device is used to protect against too low oil pressure in
forced lubrication systems. It is a differential control, using two bellows. One side responds to the low-
side suction pressure, and the other responds to the oil pressure.
The oil pressure must be greater than the suction pressure for the oil to flow out of the bearings. If the
oil pressure fails or falls below a minimum value, the differential lube oil pressure switch stops the
compressor after a few seconds has elapsed.
The refrigerating compressor crankcase has refrigerant under suction pressure.
The lube oil pressure needs to be more than the suction pressure for the lube oil to come out of the
bearings.
Lube oil pressure must be greater than the crankcase suction pressure else the bearings may get
damaged due to the loss of lubrication.
Lub oil pressure is set at 2 bar above the suction pressure.

How to Oil separator remove oil from the Refrigeration

System?
Some oil always gets carried over with the compressed refrigerant gas and must be removed.

Oil Separator function:

1. To prevent oil from entering and fouling the internal surfaces of the evaporator and other heat
exchangers its important that the oil return in refrigeration compressor.
2. To ensure oil gets a return to the compressor crankcase, preventing any failure of moving mechanical
parts from any shortage of oil.

Oil separator fitted between the compressor and condenser with internal baffles and screens to
remove oil from oil/refrigerant mixture.
 The separation of oil is mechanical by slowing down and changing the direction of the gas/oil stream
mixture.

The oil separated from the refrigerant gets collected in the bottom of the separator and again returned
to the crankcase or receiver through an automatic float valve.

Why does a refrigeration compressor take suction from its

crankcase?
The outlet of the evaporator coil leads into to the compressor crankcase, and the advantages of this
design are:

1. Since the crankcase is pressurized, no air can enter into the system.
2. Helps in the lubrication of compressor piston, liner, and other moving metal parts.
3. Refrigerant gas is miscible with oil; this property helps the gas to bring the oil back into the system via the Oil
Separator.

Thermostats
Thermostats are temperature-controlled electric switches, used for both safety and control functions.
When fitted to compressor discharge lines, they are set to stop the compressor if the discharge
temperature is too high.
Thermostats are also used to control the temperature in a refrigerated space by cycling the
compressor ‘on and off ’ and by ‘opening and closing’ a solenoid valve in the liquid line.
Three types of elements are used to sense and relay temperature changes to the electrical contacts.
1. A fluid-filled bulb connected through a capillary to a bellows.
2. A thermistor.
3. A bi-metal element.
The above settings are set by the plant’s instruction manual and should be checked regularly for
refrigerant leaks from the bellows and connecting tubes. The electrical contacts should be examined
for signs of wear and arcing.

Pressure Relief Safety Device

Refrigeration systems are designed to withstand a maximum working pressure (MWP) which, if
exceeded as a result of a fire, extreme temperature conditions, or faulty electrical controls, may cause
some part of the system to explode.
To avoid an explosion or sudden rise in pressure compressors and pressure vessels are fitted with a
pressure relief device.
 There are three types of relief devices

1. Spring-loaded relief valves remain set to open at the MWP and close when the pressure drops to a safe level.
Relief valves must not be interfered while in service and must be locked or sealed to prevent unauthorized
adjustment.
2. Bursting discs, which comprise thin metal diaphragms designed to burst at a pressure equal to the MWP.
3. Fusible plugs, which contain a metal alloy, melts when the temperature in the system corresponding to the
MWP.

Commonly the discharge from relief device vented directly into the atmosphere.
In some plants, relief devices are arranged to discharge toward the low-pressure side of the system.

Refrigeration system: Hot gas Bypass valve

Hot gas bypass valves used in compressors do not have a capacity reduction device like a
compressor unloader.
The bypass valve regulates the cooling capacity by injecting discharge gas back into the suction.
It keeps the evaporator pressure constant regardless of the load. It is a constant pressure valve,
balancing between the suction pressure against the pre-set spring force.

Question and Answers

What is the primary function of a sight glass in a refrigeration system?

A.To indicate the refrigerant’s color

B.To measure the temperature of the evaporator
C.To detect the presence of refrigerant vapors in a liquid line
D.To control the flow of refrigerant

C.To detect the presence of refrigerant vapors in a liquid line

Moisture indicating sight glass have a colour indicator which changes colour when the moisture
content of the refrigerant exceeds the critical value.
A strong bubbling in a sight glass may indicate that the refrigerant is under charged, while a clear
sight with very less bubbling may indiacte the sytem is overcharged depending on the load.
Show less

What is a hermetic compressor?

A) A compressor with a flexible coupling

B) A compressor with an external motor
C) A compressor with a sealed motor and compressor in a single housing
D) A compressor with a mechanical seal

C) A compressor with a sealed motor and compressor in a single housing

The refrigerant and compressor oil inside the compressor housing are totally in contact with the motor
rotor and stator windings.
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Why is it important for the refrigerant used in a hermetic compressor to have a high dielectric
strength?

A) To reduce energy consumption

B) To improve compressor efficiency
C) To avoid short circuits within the motor winding
D) To increase cooling capacity

C) To avoid short circuits within the motor winding. The refrigerant must be fully compatible with the
motor winding insulation material. So, the refrigerant used must have a high dielectric strength.
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How is the electric motor connected to the compressor in a hermetic compressor?

A) Through a flexible coupling

B) With a mechanical seal
C) Via a single shaft
D) Using a gear drive

C) Via a single shaft because the motor and the compressor both are enclosed in a sealed
compartment and its maintenance free.
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Why is a coupling needed in a commercial refrigeration compressor and motor?

A) To connect large compressor and motor shafts

B) To reduce energy consumption
C) To increase efficiency
D) To control capacity

A) To connect large compressor and motor shafts

As shown in the above commercial refrigeration compressor image, the motor and compressor are
both big and expensive. It cannot be just replaced by new ones like in the case of a Fridge or A.C
hermetic compressor. Coupling helps the commercial motor and the compressor to disconnect to
replace with new spare ones. Meanwhile, the defective burnt motor is sent to the workshop for repair.
Similarly, if the compressor is damaged, then it is repaired with spare parts.
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What is the purpose of a Filter Drier in a refrigeration system?

A) To increase compressor efficiency

B) To remove moisture and foreign particles from the refrigerant
C) To control the temperature of the condenser
D) To regulate refrigerant flow

B) To remove moisture and foreign particles from the refrigerant

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How does an oil separator help in a refrigeration system?

A) By preventing oil from entering the evaporator

B) By increasing the refrigeration effect
C) By controlling the temperature of the compressor
D) By regulating the flow of refrigerant

A) By preventing oil from entering the evaporator.

Oil, during compressor discharge, can get carried away with the refrigerant into the evaporator and
condenser coil, thereby reducing the heat transfer. Oil is separated from the refrigerant using an Oil
separator and sent back into the compressor sump. Excessive loss of oil from the compressor sump
can cause insufficient lubrication of compressor parts.
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How does an oil separator help in a refrigeration system?

A) By preventing oil from entering the evaporator

B) By increasing the refrigeration effect
C) By controlling the temperature of the compressor
D) By regulating the flow of refrigerant

A) By preventing oil from entering the evaporator.

Oil, during compressor discharge, can get carried away with the refrigerant into the evaporator and
condenser coil, thereby reducing the heat transfer. Oil is separated from the refrigerant using an Oil
separator and sent back into the compressor sump. Excessive loss of oil from the compressor sump
can cause insufficient lubrication of compressor parts.
Show less

What does a thermostatic expansion valve (TEV) do in a refrigeration system?

A) Regulates the flow of refrigerant to the evaporator

B) Regulates the flow of refrigerant to the condensor
C) Maintains a constant pressure in the compressor
D) Monitors the refrigerant level in the system

A) Regulates the flow of refrigerant to the evaporator.

The thermostatic expansion valve (TEV) controls the flow of high-pressure, low-temperature liquid
refrigerant from the condenser into the evaporator coil, where the refrigerant undergoes a phase
change from liquid to vapor. The TEV adjusts the rate at which the liquid refrigerant flows inside the
evaporator, ensuring maximum heat exchange within the refrigerated space.