Translation 1

TRANSLATION
What is translation
In Molecular Biology, the term translation can be
defined as the process of converting nucleic acid
information into amino acids. It also relates to the
process of producing proteins from mRNA
templates.
During the process of translation, sequence of

nucleotides present on the RNA is translated into
amino acid sequence of proteins. The complete
reaction of translation is carried out by
ribosomes,where both ribosomes and tRNA dock
on a matured mRNA transcript and select multiple
enzymes inan energy-intensive process that uses
ATP as well as GTP.
Components of Translation
The main components of translation include :
 mRNA– Present in both Eukaryotes and
Prokaryotes
 tRNA – It helps in sending commands or
transferring the information between protein
and nucleic acids.
 Ribosomes – It contains ribosomal RNA and
proteins, therefore, it is called the
manufacturing unit of a cell.
 Enzymes: It is required for the formation of a
peptide bond between the amino acids and
also to attach amino acids to the accurate
tRNA molecules.
 Proteins- They are the soluble factors, which
are required for proper initiation, elongation
and termination of translation.
Messenger RNA
Messenger RNA (abbreviated mRNA) is a type of
single-stranded RNA involved in protein synthesis.
mRNA is made from a DNA template during the
process of transcription. The role of mRNA is to
carry protein information from the DNA in a cell’s
nucleus to the cell’s cytoplasm (watery interior),
where the protein-making machinery reads the
mRNA sequence and translates each three-base
codon into its corresponding amino acid in a
growing protein chain.
Messenger RNA or mRNA. So mRNA really is a
form of nucleic acid, which helps the human
genome which is coded in DNA to be read by the
cellular machinery. So we have DNA in our nuclei.
And then we have ribosomes and other cellular
organelles which translate DNA. But between the
DNA code itself, and the machinery that uses DNA
to make proteins, there has to be a translator. And
mRNA is actually the translated form of DNA that
the machinery can recognize and use to assemble
amino acids into proteins. So this is really a
fundamental link between what we think of as
being the code of life and the actual cell being able
to construct a living organism. And in that sense,
although DNA gets discussed a lot more than RNA,
mRNA is a really crucial piece of the fundamental
way in which the living organism is created
Transfer RNA
Transfer ribonucleic acid (tRNA) is a type of RNA

molecule that helps decode a messenger RNA
(mRNA) sequence into a protein. tRNAs function
at specific sites in the ribosome during translation,
which is a process that synthesizes a protein from
an mRNA molecule. Proteins are built from smaller
units called amino acids, which are specified by
three-nucleotide mRNA sequences called codons.
Each codon represents a particular amino acid,
and each codon is recognized by a specific tRNA.
The tRNA molecule has a distinctive folded
structure with three hairpin loops that form the
shape of a three-leafed clover. One of these
hairpin loops contains a sequence called the
anticodon, which can recognize and decode an
mRNA codon. Each tRNA has its corresponding
amino acid attached to its end.When a tRNA
recognizes and binds to its corresponding codon
in the ribosome, the tRNA transfers the
appropriate amino acid to the end of the growing
amino acid chain. Then the tRNAs and ribosome
continue to decode the mRNA molecule until the
entire sequence is translated into a protein.
Ribosome
1. A ribosome is an intercellular structure made of
both RNA and protein, and it is the site of protein
synthesis in the cell.
2. In translation, messenger RNA (mRNA) is
decoded in a ribosome, outside the nucleus, to
produce a specific amino acid chain or polypeptide.
Role of ribosomes in translation:
1.Ribosomal subunits bring together mRNA
template and tRNA bound with amino acids for
polypeptide formation.
2.Ribosomal RNA catalyzes protein synthesis.
3.The new incoming tRNA binds to the A site
and the P site of the ribosome carries the
growing polypeptide chain.
4.Ribosomes decode the mRNA sequence and a
long polypeptide chain is formed.
Protein synthesis enzyme

1.Peptidyl transferase is the main enzyme used
in Translation. It is found in the ribosomes
with an enzymatic activity that catalyzes the
formation of a covalent peptide bond between
the adjacent amino acids.
2.The enzyme’s activity is to form peptide bonds
between adjacent amino acids using tRNAs
during translation.
3.The enzyme’s activity uses two substrates of
which one has the growing peptide chain and
the other bears the amino acid that is added to
the chain.
4.It is located in the large subunit of the
ribosomes and therefore, the primary function
of peptidyl transferase is to catalyze the
addition of amino acid residues allowing the
polypeptide chain to grow.
5.The peptidyl transferase enzyme is entirely
made up of RNA and its mechanism is
mediated by ribosomal RNA (rRNA), which is a
ribozyme, made up of ribonucleotides.
6.In prokaryotes, the 23S subunit contains the
peptidyl transferase between the A-site and
the O-site of tRNA while in eukaryotes, it is
found in the 28S subunit.
Steps of translation:
1.tRNA charging:
The process of attaching an amino acid to its
respective transfer RNA (tRNA) is known as
amino acid activation, also known as
aminoacylation or tRNA charging
2.Initiation:
In the initiation step, the charged tRNA
attaches to the start codon (AUG), the small
subunit of ribosome binds to the mRNA, and
finally, the large ribosomal subunit binds to
create the initiation complex.
3.Elongation:
According to the codons found in the mRNA,
the polypeptide chain keeps growing. Each
amino acid has a peptide bond attaching it to
the growing chain.Elongation continues till the
whole gene is translated.
4.Termination:
When the ribosome reaches a stop codon,
such as UAA, UAG, or UGA, translation is
finished since these codons lack tRNAs.When
this happens, the translation stops, and the
newly produced polypeptide chain is released.

Translation 1

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Translation 1

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Translation 1

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

TRANSLATION

During the process of translation, sequence of

Transfer ribonucleic acid (tRNA) is a type of RNA

Protein synthesis enzyme

You might also like