Engineering Math 2: Laplace Transform - Session 2 - Tutorial Solutions

1. Solve the following initial value problems using Laplace transform table and partial
fraction decomposition techniques (where necessary).
𝑑𝑦
a. 2 − 3𝑦 = 0 𝑦(0) = −5
𝑑𝑡
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
b. −4 + 4𝑦 = −2𝑒 −𝑡 𝑦 ′ (0) = 𝑦(0) = 0
𝑑𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
c. −7 + 12𝑦 = sinh(𝑡) 𝑦 ′ (0) = 0; 𝑦(0) = 0
𝑑𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡

d. 𝑥̈ + 4𝑥̇ + 13𝑥 = 2𝛿(𝑡) 𝑥̇ (0) = 0; 𝑥(0) = 2

e. 𝑥̇ − 4𝑥 = 2𝑒 2𝑡 + 𝑒 4𝑡 𝑥(0) = 0
f. 𝑦 ′′ − 4𝑦 ′ + 4𝑦 = sin(𝑡) 𝑦 ′ (0) = −1; 𝑦(0) = 1

Solution:

𝑑𝑦
a.) 2 𝑑𝑡 − 3𝑦 = 0 𝑦(0) = −5

Subsidiary equation in complex frequency domain, 𝑠

2(𝑠𝑦̅ − 𝑦(0)) − 3𝑦̅ = 0
Substitute for 𝑦(0) and solve for 𝑦̅:
2(𝑠𝑦̅ + 5) − 3𝑦̅ = 0
2𝑠𝑦̅ + 10 − 3𝑦̅ = 0
2𝑠𝑦̅ − 3𝑦̅ = −10
𝑦̅(2𝑠 − 3) = −10
−10 −10 5
𝑦̅ = = =−
3
(2𝑠 − 3) 2 (𝑠 − ) 3
(𝑠 − )
2 2
From Laplace transform table, using first shifting theorem, find the inverse of the transform:
3
𝑦(𝑡) = −5𝑒 2𝑡

𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
b.) 𝑑𝑡 2
− 4 𝑑𝑡 + 4𝑦 = −2𝑒 −𝑡 𝑦 ′ (0) = 0, 𝑦(0) = 0

𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
2
−4 + 4𝑦 = −2𝑒 −𝑡
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
2
𝑠 2 𝑦(𝑠) − 𝑠𝑦(0) − 𝑦 ′ (0) − 4(𝑠𝑦(𝑠) − 𝑦(0)) + 4𝑦(𝑠) = −
𝑠+1

1
 2
𝑠 2 𝑦(𝑠) − 4𝑠𝑦(𝑠) + 4𝑦(𝑠) = −
𝑠+1
2
𝑦(𝑠)(𝑠 2 − 4𝑠 + 4) = −
𝑠+1
2 2
𝑦(𝑠) = − = −
(𝑠 + 1)(𝑠 2 − 4𝑠 + 4) (𝑠 + 1)(𝑠 − 2)2
2 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
− 2
= + +
(𝑠 + 1)(𝑠 − 2) (𝑠 + 1) (𝑠 − 2) (𝑠 − 2)2
Multiply through by the common denominator (𝑠 + 1)(𝑠 − 2)2
−2 = 𝐴(𝑠 − 2)2 + 𝐵(𝑠 + 1)(𝑠 − 2) + 𝐶(𝑠 + 1)
−2 = 𝐴(𝑠 2 − 4𝑠 + 4) + 𝐵(𝑠 2 − 𝑠 − 2) + 𝐶(𝑠 + 1)

Equate coefficients and solve:

𝑠 2 : 𝐴 + 𝐵 = 0 ⇒ 𝐵 = −𝐴

𝑠: −4𝐴 − 𝐵 + 𝐶 = 0 ⇒ 𝐵 = 𝐶 − 4𝐴 ⇒ 3𝐵 = −𝐶

𝑠 0 : 4𝐴 − 2𝐵 + 𝐶 = −2 ⇒ −4𝐵 − 2𝐵 − 3𝐵 = −2

2 2 2
𝐵= ; 𝐴=− ; 𝐶=−
9 9 3

2 2 2 2
− 2
=− + −
(𝑠 + 1)(𝑠 − 2) 9(𝑠 + 1) 9(𝑠 − 2) 3(𝑠 − 2)2
2 2 2
𝑦(𝑡) = ℒ −1 {− + − }
9(𝑠 + 1) 9(𝑠 − 2) 3(𝑠 − 2)2
2 1 2 1 2 1
𝑦(𝑡) = − ℒ −1 { } + ℒ −1 { } − ℒ −1 { }
9 (𝑠 + 1) 9 (𝑠 − 2) 3 (𝑠 − 2)2
Using first shifting theorem:
2 2 2
𝑦(𝑡) = − 𝑒 −𝑡 + 𝑒 2𝑡 − 𝑡𝑒 2𝑡
9 9 3

𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
c.) −7 + 12𝑦 = sinh(𝑡) 𝑦 ′ (0) = 0; 𝑦(0) = 0
𝑑𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡

Solution:
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
2
−7 + 12𝑦 = sinh(𝑡)
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
1
𝑠 2 𝑦(𝑠) − 𝑠𝑦(0) − 𝑦 ′ (0) − 7(𝑠𝑦(𝑠) − 𝑦(0)) + 12𝑦(𝑠) =
𝑠2 −1
1
𝑠 2 𝑦(𝑠) − 7𝑠𝑦(𝑠) + 12𝑦(𝑠) =
𝑠2 −1
2
 1
𝑦(𝑠)(𝑠 2 − 7𝑠 + 12) =
−1 𝑠2
1 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶 𝐷
𝑦(𝑠) = = + + +
(𝑠 + 1)(𝑠 − 1)(𝑠 − 3)(𝑠 − 4) (𝑠 + 1) (𝑠 − 1) (𝑠 − 3) (𝑠 − 4)
Using the Heaviside cover up technique:
i. Set 𝑠 = −1 cover up the denominator of 𝐴 (𝑠 + 1) and solve for 𝐴:

1 1 1
𝐴= = =−
(𝑠 − 1)(𝑠 − 3)(𝑠 − 4) (−1 − 1)(−1 − 3)(−1 − 4) 40

ii. Set 𝑠 = 1 cover up the denominator of 𝐵 (𝑠 − 1) and solve for 𝐵:

1 1 1
𝐵= = =
(𝑠 + 1)(𝑠 − 3)(𝑠 − 4) (1 + 1)(1 − 3)(1 − 4) 12

iii. Set 𝑠 = 3 cover up the denominator of 𝐶 (𝑠 − 3) and solve for 𝐶:

1 1 1
𝐶= = =−
(𝑠 − 1)(𝑠 + 1)(𝑠 − 4) (3 − 1)(3 + 1)(3 − 4) 8

iv. Set 𝑠 = 4 cover up the denominator of 𝐷 (𝑠 − 4) and solve for 𝐷:

1 1 1
𝐷= = =
(𝑠 − 1)(𝑠 + 1)(𝑠 − 3) (4 − 1)(4 + 1)(4 − 3) 15
1 1 1 1
𝑦(𝑠) = − + −
15(𝑠 − 4) 40(𝑠 + 1) 12(𝑠 − 1) 8(𝑠 − 3)
1 −1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
𝑦(𝑡) = ℒ { } − ℒ −1 { } + ℒ −1 { } − ℒ −1 { }
15 (𝑠 − 4) 40 (𝑠 + 1) 12 (𝑠 − 1) 8 (𝑠 − 3)
1 4𝑡 1 1 1
𝑦(𝑡) = 𝑒 − 𝑒 −𝑡 + 𝑒 𝑡 − 𝑒 3𝑡
15 40 12 8

d.) 𝑥̈ + 4𝑥̇ + 13𝑥 = 2𝛿(𝑡) 𝑥̇ (0) = 0; 𝑥(0) = 2

Solution:
𝑠 2 𝑥̅ − 𝑠𝑥(0) − 𝑥̇ (0) + 4(𝑠𝑥̅ − 𝑥(0)) + 13𝑥̅ = 2 ∙ 1
𝑠 2 𝑥̅ − 2𝑠 + 4(𝑠𝑥̅ − 2) + 13𝑥̅ = 2 ∙ 1
𝑥̅ (𝑠 2 + 4𝑠 + 13) = 2𝑠 + 10
2𝑠 + 10 2𝑠 + 10
𝑥̅ = =
(𝑠 2 + 4𝑠 + 13) (𝑠 + 2)2 + 9
2(𝑠 + 2) + 6 2(𝑠 + 2) 2×3
= = +
(𝑠 + 2) + 9 (𝑠 + 2) + 9 (𝑠 + 2)2 + 9
2 2

𝑥(𝑡) = 2𝑒 −2𝑡 cos(3𝑡) + 2𝑒 −2𝑡 sin(3𝑡) = 2𝑒 −2𝑡 (cos(3𝑡) + sin(3𝑡))

3
 e.) 𝑥̇ − 4𝑥 = 2𝑒 2𝑡 + 𝑒 4𝑡 𝑥(0) = 0

Introduce the subsidiary equation in complex frequency domain, 𝑠:

𝑥̇ − 4𝑥 = 2𝑒 2𝑡 + 𝑒 4𝑡

Substitute for 𝑦(0) and solve for 𝑦̅:

2 1
𝑠𝑥̅ − 𝑥(0) − 4𝑥̅ = +
(𝑠 − 2) (𝑠 − 4)

Substitute for the initial condition, 𝑥(0) = 0, and solve for 𝑥̅ :

2 1
𝑥̅ = +
(𝑠 − 2)(𝑠 − 4) (𝑠 − 4)2

Decomposing the first term into partial fraction:

2 𝐴 𝐵
≡ +
(𝑠 − 2)(𝑠 − 4) (𝑠 − 2) (𝑠 − 4)

Using Heaviside cover up technique:

2 1
𝐴= =−
(2 − 4) 2

2 1
𝐵= =
(4 − 2) 2

Hence, 𝑥̅ becomes:

1 1 1
𝑥̅ = − +
(𝑠 − 4) (𝑠 − 2) (𝑠 − 4)2

Using the table of Laplace transform, we find the inverse transform (first shifting theorem):

𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑒 4𝑡 − 𝑒 2𝑡 + 𝑡𝑒 4𝑡

f.) 𝑦 ′′ − 4𝑦 ′ + 4𝑦 = sin(𝑡) 𝑦 ′ (0) = −1; 𝑦(0) = 1

Introduce the subsidiary equation and evaluate the left hand side of the equation:

1
𝑠 2 𝑦̅ − 𝑠𝑦(0) − 𝑦 ′ (0) − 4(𝑠𝑦̅ − 𝑦(0)) + 4𝑦̅ =
𝑠2 +1

Substitute for the initial condition:

4
 1
𝑠 2 𝑦̅ − 𝑠(1) − (−1) − 4(𝑠𝑦̅ − 1) + 4𝑦̅ =
𝑠2 +1

1
𝑦̅(𝑠 2 − 4𝑠 + 4) − 𝑠 + 1 + 4) =
𝑠2 +1

1
𝑦̅(𝑠 2 − 4𝑠 + 4) = +𝑠−5
(𝑠 2 + 1)

1 𝑠−5
𝑦̅ = + 2
(𝑠 2 2
+ 1)(𝑠 − 4𝑠 + 4) (𝑠 − 4𝑠 + 4)

1 𝑠 5
𝑦̅ = + −
(𝑠 2 + 1)(𝑠 − 2)2 (𝑠 − 2)2 (𝑠 − 2)2

Decomposing the first term into partial fraction:

1 𝐴𝑠 + 𝐵 𝐶 𝐷
= + +
(𝑠 2 + 1)(𝑠 − 2)2 𝑠 2 + 1 (s − 2) (𝑠 − 2)2

1 = (𝐴𝑠 + 𝐵)(𝑠 2 − 4𝑠 + 4) + 𝐶(𝑠 2 + 1)(𝑠 − 2) + 𝐷(𝑠 2 + 1)

1 = (𝐴𝑠 + 𝐵)(𝑠 2 − 4𝑠 + 4) + 𝐶(𝑠 3 − 2𝑠 2 + 𝑠 − 2) + 𝐷(𝑠 2 + 1)

1 = 𝐴𝑠 3 − 4𝐴𝑠 2 + 4𝐴𝑠 + 𝐵𝑠 2 − 4𝐵𝑠 + 4𝐵 + 𝐶𝑠 3 − 2𝐶𝑠 2 + 𝐶𝑠 − 2𝐶 + 𝐷𝑠 2 + 𝐷

Equating coefficients:

𝑠3: 0 = 𝐴 + 𝐶 ⟹ 𝐴 = −𝐶

𝑠 2 : 0 = −4𝐴 + 𝐵 − 2𝐶 + 𝐷 ⟹ 𝐵 + 𝐷 − 4𝐴 − 2(−𝐴) = 0

⟹ 𝐵 + 𝐷 − 2𝐴 = 0

4 3
𝑠: 0 = 4𝐴 − 4𝐵 + 𝐶 ⇒ 𝐴 = 𝐵 ⇒ 𝐵 = 𝐴
3 4

3
𝑠0: 1 = 4𝐵 − 2𝐶 + 𝐷 ⇒ 𝐷 = 1 − 4𝐵 + 2𝐶 = 1 − 4 ( 𝐴) + 2(−𝐴)
4

⟹ 𝐷 = 1 − 3𝐴 − 2𝐴 = 1 − 5𝐴

Substitute for 𝐵 and 𝐷 in the 𝑠 2 equation:

3
𝐵 + 𝐷 − 2𝐴 = 0 ⟹ 𝐴 + 1 − 5𝐴 − 2𝐴 = 0
4

5
 25 4
𝐴=1⟹𝐴=
4 25

3 3
𝐵= 𝐴=
4 25

4
𝐶 = −𝐴 = −
25

1
𝐷 = 1 − 5𝐴 =
5

Therefore:

4 𝑠 3 1 4 1 1 1 𝑠 5
𝑦̅ = ∙ 2 + ∙ 2 − ∙ + ∙ 2
+ 2
−
25 (𝑠 + 1) 25 (𝑠 + 1) 25 (𝑠 − 2) 5 (𝑠 − 2) (𝑠 − 2) (𝑠 − 2)2

Taking partial fraction for the fifth term:

𝑠 𝐸 𝐹
2
= +
(𝑠 − 2) (s − 2) (𝑠 − 2)2

Multiplying through by (𝑠 − 2)2 :

𝑠 = 𝐸(𝑠 − 2) + 𝐹

Equating coefficients:

𝑠: 1 = 𝐸 ⟹ 𝐸 = 1

𝑠 0 : 0 = −2𝐸 + 𝐹 ⟹ 𝐹 = 2𝐸 = 2

𝑠 1 2
2
= +
(𝑠 − 2) (s − 2) (𝑠 − 2)2

Hence,

4 𝑠 3 1 4 1 1 1 1 2 5
𝑦̅ = ∙ 2 + ∙ 2 − ∙ + ∙ 2
+ + 2
−
25 (𝑠 + 1) 25 (𝑠 + 1) 25 (𝑠 − 2) 5 (𝑠 − 2) (s − 2) (𝑠 − 2) (𝑠 − 2)2

Using the Laplace transform table, we evaluate the inverse Laplace transform of each term:

𝑠
ℒ −1 { } ⇒ cos(𝑡)
(𝑠 2 + 1)

3 1
ℒ −1 { ∙ 2 } ⇒ sin(𝑡)
25 (𝑠 + 1)

6
 1
ℒ −1 { } ⇒ 𝑒 2𝑡
(s − 2)

1
ℒ −1 { } ⇒ 𝑒 2𝑡 𝑡
(s − 2)2

Therefore:

4 3 4 1
𝑦(𝑡) = cos(𝑡) + sin(𝑡) − 𝑒 2𝑡 + 𝑒 2𝑡 𝑡 + 𝑒 2𝑡 + 2𝑒 2𝑡 𝑡 − 5𝑒 2𝑡 𝑡
25 25 25 5

4 3 21 14
𝑦(𝑡) = cos(𝑡) + sin(𝑡) + 𝑒 2𝑡 − 𝑡𝑒 2𝑡
25 25 25 5

2. Find the Laplace transform of:

𝑒 𝑡−2
𝑦(𝑡) = 𝐻(𝑡 − 7)
3

Solution:

𝑒 (𝑡−2−7+7) 𝑒 (𝑡−7) 𝑒 −2+7

𝑦(𝑡) = 𝐻(𝑡 − 7) = 𝐻(𝑡 − 7)
3 3
𝑒 (𝑡−7) 𝑒 −2+7 𝑒 5
𝑦(𝑡) = 𝐻(𝑡 − 7) = 𝐻(𝑡 − 7)𝑒 (𝑡−7)
3 3
ℒ{𝐻(𝑡 − 𝑎)𝑦(𝑡 − 𝑎)} = 𝑒 −𝑎𝑠 𝑦̅(𝑠)
𝑒5 𝑒 5 𝑒 −7𝑠
𝑦̅(𝑠) = ℒ{𝐻(𝑡 − 7)𝑒 (𝑡−7) } = ( )
3 3 𝑠−1
𝑒 5−7𝑠
𝑦̅(𝑠) =
3(𝑠 − 1)
Can you do this without using second shifting theorem?

𝑒 𝑡−2
𝑦(𝑡) = 𝐻(𝑡 − 7)
3

𝑒 −2
𝑦(𝑡) = 𝐻(𝑡 − 7)𝑒 𝑡
3
𝑒 −2 𝑒 −2
ℒ{ 𝐻(𝑡 − 7)𝑒 𝑡 } = ℒ{𝑒 𝑡 𝐻(𝑡 − 7)}
3 3
𝑒 −2 𝑒 −7(𝑠−1) 𝑒 5−7𝑠
𝑦̅(𝑠) = =
3 𝑠−1 3(𝑠 − 1)

7
3. ℒ{𝑢3 (𝑡) sin 3(𝑡 − 3)}
In some text, Heaviside unit step function is denoted by:

𝑢𝑐 (𝑡) = 𝑢(𝑡 − 𝑐)

ℒ{𝑢3 (𝑡) sin 3(𝑡 − 3)} = ℒ{𝑢(𝑡 − 3) sin 3(𝑡 − 3)}

Using second shifting theorem:

ℒ{𝐻(𝑡 − 𝑎)𝑦(𝑡 − 𝑎)} = 𝑒 −𝑎𝑠 𝑦̅(𝑠)

3
ℒ{𝑢(𝑡 − 3) sin 3(𝑡 − 3)} = 𝑒 −3𝑠
𝑠2 +9
3𝑒 −2𝑠
4. ℒ −1 { }
𝑠2 −1

ℒ −1 {𝑒 −𝑎𝑠 𝑦̅(𝑠)} = {𝑢(𝑡 − 𝑎)𝑦(𝑡 − 𝑎)}

3𝑒 −2𝑠 1
ℒ −1 { 2 } = ℒ −1 {3𝑒 −2𝑠 2 }
𝑠 −1 𝑠 −1

= 𝑢(𝑡 − 2) ∙ 3 sinh(𝑡 − 2)

𝑠𝑒 −2𝑠
5. ℒ −1 { }
𝑠2 +16

𝑠𝑒 −2𝑠 𝑠
ℒ −1 { 2 } = ℒ −1 {𝑒 −2𝑠 ∙ 2 }
𝑠 + 16 𝑠 + 16

= 𝑢(𝑡 − 2) ∙ cos 4(𝑡 − 2)

3𝑒 −𝜋𝑠
6. ℒ −1 {𝑠2 +13}

3𝑒 −𝜋𝑠 3 −𝜋𝑠 √13

ℒ −1 { 2 } = ℒ −1 { 𝑒 ∙ 2 }
𝑠 + 13 √13 𝑠 + 13

3
= 𝑢(𝑡 − 𝜋) ∙ sin √13(𝑡 − 𝜋)
√13

7. Determine the expression 𝑓(𝑡) and sketch the graph of 𝑓(𝑡) up to 𝑓(4) if the Laplace transform
of 𝑓(𝑡) is given by:
3 4𝑒 −𝑠 5𝑒 −2𝑠
𝐹(𝑠) = − 2 + 2
𝑠 𝑠 𝑠

8
 3 4𝑒 −𝑠 5𝑒 −2𝑠
𝑓(𝑡) = ℒ −1 { } − ℒ −1 { 2 } + ℒ −1 { 2 }
𝑠 𝑠 𝑠

3
ℒ −1 { } = 3 = 3𝑢(𝑡)
𝑠

4𝑒 −𝑠
ℒ −1 { } = 𝑢(𝑡 − 1) ∙ 4(𝑡 − 1)
𝑠2
5𝑒 −2𝑠
ℒ −1 { } = 𝑢(𝑡 − 2) ∙ 5(𝑡 − 2)
𝑠2
𝑓(𝑡) = 3𝑢(𝑡) − 𝑢(𝑡 − 1) ∙ 4(𝑡 − 1) + 𝑢(𝑡 − 2) ∙ 5(𝑡 − 2)

To sketch the function, we will need to calculate 𝑓(𝑡) in three different regions:
0 < 𝑡 < 1; 1 < 𝑡 < 2; 2 < 𝑡

8. Determine the expression 𝑓(𝑡) and sketch the graph of 𝑓(𝑡) up to 𝑓(4) if the Laplace transform
of 𝑓(𝑡) is given by:
2 3𝑒 −𝑠 3𝑒 −3𝑠
𝐹(𝑠) = + 2 − 2
𝑠 𝑠 𝑠

2 3𝑒 −𝑠 3𝑒 −3𝑠
𝑓(𝑡) = ℒ −1 { } + ℒ −1 { 2 } − ℒ −1 { 2 }
𝑠 𝑠 𝑠

9
 2
ℒ −1 { } = 2𝑢(𝑡)
𝑠

3𝑒 −𝑠
ℒ −1 { } = 𝑢(𝑡 − 1) ∙ 3(𝑡 − 1)
𝑠2
3𝑒 −3𝑠
ℒ −1 { } = 𝑢(𝑡 − 3) ∙ 3(𝑡 − 3)
𝑠2
𝑓(𝑡) = 2𝑢(𝑡) + 𝑢(𝑡 − 1) ∙ 3(𝑡 − 1) − 𝑢(𝑡 − 3) ∙ 3(𝑡 − 3)

To sketch the function, we will need to calculate 𝑓(𝑡) in three different regions:
0 < 𝑡 < 1; 1 < 𝑡 < 3; 3 < 𝑡

9. Solve for 𝑥(𝑡) in the following differential equation and sketch the input 𝐻(𝑡 − 4) and the
response graph of 𝑥(𝑡) up to 𝑡 = 6.

5𝑥 ′ − 𝑥 = 𝐻(𝑡 − 4) 𝑥(0) = 0

Solution:

𝑒 −4𝑠
5(𝑠𝑥̅ − 𝑥(0)) − 𝑥̅ =
𝑠

𝑒 −4𝑠
𝑥̅ (5𝑠 − 1) =
𝑠

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 𝑒 −4𝑠 1
𝑥̅ = = 𝑒 −4𝑠 ∙
𝑠(5𝑠 − 1) 𝑠(5𝑠 − 1)

1 𝐴 𝐵 𝐴(5𝑠 − 1) + 𝐵𝑠
= + =
𝑠(5𝑠 − 1) 𝑠 5𝑠 − 1 𝑠(5𝑠 − 1)

1 = 𝐴(5𝑠 − 1) + 𝐵𝑠

𝑠: 5𝐴 + 𝐵 = 0 ⟹ 𝐵 = −5𝐴

𝑠 0 : −𝐴 = 1 ⇒ 𝐴 = −1; 𝐵 = 5

1 1 5
=− +
𝑠(5𝑠 − 1) 𝑠 5𝑠 − 1

1 5
𝑥̅ = 𝑒 −4𝑠 ∙ (− + )
𝑠 5𝑠 − 1

ℒ −1 {𝑒 −𝑎𝑠 𝑦̅(𝑠)} = 𝑢(𝑡 − 𝑎)𝑦(𝑡 − 𝑎)

1 5 (𝑡−4)
ℒ −1 {𝑒 −4𝑠 ∙ (− + )} = 𝑢(𝑡 − 4) (𝑒 5 − 1)
𝑠 5𝑠 − 1

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10. Solve for 𝑥(𝑡) in the following differential equation with an impulse input:

𝑥̈ + 6𝑥̇ + 8𝑥 = 4𝛿(𝑡 − 5) 𝑥(0) = 0; 𝑥̇ (0) = 3

Solution:
𝑥̈ + 6𝑥̇ + 8𝑥 = 4𝛿(𝑡 − 5) 𝑥(0) = 0; 𝑥̇ (0) = 3

(𝑠 2 𝑥̅ − 𝑠𝑥(0) − 𝑥̇ (0)) + 6(𝑠𝑥̅ − 𝑥(0)) + 8𝑥̅ = 4𝑒 −5𝑠

𝑥̅ (𝑠 2 + 6𝑠 + 8) = 3 + 4𝑒 −5𝑠
1
𝑥̅ = (3 + 4𝑒 −5𝑠 ) ( 2 )
𝑠 + 6𝑠 + 8
Decompose into partial fraction:
1 1 𝐴 𝐵
= = +
𝑠 2 + 6𝑠 + 8 (𝑠 + 2)(𝑠 + 4) 𝑠 + 2 𝑠 + 4
Use cover up technique:
Set 𝑠 = −2 solve for 𝐴
1 1
𝐴= =
−2 + 4 2
Set 𝑠 = −4 solve for 𝐵
1 1
𝐵= =−
−4 + 2 2
1 1 1
2
= −
𝑠 + 6𝑠 + 8 2(𝑠 + 2) 2(𝑠 + 4)
1 1
𝑥̅ = (3 + 4𝑒 −5𝑠 ) ( − )
2(𝑠 + 2) 2(𝑠 + 4)
3 1 1 1 1
= ( − ) + 2𝑒 −5𝑠 ( − )
2 𝑠+2 𝑠+4 𝑠+2 𝑠+4
3
𝑥(𝑡) = (𝑒 −2𝑡 − 𝑒 −4𝑡 ) + 2𝑢(𝑡 − 5)(𝑒 −2(𝑡−5) − 𝑒 −4(𝑡−5) )
2
3
𝑥(𝑡) = (𝑒 −2𝑡 − 𝑒 −4𝑡 ) + 2𝑢(𝑡 − 5)(𝑒 10−2𝑡 − 𝑒 20−4𝑡 )
2

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