Ankle

Ankle joint & foot Kinematics and Kinetics
Ankle Joint Kinematics:

The major motion available at the ankle joint or hindfoot is dorsiflexion and
plantarflexion.
Osteokinematics: The dorsiflexion and plantarflexion at the ankle joint take place
in the sagittal plane through the frontal axis. The normal range of motion for
dorsiflexion and plantarflexion is 10–20°, 20–50°, respectively.
Arthrokinematics: For nonweight-bearing joint motion, the convex talus moves
within the mortise over the concave distal tibia and thus, rolling and gliding would
be taking place in the opposite direction. For weight-bearing motions where the
tibia would move over the talus, rolling, and gliding would take place in the same
direction.
Kinematics at Subtalar Joint: Coupling Motion in Nonweight Bearing:

The motion at the subtalar joint is a triplanar due to its orientation of the axis,
the supination and pronation are coupled with adduction/abduction,
inversion/eversion, and plantarflexion/dorsiflexion movements. the subtalar joint
coupled motion in nonweight bearing where the calcaneum is moving over the
talus.
• Supination is coupled with ADDuction, Inversion, and Plantarflexion
• Pronation is coupled with ABduction, Eversion, and Dorsiflexion.
Kinematics at Subtalar Joint: Coupling Motion in Weight Bearing:

Thus the supination in weight bearing would be coupled with abduction and
plantar flexion of talus and inversion of calcaneum (SABID), whereas the
pronation would include adduction and plantarflexion of the talus and eversion of
the calcaneum (PADEP).
Kinetic of ankle and foot :
Muscles and Tendons
Plantarflexors
The main plantarflexors are the Gastrocnemius and Soleus. These muscles
generate full strength for the plantarflexion at the ankle joint. The Gastrocnemius
has two heads. Each head originates at each femoral condyle. The Soleus muscle
originates from the upper tibia and fibula. Both these muscles meet at the
Achilles tendon and insert at the posterior calcaneal surface. The other muscles of
plantar flexion are the tibialis posterior, flexor digitorum longus, flexor
digitorum peronei, and flexor hallucis longus. They can also act as plantar flexors,
mainly in nonweight-bearing positions.
Dorsiflexors
The three muscles which produce dorsiflexion are the tibialis anterior, extensor
digitorum longus and extensor hallucis longus. The extensor hallucis longus and
tibialis anterior lie medial to the side of the axial rotation so they can also act as a
supinator of the foot. The extensor digitorum longus, pass through the side or
lateral aspect of the axis and cause pronation. The tibialis anterior muscle is a
strong dorsiflexor following adduction and supination of the foot.
Invertors (Adduction–Supination)
The invertors of the foot are tibialis posterior and tibialis anterior as they lie
medial to the axis. The tibialis posterior starts from the posterior portion of the
tibia and fibula; in the course, it runs behind to the medial tibial malleoli and ends
at the medial as well as the plantar aspect of the tarsal and metatarsals. The
tibialis anterior originates from the lateral half of the upper aspect of the tibia and
intersects the dorsal aspect of the foot, and is inserted at the medial portion of
the medial cuneiform bone.
Evertors (Abduction-Pronation)
The evertor muscles tendons run along lateral to the axis of the foot. The evertors
of the foot are extensor digitorum longus, peroneus longus, tertius, and brevis.
The strongest evertors are peronei longus and brevis.
The Heel Pad
The heel pad acts as a shock absorber to attenuate the peak plantar pressure
during walking and running. The thick skin is connected to that of the periosteum
of the calcaneus by some big vertical fibrous septa. During compression (walking
and running) these chambers are distorted and contribute to the shock
absorption along with the deformation of chambers and with the flow of the
enclosed adipose tissue.
Arches of the Foot
The shape of the foot arches behaves in the same way as a spring. This helps in
weight-bearing function of the foot and acts as shock absorption during
locomotion. It also provides flexibility to the foot by facilitating the arches during
walking and running .
References
https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-16-4991-2_13
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4994968/

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Ankle joint & foot Kinematics and Kinetics

Ankle Joint Kinematics:

Kinematics at Subtalar Joint: Coupling Motion in Nonweight Bearing:

Kinematics at Subtalar Joint: Coupling Motion in Weight Bearing:

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