Programming Fundamentals (CS-116L) SSUET/QR/114

LAB # 07

FUNCTIONS

OBJECTIVE
Create python function using different argument types.

THEORY

Functions can be used to define reusable code and organize and simplify code.
Basically, we can divide functions into the following two types:

1. Built-in functions - Functions that are built into Python.

2. User-defined functions - Functions defined by the users themselves.

A function is a block of organized, reusable code that is used to perform a single,

related action. Functions provide better modularity for your application and a high
degree of code reusing.
As already known, Python gives you many built-in functions like print(), etc. But also
allow to create your own functions. These functions are called user-defined functions.

Defining a Function:
A function definition consists of the function’s name, parameters, and body. Python
allows to define functions to provide the required functionality. Here are simple rules to
define a function in Python.
• Function blocks begin with the keyword def followed by the function name and
parentheses ( ( ) ).

• Any input parameters or arguments should be placed within these parentheses.

You can also define parameters inside these parentheses.

• The code block within every function starts with a colon (:) and is indented.

Syntax:
def functioname (list of parameters):
Statement
Programming Fundamentals (CS-116L) SSUET/QR/114

Example:
def greet_user(username):
"""Display a simple greeting"""
print("Hello," , username , "!")

Calling a Function:
Calling a function executes the code in the function. If the function returns a value, a
call to that function is usually treated as a value.
Example:
def greet_user(username):
"""Display a simple greeting"""
print("Hello," , username , "!")
greet_user('Jesse')

Output:
>>> %Run task1.py Hello,
Jesse !
>>>

Return Value:
The python return statement is used in a function to return something to the caller
program. Use the return statement inside a function only.

Example:
def xFunction(x, y):
print(“Add”, x + y)
return
xFunction(2, 3)

Output:
>>> %Run task2.py
Add: 5
>>>

When a function doesn’t have a return statement and return statement has no value, the
function returns None.

Argument Types:
An argument is a piece of information that is passed from a function, When a function
is called, it place the value to work with in parentheses.
Following are the ways to call a function by using the following types of formal
arguments:
Programming Fundamentals (CS-116L) SSUET/QR/114

• Required arguments
• Keyword arguments
• Default arguments

Required Arguments:
Required arguments are the arguments passed to a function in correct positional order.
Here, the number of arguments in the function call should match exactly with the
function definition.

Example:
def square(x):
y=x*x return
y x=10
result=square(x)
print("The result of" , x , "squared is", result)

Output:
>>> %Run task2.py
The result of 10 squared is 100 >>>

Keyword Arguments:
Keyword arguments are related to the function calls. When thw keyword argument is
used in a function call, the caller identifies the arguments by the parameter name. This
allows to skip the arguments or place them out of order because the Python interpreter
is able to use the keywords provided to match the values with parameters.

Example:
def print_info(name,age):
"This prints a passed info into this
function"
print("Name:", name)
print("Age:" , age)
return
print_info(name ='Mike',age=50)

Output:
>>> %Run task3.py
Name: Mike
Age: 50
>>>

Default Arguments:
A default argument is an argument that assumes a default value if a value is not
provided in the function call for that argument.
Programming Fundamentals (CS-116L) SSUET/QR/114

Example:
def print_info(name,age=35):
"This prints a passed info into this
function" print("Name:", name)
print("Age:" , age) return

print_info(name ='Mike',age=50)
print_info(name ='Mary')

Output:
>>> %Run task4.py
Name: Mike
Age: 50
Name: Mary
Age: 35 >>>

EXERCISE

A. Point out the errors, if any, and paste the output also in the following Python
programs.
1. Code
define sub(x, y)
return x + y

Output

2. Code
define describe_pet(pet_name, animal_type='dog'):
print("\nI have a " , animal_type ,".")
print("My " , animal_type + "'s name is " , pet_name +
".")

Output
Programming Fundamentals (CS-116L) SSUET/QR/114

2. Code
def type_of_int(i):
if i // 2 == 0:
return 'even'
else:
return 'odd'

Output

B. What will be the output of the following programs:

1. Code
def test(a):
def add(b):
a =+ 1
return a+b
return
add func = test(4)
print(func(4))

Output

2. Code
def return_none():
return
print(return_none())

Output
Programming Fundamentals (CS-116L) SSUET/QR/114

3. Code
def test_range(n):
if n in range(3,9):
print( n,"is in the range")
else :
print("The number is outside the given
range.")
test_range(7)
test_range(10)
test_range(4)

Output

C. Write Python programs for the following:

1. Write a function called favorite_book() that accepts one parameter, title. The function
should print a message, such as One of my favorite books is Alice in Wonderland.
Call the function, making sure to include a book title as an argument in the function
call.

2. Write a function called max( ), that returns the maxium of three integer numbers.

3. Write a function called describe_city() that accepts the name of a city and its country.
The function should print a simple sentence, such as Reykjavik is in Iceland. Give
the parameter for the country a default value. Call your function for three different
cities, at least one of which is not in the default country.