Microeconomics 1st Edition Karlan Test Bank
Microeconomics 1st Edition Karlan Test Bank
Microeconomics 1st Edition Karlan Test Bank
Bank
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Chapter 06
Government Intervention
1. A type of public policy that might be set in response to the rising prices of a basic necessity,
such as food, might be:
D. All of these are ways government can address the shortage of a basic necessity.
A. backfire.
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3. Government attempts to stabilize prices can:
B. governments changing the price in the market could increase consumer surplus and not
harm producers.
B. the government wants to increase both consumer and producer surplus at the same time.
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7. Governments may choose to intervene in a market in an attempt to:
C. redistribute surplus.
8. Situations in which the assumption of efficient, competitive markets fails to hold are called:
A. market failures.
B. inelastic-response markets.
C. missing markets.
D. market interventions.
10. If there is a sole producer of a good, and he faces no threat of competition, it is likely that:
B. he is acting inefficiently.
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11. A market failure is most likely to occur when:
D. many producers produce identical products, and only the consumers and producers are
affected by the transactions.
12. If there is a sole producer of a good, and he faces no threat of competition, it is likely that:
A. positive analysis.
B. normative analysis.
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McGraw-Hill Education.
15. Positive analysis:
A. are a regulation that sets a maximum or minimum legal price for a particular good.
B. prevent the market from reaching a new equilibrium when the market shifts.
6-5
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19. Price ceilings are:
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Should the second method employed in the work of muscular
imbalance not prove effective, the third method requiring the use of
prisms would be next in routine.
Chapter XI
THIRD METHOD OF TREATMENT—PRISM
LENSES
1st—6D of Exophoria.
2nd—18° adduction (which must be developed to 24°).
3rd—Patient has a left weak internus.
11. Employ First Method—Optical Correction—to effect
treatment.
12. Assuming a case of a child with 6° of esophoria—8° of right
abduction and 2° left abduction indicating a left weak externus,
prescribe a quarter diopter increased plus spherical power for each
degree of imbalance, thus adding +1.50D spherical to optical
correction. This is the first method of treatment. This requires a
thorough reading of Chapter IX on Treatment for Correcting
Esophoria in Children and a careful study of the formula. For
synopsis see Page 74.
Prisms
1st. Where a case cannot be reduced through use of first two
methods, as for example in a case of 6° of exophoria, prescribe ¼ of
amount of imbalance (¼ × 6 = 1½°) for each eye—base in—or
esophoria base out, hyperphoria base up on eye affected.
2nd. Advise patient to call every three months and make duction
test (Fig. 24). If no improvement in condition, after wearing prisms
six months, operative means is suggested.
Assume a case is benefited, reduce prism power according to
rule; ¼D prism for each degree of imbalance.
Cyclophoria
This work being of a technical nature, it is deemed best for the
reader to study Chapter XIII and XIV.
Chapter XIII
CYCLOPHORIA
DETERMINING CYCLOPHORIA
Fig. 31
Fig. 34
Fig. 32
Fig. 35
Fig. 33
Fig. 36
Fig. 40
Monocular Fixation
When we view an object directly, so that it appears to be more
distinct than surrounding objects, we are said to “fix” or “fixate” it.
As the fovea is normally the most sensitive part of the retina,
affording by far the most distinct vision, “fixation,” in the great
majority of cases, is so performed that the image of the object that is
“fixated” falls upon the fovea of the eye that is “fixing.” This is known
as central or muscular “fixation.”
When central vision is absent, however, the patient is compelled
to see with a portion of the retina outside of the fovea. The eye must
then be so directed as to cause the image of the object to fall on this
outlying portion of the retina. This is termed “eccentric fixation,” and
usually denotes that vision is exceptionally poor.
The ability to “fix” is apparently acquired in early infancy by
constant practice in looking at objects. Any marked interference with
vision, particularly with central vision—present at birth or soon
thereafter—will tend to prevent the acquisition of this ability, and in
extreme cases the eye does not learn to “fix” at all, but aimlessly
wanders in all directions.
Binocular Fixation
We habitually use the eyes together, fixating with both at once;
that is, we direct the eyes in such a way that the image of the object
to which the attention is directed falls on the fovea of each eye.
Where both eyes are accurately directed to an object at which
one or both are looking, the condition is known as “binocular
fixation,” which is commonly understood to mean that both eyes are
straight.
The ability to produce and maintain binocular fixation—to keep
both eyes directly straight—is acquired early in life. The impulse to
maintain it grows with exercise, and soon becomes so strong that
after the age of infancy binocular fixation is present in the great
majority of persons, and in most of them is present all the time.
Binocular fixation must be distinguished through three conditions
—orthophoria, heterophoria and squint.
Orthophoria
This is the condition in which both eyes look straight at the same
object, whether both see it or not. There is not the slightest tendency
of deviation.
Heterophoria
This is the condition in which both eyes keep looking straight at
the same object so long as both see it; but as soon as one eye is
excluded from vision (as by a screen) that eye deviates. This is then
a tendency of deviation which is strong enough to become manifest
when either eye is covered, but which is abolished or overcome by
the compelling impulse of binocular fixation as soon as both eyes are
used for seeing. A heterophoria thus produces a maximum deviation.
The deviation is also said to be latent, since it is absent under
ordinary conditions and is brought to light only under special
conditions. A common though improper term for heterophoria is
“insufficiency.”
Squint
Squint is the condition in which there is so great a tendency to
deviation that even when both eyes are uncovered, one deviates and
only one “fixes.” It differs, therefore, from heterophoria in that the
deviation it produces is obvious under ordinary conditions.
Squint is also called strabismus, or heterotropia. In other words,
in orthophoria there is binocular fixation all the time and under all
conditions; in heterophoria it is present only when the two eyes are
uncovered, so that both see the object looked at; while in squint it is
not present at all.
Or, in still plainer terms, in orthophoria both eyes are straight all
the time; in heterophoria both are straight, but only so long as both
are uncovered; and in squint only one eye is straight, no matter
whether both eyes are uncovered or not.
In squint, while binocular fixation is altogether absent, the ability
to perform monocular fixation is almost always preserved; i.e., the
squinting eye will “fix” at once if the other eye is covered. It is only
when there is marked amblyopia, particularly as the result of a
central scotoma (or spot on the cornea in the line of vision) that the
squinting eye loses its power to fix at all, and wanders uncertainly
about, receiving impressions now on one, now on another portion of
the retina.
The term imbalance is often used to denote the two conditions
opposed to orthophoria; i.e., to denote collectively heterophoria and
squint.
Varieties of Heterophoria and Squint
1. Classification According to Direction of Deviating Eye:
Heterophoria and squint may be classified according to the direction
assumed by the deviating eye. Thus we have the following varieties
of heterophoria:
Heterophoria
Lateral Deviations
Either eye deviates
In, or toward the nose Esophoria
Out, or toward the temple Exophoria
Vertical Deviations
The right eye goes up and the left down Right Hyperphoria
The left eye goes up and the right down Left Hyperphoria
Squint
Lateral Squint
The deviating eye turns in, or toward the nose:
Esotropia (Strabismus convergens—Convergent Squint)
The deviating eye turns out or toward the temple:
Exotropia (Strabismus divergens—Divergent Squint)
Vertical Squint
The deviating eye turns up:
Hypertropia (Strabismus sursumvergens) (Right or left)
The deviating eye turns down:
Hypotropia (Strabismus deorsumvergens) (Right or left)
T he movements of the eye are designed primarily to effect fixation—that is, to bring upon the macula
the image of the object that we wish to look at. When this has been accomplished, we know as a
result of long experience, the direction of the object looked at and also direction of other neighboring
objects. This knowledge is doubtless afforded us, in part, by our muscle sense. Thus we know that an
object, A, is straight in front of us because we can see it sharply without moving either the head or the
eyes from the position of rest or equilibrium; and we know that an object, B, is on the right of us because
to see it sharply we have to move either the head or the eyes to the right, thus altering the muscular
condition from one of rest to one of tension. But without moving either head or eye, we also know, while
still looking at A, that B is to the right, for the image of B is then formed on a portion of the retina situated
to the left of the macula. From long experience we also know that an image so situated means an object
placed on our right. Moreover, the farther to the left of the macula the image B is, the farther to the right
do we judge B itself to be.
Similarly, if B is so placed that its image falls below the macula, we then know B itself is really above
A, which forms its image on the macula; and if the image of B is above the macula, we know that B itself
is below A.
The table on page 116 is suggested as a guide in cases of muscular imbalance:
Suppression of Image
All deviations should be and probably are primarily associated with diplopia. Yet in the great majority
of cases of established squint, especially convergent squint, there is no double vision. This is due to the
mental suppression of the image by the squinting eye. In such cases all attempts to evoke diplopia by
our tests may be futile, the patient not appreciating the presence of double images even when they are
widely separated by prisms. Moreover, this suppression usually persists after the squint is cured, so that
even though there are two retinal images of the same object, the mind perceives but one and ignores
the other, just as though it were not present. In this case there is no true stereoscopic, or solid, vision.
Monocular Diplopia
Binocular diplopia, due to deviation of the eyes or to prisms, must be distinguished from monocular
diplopia, or the condition in which the patient sees double with one eye alone. This occurs as the result
of astigmatism, plus spherical aberration and other conditions found occasionally in squint. It can readily
be differentiated by the fact that binocular diplopia disappears when the patient shuts either eye; while
monocular diplopia, of course, does not.
TABLE OF DIPLOPIA
Image of CAUSED BY CORRECTED BY
right eye as
Name of (2) Artificially
compared (1) By a natural (2) Prism placed
diplopia by a prism (1) Turning
with that of deviation of with base
the left is placed, base
Lateral Homonymous On the Either eye inward In before either Both eyes outward Out before either
right (esophoria, eye. (divergence.) eye.
esotropia.)