Voice quality types

example (!)
EXERCISE

§ ARE VOWELS VOICED?

§ How can you determine voicing or non-voicing?
 22 The production of speech

alveolar ridge

hard palate

NASAL CAVITY
soft palate (velum)

A V IT Y uvula
LC
THE UPPER VOCAL TRACT R A
upper teeth O

lower teeth

epiglottis

PHARY
NX
crown front back root

oesophagus

larynx

Figure 2.4 Gussenhoven & Jacobs (2011: 22)

Cross-section of the vocal tract.
Oral and nasal sounds

Lowering of the soft palate The soft palate is pushed up

the velum acts as another VALVE!

Mobility of the speech organs

§ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wYwk07QM4rc
Classes of sounds

§ Sounds can be divided into 3 major classes:

§ Vowels: in their production, the air does not meet obstacles, it comes out freely.
§ Vowels are normally always voiced.
§ Consonants: the air is momentarily blocked (e.g. [b], [k]) or must pass through a very narrow gap,
producing a hiss (e.g. [z], [f]).
§ Consonants can be both voiced and unvoiced.
§ Semiconsonants/semivowels (or glides): they share properties both with vowels (they are
articulated like them) and with consonants (e.g. they cannot form the nucleus of a syllable). Again,
they are voiced.
CONSONANTS

place of
articulation

manner of
articulation voicing

CONSONANTS
 Phonetics

retroflex palato-alveolar

alveolar

palatal

labiodental velar

bilabial

Places of uvular

articulation dental pharyngeal

glottal

Figure 1.4 Place of articulation

 IPA chart for consonants
Table 1.1 The main portion of the IPA consonant chart.
www.arts.gla.ac.uk/IPA/IPA_chart_(c)2005.pdf
most constriction
Bilabial Labiodental Dental Alveolar Post- Retroflex Palatal Velar Uvular Pharyngeal Glottal
alveolar
Manner [= palatoalveolar]

Plosive
p b t d ¡ ≥ c ~ k ì q { Ø
[= stop]
Nasal m ª n ‹ ¢ º É
Trill x r á
Tap or Flap s Ü ø

Fricative z β f v â Î s z à è Ë Ô ç ÿ x “ ç ¿ ∑ u h ∂

Lateral
π ∫
fricative
[Central]
ã fl æ j Ç
approximant

Lateral
l ⁄ Ó Å
approximant

least constriction
Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a voiced consonant. Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.
IPA chart for consonants
Table 1.1 The main portion of the IPA consonant chart.
front
www.arts.gla.ac.uk/IPA/IPA_chart_(c)2005.pdf back
Place Bilabial Labiodental Dental Alveolar Post- Retroflex Palatal Velar Uvular Pharyngeal Glottal
alveolar
[= palatoalveolar]

Plosive
p b t d ¡ ≥ c ~ k ì q { Ø
[= stop]
Nasal m ª n ‹ ¢ º É
Trill x r á
Tap or Flap s Ü ø

Fricative z β f v â Î s z à è Ë Ô ç ÿ x “ ç ¿ ∑ u h ∂

Lateral
π ∫
fricative
[Central]
ã fl æ j Ç
approximant

Lateral
l ⁄ Ó Å
approximant

Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a voiced consonant. Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.
IPA chart for consonants
Table 1.1 The main portion of the IPA consonant chart.
www.arts.gla.ac.uk/IPA/IPA_chart_(c)2005.pdf

Bilabial Labiodental Dental Alveolar Post- Retroflex Palatal Velar Uvular Pharyngeal Glottal
alveolar
[= palatoalveolar]

Plosive
p b t d ¡ ≥ c ~ k ì q { Ø
[= stop]
Nasal m ª n ‹ ¢ º É
Trill x r á
Tap or Flap s Ü ø

Fricative z β f v â Î s z à è Ë Ô ç ÿ x “ ç ¿ ∑ u h ∂

Lateral
π ∫
fricative
[Central]
ã fl æ j Ç
approximant

Lateral
l ⁄ Ó Å
approximant

Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a voiced consonant. Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.
IPA chart for consonants
http://www.paulmeier.com/consonants/
Table 1.1 The main portion of the IPA consonant chart.
www.arts.gla.ac.uk/IPA/IPA_chart_(c)2005.pdf

Bilabial Labiodental Dental Alveolar Post- Retroflex Palatal Velar Uvular Pharyngeal Glottal
alveolar
[= palatoalveolar]

Plosive
p b t d ¡ ≥ c ~ k ì q { Ø
[= stop]
Nasal m ª n ‹ ¢ º É
Trill x r á
Tap or Flap s Ü ø

Fricative z β f v â Î s z à è Ë Ô ç ÿ x “ ç ¿ ∑ u h ∂

Lateral
π ∫
fricative
[Central]
ã fl æ j Ç
approximant

Lateral
l ⁄ Ó Å
approximant

Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a voiced consonant. Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.
IPA chart for consonants
http://www.paulmeier.com/consonants/
Table 1.1 The main portion of the IPA consonant chart.
www.arts.gla.ac.uk/IPA/IPA_chart_(c)2005.pdf
impossible articulations

Bilabial Labiodental Dental Alveolar Post- Retroflex Palatal Velar Uvular Pharyngeal Glottal
alveolar
[= palatoalveolar]

Plosive
p b t d ¡ ≥ c ~ k ì q { Ø
[= stop]
Nasal m ª n ‹ ¢ º É
Trill x unattested
r articulations á
Tap or Flap s Ü ø

Fricative z β f v â Î s z à è Ë Ô ç ÿ x “ ç ¿ ∑ u h ∂

Lateral
π ∫
fricative
[Central]
ã fl æ j Ç
approximant

Lateral
l ⁄ Ó Å
approximant

Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a voiced consonant. Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.
 Exercise

Ü Look at the sagittal planes of the upper vocal tract

Ü Identify the manner and place of articulation of each sound

(Italian sounds will be used) based on the configuration of the
organs.
Palatal nasals
[ɲ]
[‘raɲɲo]
Alveolar plosives
[t] [d]
['tetto] [‘detto]
Alveolar lateral
[l]
[ 'lu:na ]
Post-alveolar fricatives
[ʃ][ʒ]
[ ‘ʃa:me ] [ ga'raʒ ]
 Velar plosives
[k] [g] ['ka:ne] ['gatto]
Labiodental fricatives
[f][v]
['fa:to] ['va:no]
Alveolar trill
[r]
['ra:na]
Bilabial nasal
[m]
['mamma]
 Alveolar affricates
[ ts ] [ dz ]
[‘tsi:o]-Tusc. vs. [‘dzi:o]-Northern
[‘dzajno]
Palatal approximant or glide
[j]
[’jɛ:na]
Palatal: nasal and lateral [ɲ] [ʎ]
[‘raɲɲo] [raʎʎo]
Labiodental nasal
[ɱ]
['aɱfora] [iɱ’va:no]
Bilabial plosives
[p] [b]
[‘pollo] [‘bollo]
Velar: plosives and nasals [k] [g] [ŋ]
['ka:ne] ['gatto] [’aŋkora]
 ENGLISH CONSONANTS

Lateral

Central
Approximants
 9781405184120_4_C02.qxd 06/06/2008 09:49 AM Page 21
ENGLISH CONSONANTS (full)
Table 2.1 English phonemes: consonants

Bilabial Labiodental Dental Alveolar Palatoalveolar Palatal Velar Glottal

Stops voiceless /p/ /t/ /k/

pin tin kin
voiced /b/ /d/ /g /
bin din gill
Affricates voiceless /tà/
chin
voiced /dè /
gin
Fricatives voiceless /f/ /θ/ /s/ /à / /h/
fin thin sin shin hymn
voiced /v/ /¨/ /z / /è /
vim this zip vision
Nasals /m/ /n/ /º /
mitt nip sing
Approximants lateral /l/
Lynn
central /w/ /fl / /j /
win rim ying
Excercise

Compare your native language with English:

§ which manners of articulation are there in your language that English does not have?
§ which places of articulation are there in your language that English does not have?
§ which manners and places are missing instead?
§ and, more in general, does your language have just one of the voiced-unvoiced pairs in the IPA
chart, so that, for instance, it has [t] but not [d]?
Some contrastive observations

§ Languages select from this wide repertoire of sounds only a subset, those that have a phonemic
value.
§ Any one language uses only a fairly small inventory of distinct speech sounds, usually no more than
a few dozen… but the range is very wide (around 10-150).
§ Not all sounds are equally common:
§ Almost every language has a t-like sound, whereas very few languages have an epiglottal stop
or a bilabial trill.
§ There are implicational relations:
for ex: if a language has nasal vowels, it will also have oral vowels (but not vice-versa)
VOWELS

BACKNESS

HEIGHT ROUNDING

VOWELS
100
101
Italian VOWELS

In italiano ci sono 5 grafemi: <a>, <e>, <i>, <o>, <u>, ma…

i u

e o

e o

a A
102
 14 Phonetics

IPA CHART
The IPA chartfor VOWELS
for vowels is shown inhttp://www.paulmeier.com/vowels/
figure 1.5:

Front Central Back

Close
÷ Í Tense
i y „ u
[= high]
} é ä
Lax
Close-mid e ø e ¬ ” o
[= upper mid]
v
Open-mid
y Ò ¥ ◊ Î Ñ
[= lower mid]

î Œ

Open [= low] a Ω w ∞

Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a rounded vowel.
Figure 1.5 The IPA chart for vowels.
 14 Phonetics

IPA CHART
The IPA chartfor VOWELS
for vowels is shown inhttp://www.paulmeier.com/vowels/
figure 1.5:

Front Central Back

Close
÷ Í Tense
i y „ u
[= high]
} é ä

Close-mid e ø e ¬ ” o
[= upper mid]
v
Open-mid
y Ò ¥ ◊ Î Ñ
[= lower mid]

î Œ

Open [= low] a Ω w ∞

Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a rounded vowel.
Figure 1.5 The IPA chart for vowels.
 22 Phonemic Analysis
English Vowels
Table 2.2 English phonemes: vowels and diphthongs

Front Central Back Diphthongs

Unrounded Unrounded Unrounded Rounded
tense Upper high /i/ /u/ /a}/, /aä/, /Ñ}/
beat boot bite, bout, Coit
lax Lower high /}/ /ä/
bit foot
Upper mid /e}/ /v/ /oä/ Rhotacized upper
bait abbot boat mid central
Lower mid /y/ /Î/ /Ñ/ unrounded
bet but bought
Low /î/ /w/ /g/
bat father Bert
 THE INTERNATIONAL PHONETIC ALP
CONSONANTS (PULMONIC)

Bilabial Labiodental Dental Alveolar Post alveolar Retroflex

The International Phonetic Alphabet Plosive

Nasal
p b
m
t d
n
Ê
=
Trill r
Tap or Flap v | «
Fricative F B f v T D s z S Z ß
CONSONANTS Ò L
Lateral
fricative
Approximant ® ’
Lateral
approximant l
THE INTERNATIONAL PHONETIC ALPHABET (revised to 2005) Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a voiced consonant.

CONSONANTS (PULMONIC) © 2005 IPA CONSONANTS (NON-PULMONIC) VOWE

Bilabial Labiodental Dental Alveolar Post alveolar Retroflex Palatal Velar Uvular Pharyngeal Glottal Clicks Voiced implosives Ejectives

Plosive p b t d Ê c Ô k g q G / > Bilabial Bilabial ’ Examples:

Close

Nasal m n = N – Dental Î Dental/alveolar p’ Bilabial

! t’ Close-m
r R
(Post)alveolar Palatal Dental/alveolar
Trill
¯ Palatoalveolar ƒ Velar k’ Velar
Tap or Flap v | « Alveolar lateral Ï Uvular s’ Alveolar fricative Open-m
Fricative F B f v T D s z S Z ß ç J x V X Â © ? h H
Lateral
fricative Ò L OTHER SYMBOLS
Open
ÇÛ
Approximant ® ’ j ˜ Voiceless labial-velar fricative Alveolo-palatal fricatives

w »
l ¥ K
Voiced labial-velar approximant Voiced alveolar lateral flap
Lateral
approximant
Á Voiced labial-palatal approximant Í Simultaneous S and x
Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a voiced consonant. Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.
Ì Voiceless epiglottal fricative

http://www.paulmeier.com/consonants/ ¿ Affricates and double articulations

(
CONSONANTS (NON-PULMONIC) VOWELS Voiced epiglottal fricative can be represented by two symbols
kp ts
÷

(
joined by a tie bar if necessary.
Front Central Back
Clicks Voiced implosives Ejectives http://www.ipachart.com Epiglottal plosive

> Bilabial Bilabial ’ Examples:

Close i y È Ë ¨ u DIACRITICS Diacritics may be placed above a symbol with a descender, e.g. N(
IY U
 « Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a voiced consonant. Shaded areas denote articulati

S Z ß ç J x V X Â © ? h H CONSONANTS (NON-PULMONIC) VOWELS

Front Cent
Clicks Voiced implosives Ejectives
i y È
The
’ International Phonetic Alphabet > Close
Bilabial Bilabial ’ Examples:
j ˜ Î Dental Dental/alveolar p’ Bilabial
IY
¥ K ! (Post)alveolar Palatal t’ Dental/alveolar Close-mid e P
esents a voiced consonant. Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible. ¯ Palatoalveolar ƒ Velar k’ Velar

VOWELS
VOWELS
Alveolar lateral Ï Uvular s’ Alveolar fricative Open-mid E {
Front Central Back OTHER SYMBOLS
œ
ives
Close i y È Ë ¨ u Voiceless labial-velar fricative ÇÛ
Open a ”
Alveolo-palatal fricatives Where symbols a
mples:

ial
IY U w Voiced labial-velar approximant » Voiced alveolar lateral flap
to the right repres

al/alveolar Close-mid e P e Ø o Á Voiced labial-palatal approximant Í Simultaneous S and x SUPRASEG

Ì "
´ ¿
Voiceless epiglottal fricative
Affricates and double articulations
Æ
Pri

(
E { ‰ ò
ø O
Voiced epiglottal fricative can be represented by two symbols
kp ts Sec
Open-mid
÷

(
olar fricative joined by a tie bar if necessary.
Epiglottal plosive
… Lo
œ å DIACRITICS Diacritics may be placed above a symbol with a descender, e.g. N( Ú Ha
Open a ” A Å 9 Voiceless n9 d9 ª Breathy voiced bª aª 1 Dental t1 d1 * Ex
fricatives Where symbols appear in pairs, the one Mi
to the right represents a rounded vowel. 3 Voiced s3 t3 0 Creaky voiced b0 a0 ¡ Apical t¡ d¡ Ma
lateral flap
Ó Aspirated tÓ dÓ £ Linguolabial t£ d£ 4 t4 d4 .
S and x
Laminal
Syl
SUPRASEGMENTALS http://www.paulmeier.com/vowels/
7 More rounded O7 W Labialized tW dW ) Nasalized e)
" Primary stress
Lin
http://www.ipachart.com
¶ Less rounded O¶ Palatalized t d ˆ Nasal release dˆ
iculations
Æ Secondary stress ™ Advanced u™ t d ¬ d¬
(

kp ts
TONES A
o symbols Velarized Lateral release
ÆfoUn´"tIS´n
LEVEL

2 Retracted e2 t d } d} e_ â
(

essary. Ext

… Long e… Pharyngealized No audible release or high

 Where symbols appear in pairs, the one
w Voiced labial-velar approximant » Voiced alveolar lateral flap
to the right represents a rounded vowel.

Á Voiced labial-palatal approximant Í Simultaneous S and x SUPRASEGMENTALS

Ì
The International Phonetic Alphabet
¿
Voiceless epiglottal fricative
Affricates and double articulations
"
Æ
Primary stress

(
kp ts
Voiced epiglottal fricative can be represented by two symbols
Secondary stress
ÆfoUn´"tIS´n
÷

(
joined by a tie bar if necessary.
Epiglottal plosive
… Long e…
DIACRITICS Diacritics may be placed above a symbol with a descender, e.g. N( Ú Half-long eÚ
9 Voiceless n9 d9 ª Breathy voiced bª aª 1 Dental t1 d1 * Extra-short e*
Minor (foot) group
3 Voiced s3 t3 0 Creaky voiced b0 a0 ¡ Apical t¡ d¡ Major (intonation) group
Ó Aspirated tÓ dÓ £ Linguolabial t£ d£ 4 Laminal t4 d4 . Syllable break ®i.œkt
7 More rounded O7 W Labialized tW dW ) Nasalized e) Linking (absence of a break)
¶ Less rounded O¶ Palatalized t d ˆ Nasal release dˆ
™ Advanced u™ Velarized t d ¬ Lateral release d¬ TONES AND WORD ACCENTS
LEVEL
ˆ
CONTOUR

2 Retracted e2 Pharyngealized t d } No audible release d} e_ or âExtra

high or e Rising ä
· Centralized e· ù Velarized or pharyngealized : e! ê High e$ ë Falling

+ Mid-centralized e+ 6 e6 ( ®6 = voiced alveolar fricative) e@ î Mid e% ü High

rising

e~ ô e ï
Raised Low
Low
` Syllabic n` § Lowered e§ ( B§ = voiced bilabial approximant) e— û Extra
low e& ñ$
rising
Rising-
falling
8 Non-syllabic e8 5 Advanced Tongue Root e5 Õ Downstep ã Global rise

± Rhoticity ´± a± Retracted Tongue Root e õ Upstep à Global fall