Automotive Practical File Class 12

"Every study session is a step closer to your dreams.
Embrace the challenge, stay focused, and

let your dedication be the fuel that lights the path to success."
Greetings to all. A few instructions before you open the file:

Kindly draw diagram on plain side of the one side ruled paper.
Kindly use just blue and black pen. Preferably gel.
Kindly draw legible diagram with the help of pencil.
For drawing traffic signs use colored pen.
Kindly see topics of automobile from the comfort of your home. Use the power of youtube to see the
animation to make this cumbersome task a bit easier. Use internet wisely.
Have a loads of food, hot chocolates.

Happy holidays.
JAWAHAR NAVODAYA
VIDYALAYA
SUYALBARI NAINITAL
2023-2024
TOPIC: DIFFERENTIAL SYSTEM,
SUSPENSION SYSTEM, STEERING
MECHANISM AND ROAD SIGNS
SUBMITTED TO: Mr. YOGESH UPADHYAY

SUBMITTED BY: _________________________
ROLL NUMBER: ________________
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that (student name) student of class XII (SCIENCE/COMMERCE) has successfully
complete the project on the topic of DIFFERENTIAL SYSTEM, SUSPENSION SYSTEM,
STEERING MECHANISM AND ROAD SIGNS under the guidance of Mr. YOGESH UPADHYAY
(Automotive Trainer) during the academic session of 2023-2024 bearing AISSCE Roll number
__________________.
Signature of internal examiner
Signature of external examiner
Signature of principal:
Acknowledgement:
I would like to extend my sincere and heartfelt thanks towards all those who have helped me in
making this project without their active guidance, help cooperation. I would not have been able to
present the project on time.
I extend my sincere gratitude to my Principal Shri Puran Chandra Upadhyay and my

automotive trainer _Mr. YOGESH UPADHYAY for their moral support and guidance during the
tenure of my project.
Name of the student

Class and section.
Differential:
the term "differential" refers to a specific component that plays a crucial role in the
functioning of the vehicle's drivetrain.
Principle: to enable the vehicle to rotate at a varying speed. Thus to make the value of angular
velocity constant.
functions of a differential in an automobile:
1. Equal Distribution of Torque:
 When a vehicle is moving straight, the wheels on the same axle should rotate at the
same speed.
2. Differential Action during Turns:
 The differential allows for a variance in wheel speeds, preventing skidding and
allowing the vehicle to turn smoothly.
3. Power Transfer to the Wheel with Traction:
 In situations where one wheel loses traction (e.g., on a slippery surface), the
differential directs more torque to the wheel with better traction. This is crucial for
maintaining control and preventing the vehicle from getting stuck.
Constructional details:
1. Ring Gear (Crown Wheel):
 The ring gear, also known as the crown wheel, is a large circular gear attached to the
final drive. It receives torque from the engine and is connected to the differential case.
2. Differential Case:
 The differential case houses the internal components of the differential. It is
connected to the ring gear and provides support for the other parts.
3. Bevel Type Gear Pinions:
 There are four bevel type gear pinions arranged in a box formation within the
differential case. These gears are bevel gears, which have cone-shaped teeth. They
mesh with each other to transfer torque and allow for variations in wheel speeds
during turns.
4. Sun Gears:
 Two of the bevel pinions, positioned opposite each other, are splined to the half
shafts. These are referred to as the sun gears. The sun gears are directly connected to
the half shafts, transmitting torque to the wheels.
5. Pinion Shaft:
 The other pair of bevel pinions are free to rotate on a pinion shaft. This pinion shaft
acts as a pivot for these pinion gears. The pinion shaft is mounted in the differential
housing and allows the pinions to rotate independently.
6. Differential Housing:
 The differential housing contains all the internal components of the differential,
including the differential case, bevel pinions, and the pinion shaft. The housing is
driven by the rotation of the ring gear.
Working:
1. Straight Ahead Travel:

 In straight-line motion on a level road, equal rolling resistances on both drive wheels
result in the differential pinions remaining stationary, connecting the right and left sun
gears.
 Differential Pinion Function:
 With no rotation of the differential pinions, the entire unit, including the ring
gear, differential case, and pinion shafts, turns as one. This leads to both sun
gears rotating together, ensuring equal RPM for both drive wheels.
Equal Wheel Rotation:
 The synchronized rotation of the sun gears, facilitated by the differential pinions
during straight travel, maintains nearly identical RPMs for both drive wheels.
2. Turning: when the vehicle takes a turn inner wheel travels less distance wrt the outer
wheel, Since a resistance is therefore applied to the left-hand sun gear while taking
left turn, each differential pinion rotates around its own shaft (axis) and also revolves
around the rear axle. As a result the rpm of the right-hand sun gear increases
fig: straight ahead travel
fig: turning
Suspension system:
To isolate the vehicle body from the road shocks the automobile chassis is mounted on the
axle through some form of springs, shock absorber.
Functions of suspension system:
 connects the vehicle body and the wheels
 damp the various vibrations
 transmits driving and braking forces to the chassis and body.
Types of suspension system:
Rigid SUSPENSION: The front axle beam is connected to the steering knuckles with the help of
kingpins. On top of the front axle beam there are two coil spring seats closer to the wheels for locating
and supporting coil springs. The springs support the frame.
INDEPENDENT SUSPENSION : the two front wheels are made independent of each other
and the vehicle does not tilt when one of the wheels passes over a bump or falls into a pot
hole on the road.
At both ends of the steering knuckle there are ball joints for connecting the upper link and
lower link to the structural frame to ball joints.
Components of a suspension system:

Springs: to neutralize the shocks from the road surface.
Shock absorbers: improves riding comfort.
Stabilizer: prevents lateral swaying of the car.
Linkage system: acts to hold components of the vehicle.
Suspension springs:
Leaf spring: number of curved bands of spring steel called “leaves, stacked together in order from
shortest to longest. Stack of leaves is fastened together at the centre with a centre bolt or a rivet. To
keep the leaves from slipping out of place, they are held at several places with clips. Both ends of the
longest (main) leaf are bent to form spring eyes.
Features of leaf spring:
Nip: curvature of each leaf is called “NIP”. Overall curvature is called “camber”. When a spring is
flexed, nip causes the leaves in the spring to rub against together and the friction created by this
rubbing quickly damps the oscillations of the spring.
STEERING MECHANISM:
Need of steering system: A steering system in a vehicle is a crucial component that enables the driver
to control the direction of the vehicle's movement. Need for steering system arises due to following
reasons:
Control and manoeuvrability: to provide driver with control over vehicle’s direction.
Responsive handling: It allows the driver to make quick and precise adjustments to the direction of
travel.
Safety: Safety is paramount in preventing accidents and protecting both occupants and pedestrians
Driver comfort: an efficient steering mechanism helps driver to experience driving more enjoyable
and less tiring.
Vehicle dynamics: It plays a role in maintaining stability, preventing oversteer or understeer, and
ensuring a balanced and predictable response to driver input.
Ackerman’s steering mechanism: THE CENTRE OF ROTATION SHOULD BE COMMON TO

ALL THE FOUR WHEELS.
Steering geometry:
Camber : it is viewed from the front of the vehicle. If it is tilted outwards at the top it is positive
camber if tilt is inwards it is negative camber.
Caster: viewed from the side of the vehicle. The angle between the king pin centre line (steering axis)
and the vertical, in the plane of wheel is called the Caster Angle.
 Positive Caster: The steering axis leans toward the rear of the vehicle, providing stability
and aiding in steering wheel self-centering.
 Negative Caster: The steering axis leans toward the front, resulting in a lighter steering feel
but potentially compromising high-speed stability.
Toe angles:
Road signs:
Mandatory signs :please draw any 8 signals.
Cautionary signs: please draw any 6 signs

Automotive Practical File Class 12

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Automotive Practical File Class 12

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"Every study session is a step closer to your dreams.

Embrace the challenge, stay focused, and

Greetings to all. A few instructions before you open the file:

Have a loads of food, hot chocolates.

SUBMITTED TO: Mr. YOGESH UPADHYAY

Signature of internal examiner

Signature of external examiner

I extend my sincere gratitude to my Principal Shri Puran Chandra Upadhyay and my

Name of the student

1. Straight Ahead Travel:

fig: straight ahead travel

Components of a suspension system:

Ackerman’s steering mechanism: THE CENTRE OF ROTATION SHOULD BE COMMON TO

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