SCH3U1 Final Exam Review 2023-2024
SCH3U1 Final Exam Review 2023-2024
SCH3U1 Final Exam Review 2023-2024
This exam review package contains sample questions, as well as lists of questions found in the
textbook. It is recommend that students complete all sample questions contained in this review
package. It is NOT expected that students will complete all of the textbook questions listed in
this review. Instead, students should use these listed textbook questions as an extra resource,
completing as many questions as they feel necessary until they have mastered the concepts listed
in this in this review package.
I. Nomenclature
1. You must be familiar with all of the rules of chemical nomenclature that we studied
including, ionic compounds, molecular compounds, multivalent ions, polyatomic ions,
oxyanions, hydrates, acids, oxyacids
1. Draw the basic structure of an atom. Label the protons, neutrons, nucleus, and electrons
1. Using your periodic table you must be able to locate the following information:
a. Atomic number
b. Common/other ion charges
c. Symbol/name of element
d. Atomic mass (u)
e. Molar mass (g/mol)
f. Mass number
g. Where are metals, non-metals, and metalloids located?
2. How are periods arranged in the periodic table? What information about the electron
arrangement of an atom of an element does this tell us?
How are groups arranged in the periodic table? What information about the electron
arrangement of an atom of an element does this tell us?
3. Where are the following groups/families located on the periodic table? What are some of
their properties/characteristics?
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a. Alkali Metals
b. Alkaline Earth Metals
c. Halogens
d. Noble Gases
4. Know how absorption/emission spectra work and how this knowledge relates to the Bohr
model of the atom
III. Isotopes
1. What is an isotope?
a. Sample Question:
Natural chlorine contains two isotopes, Cl-35 (34.969 u) and Cl-37 (36.970 u). In
a sample of chlorine, 75.53% of the atoms are Cl-35 and 24.47% of the atoms are
Cl-37. Calculate the atomic mass of chlorine. [Ans: 35.45 amu]
6. Know how to calculate % abundance when given isotope mass and atomic mass info
1. Recall the major trends in the periodic table that we examined (look at the PowerPoint
slides:
a. Atomic radius, Ionization energy, Electron affinity, Electronegativity
b. Understand the definition/meaning of these concepts
c. Be able to explain each of these trends in terms of atomic structure
d. For quick reference, remember how these trends are represented pictorially with
arrows on a periodic table.
i. Sample Questions:
What two factors affect the size of an atom (atomic radius)?
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iv. List the following elements in order of increasing atomic radius. Give
reasons.
neon, potassium, nitrogen, phosphorous [Ans: Ne, N, P, K]
v. Describe the relationship between each pair of periodic trends
1. Atomic radius and ionization energy [Ans: Cl]
2. Atomic radius and electronegativity [Ans: Rb]
vi. Which element in each pair has the higher electron affinity?
1. sodium, chlorine [Ans: Cl]
2. rubidium, cesium [Ans: Rb]
1. Know how to draw Lewis structures and structural formulas for compounds
a. Know how to calculate EN for a bond and classify the bond as non-polar
covalent, polar covalent, ionic
b. Know how to determine whether or not a molecule is polar or non-polar given its
structure
c. For polyatomic ions, know how to draw Lewis structures, calculate formal charge,
know how/when expanded or incomplete octets may occur, know how to draw
resonance structures
d. Know the different intermolecular forces
e. Know what causes each type of force (diagrams) and their relative strengths
f. Know how to use intermolecular forces to explain properties such as melting and
boiling points
g. Sample Question:
For each of the molecules listed below:
Formula C3H8 C5H12 CHCl3 C2H5OH I2
Structure
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2. Ionic and molecular compounds
a. Know how to determine if elements will combine to form ionic or molecular
compounds
b. Know some properties of ionic and molecular compounds eg. M.P. and B.P. ,
hardness/brittleness, conductivity, solubility in water etc. and how the structure of
the compound contributes to these properties.
1. We have already reviewed how to write balanced chemical equations extensively. You
should also review your Chemical Nomenclature Assignment.
1. Recall the main types of reactions are synthesis, decomposition, combustion, single
displacement and double displacement. Review your notes on these types of reactions.
a. What are acidic oxides and basic oxides?
b. Know the types of synthesis reactions that occur when and acidic oxide or basic
oxide is reacted with water
c. Know the types of decomposition reactions that occur when certain acids and
bases are heated
3. Recall how to use the activity series of metals when they are reacted with ionic
compounds, acids or water for single displacement reactions
4. Know how to use the activity series of halogens for single displacement reactions
5. Know how to use the solubility table for double displacement reactions.
a. Know the three different products that can form that will drive a double
displacement reaction forward
b. Know the three different types of compounds that can be reacted with acid to
cause a double displacement reaction and know the type of product formed.
2. Avogadro’s Constant
a. What is it?
b. What is its symbol?
c. Why was this specific number chosen?
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3. What is molar mass?
a. What is its symbol?
b. What units are used to measure molar mass?
c. Know how to calculate the molar mass of any element or compound using a
periodic table.
5. Percent Composition
a. Know how to calculate percent composition when given masses, and vice versa.
i. Sample Question:
A 19.6 g sample of a compound contains 16.1 g of nitrogen and 3.50 g of
hydrogen. Determine the percentage composition by mass of the
compound. [Ans: 82.1% N; 17.9% H]
i. Sample Question:
Calculate the percentage composition of Na2CO3. [Ans: 43.38% Na;
11.33% C; 45.29% O]
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i. Sample Question:
An unknown compound contains 42.6% oxygen, 32.0% carbon, 18.7%
nitrogen, and the remainder is hydrogen. The molar mass of the unknown
compound is 150.0 g/mol. Calculate the empirical and molecular formula
of the compound. [Ans: empirical formula – C2H5NO2; molecular
formula – C4H10N2O4]
i. Sample Question:
Calculate the mass of silver nitrate, AgNO3(aq), that must react with solid
copper to provide 475 kg of copper nitrate, Cu(NO3)2(aq). [Ans: 8.60 x 102
kg]
i. Sample Question:
Lithium reacts with oxygen to form lithium oxide, Li2O(s).
When 20.0 g of lithium metal reacts with 30.0 g of oxygen gas, which
reactant is limiting and which is in excess? [Ans: limiting – Li; excess –
O2 ]
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11. Yield of a Chemical Reaction
a. What is the difference between the actual yield and the theoretical yield?
b. Know how to calculate both the actual yield and the theoretical yield from a
balanced chemical equation.
i. Sample Question:
Phosphoric acid, H3PO4(aq), is neutralized by potassium hydroxide,
KOH(aq), according to the following reaction below. The yield of this
process is known to be 74.5%. If 49.0 g of potassium phosphate is
required to sell to a customer, what mass of potassium hydroxide is
required to produce this much product? Assume phosphoric acid is
present in excess. [Ans: 52.2 g]
2. Explaining Solutions
a. What are intramolecular forces and intermolecular forces?
b. How do polarity and hydrogen bonds affect the solubility of a compound in
water? (diagrams)
c. What happens when ionic compounds dissolve in water? How is it different from
how molecular compounds dissolve in water?
d. What are detergents (surfactants)? What is their structure? What do they do and
how do they work?
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3. Solution Concentration
a. Know the definition of dilute and concentrated solutions.
b. Know the three different types of percentage concentration
v. Know the formulas for each of these and be able to use them in
calculations.
vi. Questions: p. 417 # 20
p. 411 # 2,3,4,7
c. Very low concentrations
vii. ppm, ppb, ppt
viii. Know the units used for each of these and be able to perform calculations.
4. Questions: p. #5,6,8
5. Amount Concentrations
a. What unit is used for amount concentrations?
b. Know the formula and be able to perform calculations involving mass, moles,
concentration and volume.
6. Making solutions
a. Know how to calculate quantities for making solutions by weighing solids
b. Know how to calculate quantities for making solutions by diluting a standard
(stock) solution
8. Know how to write total ionic equations, net ionic equations and identify spectator ions
i. Sample Question:
A 10.00 mL sample of sulfuric acid reacts completely with 15.9 mL of
0.150 mol/L potassium hydroxide solution. Calculate the amount
concentration of the sulfuric acid. [Ans: 0.119 mol/L]
i. Sample Question:
15.3 g of magnesium nitride, Mg3N2, is dissolved in water to make 428
mL of solution. Calculate the concentration of magnesium ion, Mg2+(aq),
and the concentration of the nitride ion, N3-(aq). [Ans: [Mg2+(aq)] = 1.06
mol/L; [N3-(aq)] = 0.708 mol/L]
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10. What are some properties of acids and bases
a. Know the difference between dissociation and ionization. Do acids and bases
ionize and/or dissociate?
b. What are strong and weak acids and strong and weak bases?
c. Know the common strong acids we frequently discussed in class: hydrochloric
acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, etc.
d. Be able to recognize bases (usually compounds with a hydroxyl group)
e. Know the difference between the Arrhenius and Bronsted Lowry Acid-Base
Theories
i. Know how to identify conjugate acid-base pairs
f. What is the pH scale? Know how to interpret pH values. Know how calculate
pH given [H+] and vice versa
X. Gas Laws
1. What are the four main variables we learned about when dealing with gases?
3. Boyle’s Law
a. What does Boyle’s Law state?
b. Know how to use the formula for Boyle’s Law in calculation questions.
i. Sample Question:
A weather balloon with a volume of 2.00 x 103 L at a pressure of 96.3 kPa
rises to an altitude of 1.00 x 103 m, where the atmospheric pressure is
measured to be 60.8 kPa. Calculate the new volume of the balloon.
Assume the temperature and amount of gas remain constant. [Ans: 3.17 x
103 L]
4. Charles’s Law
a. What does Charles’s Law state?
b. What is the Kelvin scale?
c. Know how to convert temperatures between the Celsius scale and the Kelvin
scale.
d. Know how to use the formula for Charles’s Law in calculation questions.
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i. Sample Question:
A balloon is filled to a volume of 1.50 L of helium gas in an air-
conditioned room at 18.0 oC. The balloon is then taken outside on a warm
day and left to float as a decoration. The volume of the balloon expands to
1.55 L. Calculate the outside temperature. Assume the pressure and
amount of gas remain constant. [Ans: 27.7 oC]
5. Gay-Lussac’s Law
a. What does the Pressure and Temperature Law state?
b. Know how to use the formula for the Pressure and Temperature Law in
calculation questions.
i. Sample Question:
The pressure of the oxygen gas inside a canister is 5.0 atm at 298 K. What
is the pressure of the oxygen gas inside the canister if the temperature
changes to 263 K? Assume the volume and amount of gas remain
constant. [Ans: 4.4 atm]
i. Sample Question:
A small balloon contains 275 mL of helium gas at a temperature of 25.0
o
C and a pressure of 351 kPa. What volume would this gas occupy at 10.0
o
C and 101 kPa. Assume the amount of gas remains constant. [Ans: 908
mL]
i. Sample Question
A 1.58 g sample of gas occupies a volume of 500.0 mL at STP. Calculate
the molar mass of the gas. [Ans: 70.8 g/mol]
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8. Law of Combining Volumes and Avogadro’s Law
a. What does the Law of Combining Volumes State?
b. What does Avogadro’s Law state?
c. Know how to use Avogadro’s Law in calculation questions.
i. Sample Question:
A balloon with a volume of 34.5 L is filled with 3.2 mol of helium gas.
To what volume will the balloon expand if another 8.0 g of helium is
added? Assume pressure and temperature remain constant. [Ans: 56 L]
i. Sample Question:
A sample of helium at SATP has a mass of 32.0 g. What volume does this
mass of gas occupy? [Ans: 198 L]
i. Sample Question:
The total pressure of a mixture of oxygen gas and water vapour is 381
kPa. If the water vapour has a partial pressure of 163 kPa, what is the
partial pressure of the oxygen gas? [Ans: 218 kPa]
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