CAT Forklift VC60D Spare Parts Manual

CAT Forklift VC60D Spare Parts

Manual
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**CAT Forklift VC60D Spare Parts Manual** Size: 123 MB Format: PDF Language:
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Parts Manual Model: CAT VC60D Forklift Date: 2019 Content: SEBN2612-05-00
Forward SEBN2612-05-01 Engine SEBN2612-05-02 Cooling SEBN2612-05-03
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CAT Forklift VC60D Spare Parts Manual

Transaxle SEBN2612-05-07 Steering SEBN2612-05-08 Brakes SEBN2612-05-09

Frame and Body SEBN2612-05-10 Hydraulics SEBN2612-05-11 Attachment
Hydraulics SEBN2612-05-12 Lift Group SEBN2612-05-13 Accessories
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From a drawing by Mary E. Walker See page 72

THE TIGER SWALLOWTAIL

(Reduced)
From a drawing by W. I. Beecroft See page 83

THE IMPORTED CABBAGE BUTTERFLY

Caterpillar, chrysalis, and butterflies
 THE TRIBE OF THE YELLOWS
A large proportion of our most abundant and conspicuous
butterflies belong to the Tribe of the Yellows. Sometimes it is called
the Tribe of the Red-horns because the antennae of the living insects
are so often red. These insects vary in size from the large
Brimstones or Cloudless Sulphurs, expanding three inches, to the
delicate little Dainty Sulphur, expanding scarcely an inch. The
distinctive characteristics of the tribe are found in the very gradual
enlargement of the joints of the antennae that form the club, and
the stout palpi, the last joints of each of the latter being short.

The Brimstone or Cloudless Sulphur

Callidrayas eubule

Practically all northern butterflies are variously marked in

different colors, while the butterflies of tropical regions are
commonly tinted in monotone, though often showing a splendid
iridescence. One with very little experience can tell the look of a
tropical butterfly and would be likely to say at once that the
Cloudless Sulphur is one of these. The upper surface of the wings of
the male is a clear plain sulphur with merely the narrowest possible
fringe of brown around the margin made only by the colored
marginal scales. The under surface is lighter and sparsely dotted in
brown. In the females the marginal brown takes on the shape of a
series of small crescents and there is a single round brown eye-spot
just in front of the middle of each front wing.

While the Cloudless Sulphur is without doubt essentially a tropical

species it has an extraordinary geographical range. It is extremely
abundant in Mexico, Cuba, and the tropical zone in South America. It
extends south even to northern Patagonia and north to New
England, Wisconsin, and Nebraska.
 Presumably in the tropics this species breeds continuously, one
generation following another in regular succession unless interrupted
by drought or other natural phenomena. In our Southern states
there is more or less interruption by the winter season, so that it is
commonly considered to have only two broods, the butterflies
hibernating. Farther north there is probably only one brood in
summer, and perhaps not even that in the extreme limit of its range.
For there is pretty good evidence that the specimens seen in the
Northern states are migrants from the south, coming singly or in
scattered flocks in early summer, and if they lay eggs the butterflies
of the new generation return south in autumn. But the precise
conditions are not well known and need careful observations in
various localities.

The life-story of a generation of these butterflies is much like that

of the other Yellows. The eggs are laid, one in a place, on the
leaflets of various species of wild senna (Cassia) and soon hatch into
cylindrical caterpillars that devour the tender leaflets. In a few weeks
the caterpillars mature and change to curious and characteristic
chrysalids. The head projects in the shape of a cone and the back is
so concave as to give the side view of the chrysalis a very striking
appearance.

Like so many of the Yellows this butterfly is sun-loving and social

in its habits. Great numbers flock together, their large size and bright
coloring rendering them very conspicuous. They often alight on the
ground to sip moisture when they have been likened to beds of
yellow crocuses. They also fly long distances in flocks that attract
much attention. It is likely that the northward distribution takes
place in summer through such migrating hosts.

Other Sulphur Butterflies

The Large Orange Sulphur is a closely related butterfly of about

the same size, in which the coloring is uniformly orange-yellow
instead of lemon-yellow. It also belongs to the tropics, occurring in
our extreme Southern states and ranging occasionally as far north as
Nebraska.

The Red-barred Sulphur is another splendid butterfly, somewhat

larger than the Brimstone, which is easily distinguished by the broad
reddish bar across the upper surface of the front wings. It is tropical
but migrates rarely even as far north as Indiana, Illinois, and
Wisconsin.

The Dog's-head Butterfly

Meganostoma caesonia

The Dog's-head butterfly furnishes one of the most remarkable

examples of accidental resemblance in wing markings that can be
found in the whole order of scale-winged insects. It is comparable
with the skull and crossbones on the back of the death's-head moth.
In the butterfly the middle of the front wings has a broad band of
yellow against a black margin on each side and the yellow outlines
make an excellent silhouette of the profile of a poodle with a large
black eye-spot in exactly the proper place. The females are less
brightly colored than the males but they still show the dog's-head
silhouette.

This is a southern species, which occasionally strays as far north

as New York City, New Hampshire, Wisconsin, and Iowa. The larvae
feed on species of Amorpha and are believed to be three-brooded in
southern regions where the butterfly occurs.

The California Dog's-head is even more beautiful than the

southern species. It is remarkable for its pink and purple iridescence
—a characteristic which is not common in the butterflies of the
Yellow and the White Tribes. The silhouette of the Dog's-head is less
perfect than in the more eastern species, and the yellow color tones
are more tinged with orange. The female is strikingly different, the
wings being plain pale yellowish buff marked only with a round
blackish eye-spot near the middle of each front wing and the barest
suggestion of a dark line around the extreme margin.

The Clouded Sulphur

Eurymus philodice

It is an interesting fact that the butterfly which one is most likely

to find in fields and along roadsides during practically all the weeks
of summer has seldom if ever been noted as a destructive insect.
The Clouded Sulphur is probably the commonest species in its
group. There may be times when the White Cabbage butterfly or
other forms are more abundant, but the Clouded Sulphur retains its
place season after season, with comparatively little noticeable
variation in its numbers. This is doubtless an illustration of an insect
which has established such relations with its food plants and its
various insect and other enemies that it remains in a fairly stable
equilibrium—an example of what is often called the balance of
nature.

The Clouded Sulphur is about the only medium-sized yellow

butterfly generally found in the Northeastern states. The adults may
be seen from spring until autumn. They lay eggs upon clover and
other plants. These eggs hatch into small green caterpillars that feed
upon the leaves and are protectively colored so they are
comparatively seldom seen. When the food plant is disturbed they
drop to the ground, crawling up again upon stems and leaves when
the disturbance is over.

These caterpillars moult several times during their growth. When

full grown they find such shelter as they are able and each spins a
silken web over part of the surface. It then fastens its hind legs into
this web and later spins a loop near the front end of the body. It
pushes itself beneath this loop and waits for several hours before the
skin breaks open along the back and is gradually shuffled off
revealing the chrysalis in position. A week or two later the fully
developed butterfly emerges from the chrysalis.

These yellow butterflies lend a distinctive charm to our summer

landscapes. They are constantly to be seen fluttering from place to
place, lightly visiting flowers of many kinds from which they suck the
nectar, and gathering in great colonies by roadside pools where they
seem to sip the moisture. There are many references to this insect in
the writings of New England authors. It evidently was an especial
favorite of James Russell Lowell who has often referred to it in
passages like this:

"Those old days when the balancing of a yellow butterfly over a

thistle bloom was spiritual food and lodging for a whole forenoon."

The Orange Sulphur

Eurymus eurytheme

Were one able to take a Clouded Sulphur butterfly and change

the yellow to a deep orange color he could easily make a specimen
that would pass for the present species. The resemblance is very
remarkable and shows the close affinity between these two beautiful
insects.

Like so many others of this group the Orange Sulphur is

essentially a tropical species. In the eastern United States it is rarely
found north of latitude forty degrees, but south of that it becomes
increasingly abundant as one approaches the tropics. It occurs from
the Carolinas to Texas, and over the great range in which it lives it
takes on many different forms and habits. It is one of the most
remarkable examples of variation in coloring exhibited by any of the
butterflies. Nearly a dozen species names have been given to its
various disguises, all of which are now recognized as synonyms. In
the more northern regions where it is found, only one of these forms
usually occurs, but in other places bright yellow and pale white
varieties are found.

The life-history of this butterfly along latitude forty degrees is

very similar to that of the Clouded Sulphur. There seem to be usually
two broods and the caterpillars live upon leguminous plants,
especially alfalfa, buffalo clovers, wild senna, and other species of
Trifolium and Cassia. Apparently also it hibernates in both the
caterpillar and the butterfly stages.

In the extreme Southwest—as on the plains of Texas—the

vegetation dries up completely in summer so that there is no
succulent leafage for the caterpillars to live upon. In such cases the
insect must aestivate rather than hibernate. This species apparently
succeeds in doing this by having the caterpillars go into a more or
less lethargic condition in which they pass the summer. The adult
butterflies utterly disappear in June and are not seen again until
early in autumn when the autumn rains have started the growth of
vegetation anew. The insects then make up for lost time and
produce several broods in rapid succession.

In the Imperial Valley of California this butterfly is a serious pest

to alfalfa growers. It continues to reproduce throughout a very long
season, one brood following another from March until December,
and in mild winters there seems sometimes to be practically no
cessation of its activities. Mr. V. L. Wildermuth found that the
development of a generation in breeding cages in this valley varied
from twenty-two to forty-four days, the latter in cool, the former in
hot weather. The stages in the first and the third broods in spring
varied thus: Egg, first six days, third four days; larva, first thirty
days, third twelve days; chrysalis, first eight days, third five days. In
this case the first generation extended from March 15 to April 30
and the third from May 28 to June 20. After the fourth brood of
butterflies there was such an overlapping of the various stages that
it was impossible to distinguish the broods.
 The Pink-edged Sulphur
Eurymus interior

This beautiful butterfly was first made known to the world of

science by Louis Agassiz, the great naturalist who did so much to
arouse a scientific interest among Americans. He found it on a
famous expedition to the northern shores of Lake Superior, which
not only served to bring to light many interesting phases of
geological history but also laid the foundation for the copper mining
industry which has since become so important in that region. The
butterfly thus brought to light has been found to be a characteristic
northern species, occupying a rather narrow belt nearly along the
fiftieth degree of latitude and extending west almost to the Pacific
Coast. The species is occasionally taken as far south as the White
Mountains and there are indications that in this region there are two
broods a year. The male butterflies are known at once by a beautiful
pink edge on all the margins; they bear otherwise a close
resemblance to our common Sulphur Yellow. The females are much
lighter in color, often having no black markings on the upper surface
of the hind wings.

The Black-bordered Yellow

Eurema nicippe

This is essentially a tropical butterfly which has spread out over

most of our Southern states where it is abundant and widely
distributed. It adds a distinct touch of color and life to many
landscapes when the butterflies swarm by thousands upon clover
blossoms and other low vegetation. The eggs are laid upon the
leaves of clover and more especially upon some common species of
Cassia, such as wild senna. Each egg soon hatches into a small
greenish cylindrical worm, colored and striped in such a way that as
it rests upon the leaf it is easily overlooked. This larva develops
rapidly and soon becomes about an inch and a quarter long, being
rather slender and fairly smooth. It now spins a bit of silk upon a
twig or some similar support and also the frailest sort of a silken
loop to pass around its back. It now entangles its hind feet in the bit
of silk and soon casts off its last caterpillar skin, emerging as a
curious looking chrysalis about three quarters of an inch long with a
remarkable pointed projection on the front of the head. When seen
through a hand lens this pointed projection and the well-developed
characteristic wing sheaths give the chrysalis a remarkable
resemblance to some of the twig hoppers or Membracids. The colors
vary considerably with the surroundings but are commonly toned in
various shades of green and yellow brown.

A little later each chrysalis breaks open to disclose one of the

beautiful butterflies.

The conditions under which this butterfly lives at the limit of its
northern range are not well determined. It is probable that many of
those seen here have flown from considerably farther south, and
that these migrants lay eggs from which a brood of butterflies
develops, these native born appearing late in summer. Presumably
the latter hibernate, but whether they can do this successfully under
the rigorous conditions of our northern winters has never been
determined. In fact, Scudder wrote some years ago that no
caterpillars had ever been found in New England. Here is an
interesting opportunity for some young observer to make a real
contribution to science.

The Little Sulphur

Eurema lisa
 Were one to imagine a Clouded Sulphur butterfly reduced to half
its usual size and built with a corresponding delicacy of structure,
one would have a pretty good idea of the beautiful little creature
called by the above name. I well remember in my college days
taking what was probably the first of these butterflies ever collected
in the region of our Michigan college. It was a prize that very likely
had wandered north from Indiana but which served to add much
glory to the little collection in which I took such pride, for this is
essentially a southern species. In many regions of the South it is so
abundant that it can be taken by any one. It ranges from coast to
coast and extends south into the tropics. In the eastern region it is
found from southern Wisconsin to southern New England, occurring
sparingly and locally in various places along the line thus indicated.

The food plant of the species is chiefly wild senna or other kinds
of Cassia. The mother butterflies deposit the eggs singly on leaves
or stems, generally on the small leaflets of the compound leaf. Less
than a week later each egg hatches into a cylindrical greenish
caterpillar that feeds upon the leaflets in a characteristic fashion.
Instead of devouring the blade from the margin inward it gnaws
narrow strips between the smaller veins. When not feeding, the
caterpillars protect themselves from observation by birds or other
enemies by resting motionless along the stem of the leaflet or else
along the midrib on the under side. As is well known the leaflets of
Cassia, like other leguminous plants, close at night. It is probably on
this account that these caterpillars feed chiefly by day. The general
green color of the skin and the straight stripe along the side help to
make this caterpillar very inconspicuous when it is at rest.

When full grown the caterpillar reaches a length of three quarters

of an inch. It now finds some bit of shelter on which it spins a bit of
flat web and a silken loop to hold it in place as it becomes a
chrysalis. It then changes and remains quiescent for ten days or
more when it emerges as the dainty butterfly.
 Notwithstanding its abundance and its successive broods its life-
history is none too completely worked out. There is still opportunity
for careful observations upon the way in which it passes the winter
in various parts of its range. While in the South it apparently
hibernates as an adult, this fact is not certain in the more northern
localities.

Notwithstanding its diminutive size this butterfly has been known

to swarm in such enormous numbers as to seem a veritable cloud.
The most notable record of this has been quoted by Scudder in
connection with a swarm that invaded the Bermuda Islands, in 1874,
on the first day of October. It was described in these words:

"Early in the morning several persons living on the north side of

the main island perceived, as they thought, a cloud coming over
from the northwest, which drew nearer and nearer to the shore, on
reaching which it divided into two parts, one of which went eastward
and the other westward, gradually falling upon the land. They were
not long in ascertaining that what they had taken for a cloud was an
immense concourse of small yellow butterflies, which flitted about all
the open grassy patches in a lazy manner, as if fatigued after their
long voyage over the deep. Fishermen out near the reefs, some few
miles to the north of the islands very early that morning, stated that
numbers of these insects fell upon their boats, literally covering
them."

As is the case with so many of the related yellow butterflies there

is an albino variety of this species. It has been given the variety
name alba although it is really a pale yellow rather than a true albino
form.

The Dainty Sulphur

Nathalis iole
 While the Little Sulphur butterfly seems about as delicate a
creature as one could ask to see, it loses that distinction when it is
compared with the still smaller Dainty Sulphur. The latter expands
scarcely an inch when its wings are stretched apart, and its slender
body and antennae help to give the suggestion of extreme delicacy.
There is more marking of black upon the sulphur-yellow wings than
is the case with the larger form, the upper portion of the front wings
showing only a broad yellow band upon a background of darker
color. The under wings are nearly all yellow.

Synopsis of the Yellows

Brimstone or Cloudless Sulphur (Callidryas eubule or Catopsilia

eubule). Expanse 2½ inches. Upper surface of male clear, light,
sulphur yellow. Female with a brown spot in front of middle of each
front wing and a narrow brown margin on all the wings. Under
surface deeper yellow with sparsely scattered brownish dots.

Red-barred Sulphur (Callidryas philea or Catopsilia philea).

Expanse 3 inches. Easily known by the reddish orange bars on the
sulphur-yellow wings.

Large Orange Sulphur (Callidryas agarithe or Catopsilia agarithe).

Expanse 2½ inches. Distinguished at once by its uniform orange-
yellow color.

Dog's-head Butterfly (Zerene caesonia, Colias caesonia or

Meganostoma caesonia). Expanse 2¼ inches. Upper surface yellow
with black inner and outer borders on front wings and black outer
border on hind wings. The black and yellow of each front wing so
combined as to make a distinct dog's head with black eye.

Clouded Sulphur (Eurymus philodice or Colias philodice). Expanse

2 inches. Upper surface sulphur yellow with blackish borders, the
yellow brighter in the male than in the female. Male with line
between yellow and black distinct, a black spot just in front of the
middle of each front wing and an orange spot near the middle of
each hind wing. Under surface of male deeper yellow, with spots as
on the upper surface but without black margin, and with a row of
sub-marginal brownish dots on each wing. Female with upper
surface more generally suffused between marginal mark and the
yellow part with more or less duskiness both above and below. Spots
on each wing much as in male. In the white form of the female
(pallidice) the yellow is replaced by white.

Pink-edged Sulphur (Eurymus interior). At once distinguishable

from philodice by the narrow pink edge of all the wings, showing
both from above and from below, slightly smaller as a rule.

Orange Sulphur (Eurymus eurytheme or Colias eurytheme).

Expanse 2¼ inches. Much like Clouded Sulphur in markings except
that prevailing color-tone is orange yellow.

Black-bordered Sulphur (Eurema nicippe, Xanthidia nicippe or

Terias nicippe). Expanse 2 inches. Upper surface of wings bright
orange with a small black dash in front of the middle of each front
wing and a broad black border on all the wings. In the females the
borders are interrupted at the rear. Under surface slightly brownish
yellow, minutely striated and clouded when exposed when the
butterfly alights.

Little Sulphur (Eurema euterpe, Eurema lisa, Xanthidia lisa or

Terias lisa). Expanse 1 inch. Easily known by its small size and
delicate structure. Upper surface of wings yellow with distinct black
borders. Under surface yellow with indistinct spots.

Dainty Sulphur (Nathalis iole). Expanse 1 inch. Easily known by

its small size and narrow yellow wings with black bars across the
outer angles and black bands across the back border of the front
wings and the front border of the hind wings.
 The Nymphs

Family Nymphalidae
A large proportion of our most familiar butterflies belongs to this
family. The Fritillaries, the Angle-wings, the Sovereigns, and the
Emperors are tribes in which practically all the species are of
medium or large size. The Crescent-spots include a few which are
rather small.

The combinations of characters by which the Nymph family is

distinguished are these: Front legs dwarfed into lappets; scaly
antennae; veins of fore wings not swollen at base; wings of normal
shape, not much longer than wide. Larvae cylindrical, but varying
greatly in form, color, and skin coverings. Chrysalids angular in most
species, in others rounded.

The stories of the lives of the many members of this family vary
considerably, as one would expect from their variety and numbers.
We may take, however, the life of the familiar Antiopa or Mourning
Cloak as typical of the group. Briefly summarized, its story may thus
be told:

During sunny days in spring one may often see a beautiful

purple-back butterfly, having a cream-colored border along the outer
margin of its wings, flying leisurely about, in the vicinity of woods
and in the open fields. This insect is called the Antiopa or Mourning
Cloak; it is represented natural size in plate opposite page 145. It
has passed the winter in this adult condition, having found shelter in
some retreat where it is not directly exposed to the storm and stress
of the weather.

When the leaves of the elm, willow, and poplar trees are nearly
expanded, these butterflies deposit their eggs upon the twigs. These
eggs are laid in clusters encircling the twigs, there being twenty or
more in each cluster. In the act of oviposition, the butterfly keeps
her wings spread out, moving the body and abdomen about as the
placing of the eggs necessitates.

About two weeks after the clusters of eggs are thus laid upon the
twigs of the food plant, they hatch into small blackish caterpillars,
each emerging from the egg shell through a small hole that it eats
out of the upper surface. They thus enter upon the second stage in
their life-history—the larva or caterpillar stage. As soon as hatched,
they crawl to the nearest leaf upon which they range themselves
side by side, with their heads toward the margin of the leaf. They
feed in this position, nibbling at the green surface of the leaf-blade
and leaving the network of veins untouched.
 See page 76

THE ZEBRA SWALLOWTAIL

Summer form: upper surface, above; under
surface, below
From a drawing by Mary E. Walker See Page 101

THE CLOUDED SULPHUR BUTTERFLY

Caterpillar and butterfly on red clover plant.
(Reduced)
From a drawing by Mary E. Walker See page 76

ZEBRA SWALLOWTAILS
Visiting blossoming branches of the pawpaw tree.
(Reduced)
 See pages 97-115

SOME OF THE TRIBE OF YELLOWS

upper surfaces at left; under surfaces at right