LAB NO 1

OBJECT:
Compare rate of heat transfer of different fluids.

APPARATUS:
oil,water,water bath,beakers,thermometer.

THEORY:
RATE OF HEAT TRANSFER:
The rate of heat transfer between two surfaces is equal to the temperature difference divided by the total
thermal resistance between two surfaces. The thermal resistance concept is widely used in practice; however,
its use is limited to systems through which the rate of heat transfer remains constant.

METHOD:
1. Take the initial temperature of oil and water.
2. Take to beakers and fill one of them with 200ml of water and the other with 200ml of oil.
3. Put both beakers in the water bath at 80C for 15 seconds to attained the temperature.
4. Then finally take the final temperature of oil and water.
5. We will not cover the water bath due to the evaporation but cover the beakers with retri dish.

CALCULATIONS:
Q=mCp ΔT

FOR WATER: FOR OIL:

Ti = 30C Ti = 30C
Tf = 74C T f = 69C
m = 200ml m = 200ml
200 4120 200 1960
Q =( 1000 ) (15∗60)(74C-30C) Q =( 1000 ) (15∗60)(69C-30C)

Q = 40.216 Q = 16.926

FOR WATER BATH:

T = 79.7C
FOR AVERAGE MEAN:
𝑜𝑖𝑙+𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 40.216+16.926
Q= = = 28.571
2 2
DISCUSSION:
The calculated heat transfer rates demonstrate significant differences between water (40.216) and oil
(16.926), affirming water's superior heat transfer capabilities due to its higher specific heat capacity. These
findings support the theoretical concept of thermal resistance, evident in the contrasting rates between the
fluids. The water bath's role in overall heat transfer is recognized, underscoring the impact of external factors.
The average mean heat transfer value (28.571) provides a comprehensive overview, reflecting the combined
effects of both fluids. Potential sources of error, including measurement inaccuracies, heat losses, and
variations in the experimental setup, warrant consideration in result interpretation.
 LAB NO 2
OBJECT:
To determine the thermal conductivity of the given sample.(cake)

APPARATUS:
cake,vernier calliper, thermometer.

THEORY:
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY:
Thermal conductivity is defined as the ability of a material to conduct heat from its one side to the other. It is
represented with thermal conductivity coefficient λ. Smaller λ indicates that the material has stronger heat
insulation and preservation.

METHOD:
1. Firstly mash the cake and convert into powder form.
2. Note the moisture content of the powdered cake.
3. Now take an other cake and measure it’s height and length by vernier caliper.
4. Nowe take the thermometer and insert in the centre of the cake and note the temperature when it’s
temperature becomes stable i.e. Ti.
5. Then put it in oven for 15 mints at 70C.
6. Again find the out temperature but putting thermometer in the middle of the cake i.e. Tf.

CALCULATIONS:
FOR CAKE:
mass = 27.74 gm T i = 30.5C L = 89.03mm
B = 33.37 mm Δx (thickness) =
FOR OVEN TEMPERATURE:
TO = 23.92 mm Tf = 41C
SIEBEL MODEL:
FOR CP VALUE:

CP = 0.837 + 3.349 x w
18.63
CP = 0.837 + 3.349 ( ) = 1.4609 KJ/KgC = 1.4609 KJ/KgC x 1000 = 1460.9 J/KgC
100

Q = mCp ΔT =10.5C
Q = 0.02774 x 1496.91 x 10.5 = 425.2J
𝑄 425.2
= 15∗ 60 = 0.472 JS
𝑡
 𝑄
∗Δx 0.472∗0.0234
𝑡
K = 𝐴∗ΔT = 2.96∗103∗10.5

K = 0.355w/Mc

DISCUSSION:
• The obtained thermal conductivity value reflects the cake's ability to conduct heat.
• Comparisons can be made with known materials to evaluate the effectiveness of cake as an insulator
or conductor.
• Any variations or anomalies in the results should be discussed, considering the experimental procedure
and potential sources of error.
 LAB NO 3
OBJECT:
Determine the driving force for heat by transfer between heating and cooling medium.

APPARATUS:
thermometer, water,beaker, water bath.

THEORY:
HEAT TRANSFER:
Heat transfer is the movement of heat from one substance or material to another. Heat transfer takes place
through three principal mechanisms: conduction, radiation, and convection. The primary means of heat
transfer in a fired heater are radiation and convection.

DRIVING FORCE FOR HEAT TRANSFER:

In heat transfer, the driving force is the temperature difference or gradient between two points in which heat
flows from a region of high temperature to a region of lower temperature.

METHOD:
1. First take beaker and fill it with 200ml of water.
2. Now take thermometer and note the initial temperature of the beaker.
3. Now put the beaker in the water bath till it temperature reaches to 90C.
4. Now take the reading of hot bath and beaker.

CALCULATIONS:
TIME COOLING MEDIUM HEATING MEDIUM
TEMPERATURE TEMPERATURE
0 sec 80C 32C
5 sec 76C 35C
10 sec 74C 44C
20 sec 72C 50C
25 sec 71C 54C
30 sec 70C 56C
35 sec 69C 58C
40 sec 68C 60C
45 sec 67C 61C
50 sec 67C 61C
55 sec 66C 61C
60 sec 65C 62C
65 sec 65C 62C
70 sec 63C 62C
75 sec 63C 62C
 HEATING AND COOLING CURVE
90
80
80 76 74 72 71
TEMPERATURE (TEMPERATURE (°C)

70 69 68 67 67 66 65 65
70 63 63
60 61 61 61 62 62 62 62
56 58
60 54
50
50 44

40 35
32
30

20

10

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
TIME (SEC)

• COOLING MEDIUM TEMPERATURE

• HEATING MEDIUM TEMPERATURE

DISCUSSION:
As time progresses, the cooling medium's temperature decreases, while the heating medium's temperature
increases. This is consistent with the expected behavior of heat transfer from a hot region to a colder one.
 LAB NO 4
OBJECT:
To determine convection of heat transfer coefficient for natural convection of the given fluid in two different
heating medium.

APPARATUS:
Water bath, oven, thermometer, vernier caliper, beakers.

THEORY:
CONVECTION:
Convection is a mode of heat transfer that occurs in fluids, including liquids and gases, characterized by the movement
of the fluid itself. When a fluid is heated, it becomes less dense and rises, creating a circulation pattern where hot fluid
moves away from the heat source, and cooler fluid replaces it. As the heated fluid circulates and loses heat to its
surroundings, it eventually becomes denser and sinks back down, completing the convection cycle. This process is
responsible for various natural phenomena and is a fundamental mechanism in heat distribution within fluids.

HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT:

The heat transfer coefficient, often denoted as "h" or "α," is a thermodynamic parameter that quantifies the rate of heat
transfer between a solid surface and a fluid (liquid or gas) in contact with it. It represents the ability of the fluid to carry
away heat from the surface by convection.

METHOD:
1. Take 2 beakers and fill 200ml water in both beakers.
2. Then measure the depth and diameter of both beakers by using vernier caliper.
3. Then note the initial temperature of the water from both beakers by putting it inside the beaker which act as
characteristic dimension.
4. Place one beaker in oven at 75C and the other beaker in water bath also at 75C.
5. Then after 10 mints take the beakers out from the oven and water bath.
6. Then note the teamperature of both beakers by thermometer i.e. final temperature.
7. Calculate heat gained and rate of heat transfer.
8. Calculate Grashoff number, Prandtl number, and Rayleigh number.
9. Then calculate surface heat transfer coefficient for both air and hot water as heating medium.

CALCULATIONS:
FOR WATER BATH: FOR OVEN:
Diameter: 61.65mm Diameter: 65.68mm

Depth: 30.62mm Depth: 37.20

Initial temperature: 31C Initial temperature: 30C

Final temperature: 68C Final Temperature: 38C

 LAB NO 5
OBJECT:
To determine surface area transfer co-efficient from horizontal rectangular or square surface under natural
convection condition.

APPARATUS:
Thermometer,surface gun,magnetic stir

THEORY:
NATURAL CONVECTION:
The temp of the air adjacent to the hot object is higher,thus its density is lower.As a result,the heated air rises
.This movement is called the natural convection.

SURFACE AREA TRANSFER CO-EFFICIENT:

The surface area transfer coefficient measures how quickly substances transfer between two phases, like from
a gas to a liquid, across a given surface area. It's a measure of efficiency in mass transfer.

METHOD:
1. Take the length of magnetic stir.
2. Take the breath of magnetic stir.
3. Then take temp of magnetic stir before opening the heating option.
4. Then open the heating option.
5. Wait for 10 minutes.
6. After 10 minutes again take the temp of surface of magnetic stir.
7. Also take the temperature of air i.e. room temperature.

CALCULATIONS:
Length of magnetic stir: L=29cm Initial temp of magnetic stir: Ti= 34C
Breath of magnetic stir: b=29cm Final temp of magnetic stir: Tf= 225C
Room temperature=32C
 LAB NO 6
OBJECT:
To determine surface heat case for heat loss from a horizontal cylinder under natural convection.

APPARATUS:
Thermal gun,water,

THEORY:
NATURAL CONVECTION:
The temp of the air adjacent to the hot object is higher,thus its density is lower.As a result,the heated air rises
.This movement is called the natural convection.

METHOD:
1. We have to find the heat loss “h” of the horizontal tube.
2. So firstly we will note the temp of air or our surrounding like room temperature.
3. Then we will take the temp of the tube in which our hot water is flowing.
4. Both temperatures are taken by thermal gun.
5. Lastly put the value in the formula and get the answer.

CALCULATIONS:
124.5+29.5
T∞= 29.5 Ts = 124.5 A.M.T = = 77C
2

D = 0.032 ρ = 0.968 β = 2.85 x10 -3

Cp = 1.019 μ = 20.790 x10-6 k = 0.0293
(0.032)3 (0.968)2 (2.83×10−3 )(9.81)(124.5−29.5)
Gr =
(20.790×10−6 )

Gr = 1.88990 x 105
20.790 × 10−6 ×1.019
Pr = 0.0293

Pr = 0.72
Ra = 1.88990 x105 x 0.72

Ra = 136072.8
2
0.367 ×𝑅𝑎116
Nu = [0.6 + 0.559 8167 ]
[1+( 𝑃𝑟 )90]

Nu = 8 uu
ℎ𝑑𝑐 ℎ(0.032)
Nu = = = 7.72
𝑘 0.0293
DISCUSSION:
The experiment aims to determine the surface heat transfer coefficient (h) for natural convection heat loss
from a horizontal cylinder. Natural convection is driven by the higher temperature and lower density of air
adjacent to the hot object, causing it to rise. Using a thermal gun, temperatures of the surrounding air and the
horizontal tube are measured and inserted into the heat transfer formula. Calculated values for Grashof (Gr),
Prandtl (Pr), Rayleigh (Ra), and Nusselt (Nu) numbers contribute to determining the heat transfer coefficient.
Results, including an average mean temperature of 77°C and Nu of 7.72, offer insights into the efficacy of
natural convection. Experimental parameters, such as dimensions and material properties, contribute to a
comprehensive analysis of heat transfer mechanisms in this context.
 LAB NO 8
OBJECT:
To determine the overall heat transfer coefficient using counter-current flow rate on double pipe heat
exchange.

APPARATUS:
Water,thermometer,beaker,heat exchanger

THEORY:
COUNTER-CURRENT FLOW RATE:
Counter-current flow rate refers to the rate at which two fluids move in opposite directions within a heat
exchanger. This configuration is widely used for efficient heat transfer because it maintains a high
temperature difference between the fluids along the entire exchanger length. In counter-current flow, one
fluid travels in one direction while the other flows in the opposite direction, optimizing the thermal gradient
and enhancing heat exchange efficiency. This setup is commonly employed in various industrial processes,
including refrigeration systems, where effective heat transfer is essential for optimal performance.

METHOD:
1. In this experiment, the overall heat transfer coefficient (U) is determined using a counter-current flow
rate on a double pipe heat exchanger.
2. Counter-current flow involves two fluids moving in opposite directions within the heat exchanger,
optimizing the thermal gradient for efficient heat transfer.
3. Measure the temperatures of the hot inlet (Thi) and outlet (Tho) and the cold inlet (Tci) and outlet
(Tco) fluids.
4. Utilize the heat transfer formula Q = UAΔTm where Q is the heat transfer, U is the overall heat transfer
coefficient , A is the heat exchange surface area, and ΔTm is the logarithmic mean temperature difference.

CALCULATIONS:
Thi =104C Tci = 30C
Tho = 90C Tco = 56C

Q = UAΔTm
FOR Q:
Q = ḿCpvΔT = 4.69 x10-7 x 1014 x 26 = 0.0123
FOR A.M.T:
𝑇𝑐𝑖 +𝑇𝑐𝑜 30+56
A.M.T = = = 445C FOR A:
2 2

FOR ḿ: A = πDL
 𝑣 0.0002
Vfr x ρ Vfr = = =4.3 x 10-7 A = 3.14 x 0.008 x 46
𝑡 445
ḿ = 4.3 x 10-7 x 1.092 = 4.69 x 10-7 A = 1.1m
FOR ΔTm:
(𝑇ℎ𝑖 −𝑇𝑐𝑜 )− (𝑇ℎ𝑜 −𝑇𝑐𝑖 ) (104−56)−(90−30)
ΔTm = 𝑇 −𝑇 = 104−56
𝑙𝑛( ℎ𝑖 𝑐𝑜 ) ln(
90−30
)
𝑇ℎ𝑜 −𝑇𝑐𝑖

ΔTm = 53.7C
FOR U:
Q = UAΔTm
0.0123 = U (1.1) (53.7)

U = 0.0002

DISCUSSION:
The experiment employs counter-current flow to enhance heat transfer efficiency in a double pipe heat
exchanger. Temperature measurements, heat transfer calculations, and considerations of heat exchange
surface area contribute to the determination of the overall heat transfer coefficient. The calculated value of U
(0.0002) reflects the effectiveness of the counter-current flow configuration. The method provides valuable
insights into optimizing heat exchange processes, with implications for applications in various industrial
settings, such as refrigeration systems, where efficient heat transfer is crucial for optimal performance.
 LAB NO 9
OBJECT:
To determine the overall heat transfer coefficient using co-current flow rate on double pipe heat exchanger.

APPARATUS:
Water,thermometer,beaker,heat exchanger

THEORY:
CO-CURRENT FLOW RATE:
Co-current flow refers to a situation where two fluids or streams flow in the same direction. This can occur in
various systems, such as heat exchangers, where hot and cold fluids flow in the same direction. In this context,
co-current flow can affect the efficiency of heat transfer between the two fluids.

METHOD:
1. The experiment involved the use of a double pipe heat exchanger with co-current flow.
2. Hot water (Thi = 85°C) and cold water (Tci = 29°C) flowed in the same direction through the heat
exchanger.
3. The temperatures at the inlet and outlet of both hot and cold fluids (Thi, Tho, Tci, Tco) were measured,
and the time of the experiment was recorded (240s).

CALCULATIONS:
Thi =85C Tci = 29C

Tho = 85C Tco = 55C time = 240s

Q = UAΔTm
FOR Q: FOR
A:
Q = ḿCpvΔT A = πDL
FOR ḿ: A = 3.14 x 0.032 x 46 = 0.046
𝑣 0.0001
ḿ = Vfr x ρ = Vfr = = * 991.46
𝑡 240
ḿ = 4.12 x 10-4

FOR A.M.T:
𝑇𝑐𝑖 +𝑇𝑐𝑜 29+55
A.M.T = = = 42C
2 2

FOR ΔTm:
 (𝑇ℎ𝑖 −𝑇𝑐𝑖 )− (𝑇ℎ𝑜 −𝑇𝑐𝑜 ) (102−29)−(85−55)
ΔTm = 𝑇 −𝑇 = 102−29
𝑙𝑛(𝑇 ℎ𝑖 −𝑇𝑐𝑖 ) ln( 85−55 )
ℎ𝑜 𝑐𝑜

ΔTm = 48.3C
Q = ḿCpvΔT = ḿCpv(Tco − Tci )

Q = 412.9 * 4180 * (55 – 29)

Q = 44873972 =44.5
FOR U:
Q = UAΔTm

444.5 = U (4.6) (48.3)

U = 20

DISCUSSION:
• The calculated overall heat transfer coefficient (U) of 20 W/(m²K) indicates the effectiveness of the
heat exchanger in transferring heat between the hot and cold fluids.
• The positive value of U suggests that the heat exchanger is efficient in transferring heat from the hot
water to the cold water.
• The experiment's success is evident in the reasonable values obtained for Q, ḿ, A, ΔTm, and U,
reflecting a well-designed and operational system.
 LAB NO 10
OBJECT:
Determine the counter current by shell and tube heat exchanger.

APPARATUS:
Water,thermometer,beaker,shell and tube heat exchanger

THEORY:
COUNTER-CURRENT FLOW RATE:
Counter-current flow rate refers to the rate at which two fluids move in opposite directions within a heat
exchanger. This configuration is widely used for efficient heat transfer because it maintains a high
temperature difference between the fluids along the entire exchanger length. In counter-current flow, one
fluid travels in one direction while the other flows in the opposite direction, optimizing the thermal gradient
and enhancing heat exchange efficiency. This setup is commonly employed in various industrial processes,
including refrigeration systems, where effective heat transfer is essential for optimal performance.

METHOD:
1. First take Tco, Tci, Thi, and Tho temperatures.
2. Then take internal diameter reading of shee and tube heat exchanger 5 times.
3. Lastly take the length of the shell and tube heat exchanger.

CALHCULATIONS:
D1 = 6.00mm = 0.006m

D2 = 5.39mm =0.00539m
D3 = 4.90mm = 0.0049m
D4 = 5.57mm = 0.00557m
D5 = 4.88mm = 0.00488m
Tco =67C t = 1min 7sec =67sec ḿ = mVfr
Tci = 28C L=33cm = Vfr * A
200
Thi = 102C C p = 1.016 = 1016J = 67 * 0.0277

Tho =85C ḿ = 0.0826m2/sec

D1+D2+D3+D4+D5 0.006+0.00539+0.0049+0.00557+0.00488
Dm = 5
= 5
=0.005348m

FOR A.M.T:
𝑇𝑐𝑖 +𝑇𝑐𝑜 28+67
A.M.T = = = 47.5C
2 2
 FOR A:
A = 5πDL
A = 5 x 3.14 x 0.005348 x 0.33 = 0.0277m

Q = ḿCpvΔT = ḿCpv(Tco − Tci )

Q = 0.0826 * 1016 * (67 – 28)
Q = 3272.94 J
67−28 102 −85
P= = 0.5 R= = 0.4
102−28 67−28

Q = UAFΔTm
3272.94 = U (0.02777)(18)(45.109)
U = 2620.448 w/mC

DISCUSSION:
• The experiment successfully determined the counter-current flow rate in the shell and tube heat
exchanger.
• The results validate the effectiveness of the counter-current flow configuration for optimal heat
transfer.
• The calculated values provide valuable insights into the performance of the heat exchanger under
these experimental conditions.