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The Science of Gymnastics (Edition 2- Advanced Studies)

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THE SCIENCE OF GYMNASTICS 5
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The Science of Gymnastics provides the most comprehensive and accessible introduction 16
available to the fundamental physiological, biomechanical and psychological principles 17
underpinning performance in artistic gymnastics. 18
The second edition introduces three new sections: applied coaching, motor learning 19
and injury prevention and safety, and features contributions from leading international 20
sport scientists and gymnastics coaches and instructors. With case studies and review 21
questions included in each chapter, the book examines every key aspect of gymnastic 22
training and performance, including: 23
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– physiological assessment 25
– diet and nutrition 26
– energetics 27
– kinetics and kinematics 28
– spatial orientation and motor control 29
– career transitions 30
– mental skills training and perception 31
– injury assessment and prevention, with clinical cases 32
– advanced case studies in rotations, vault approach and elastic technologies in gymnastics. 33
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A fully dedicated website provides a complete set of lecture material, including ready to use 35
animated slides related to each chapter, and the answers to all review questions in the book. 36
The book represents an important link between scientific theory and performance. 37
As such, The Science of Gymnastics is essential reading for any student, researcher or coach 38
with an interest in gymnastics, and useful applied reading for any student of sport science 39
or sports coaching. 40
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Monèm Jemni is the Qatar Olympic Committee Chair in Sports Science, based at the 42
College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, Qatar. With a history as a gymnast and 43
international coach who contributed to the training of Olympic medal winners, he is now 44
one of the experts within the International Gymnastics Federation’s Coaching Academy. 45
He has received outstanding academic awards in universities in France, Tunisia, the USA, 46
the UK and Qatar, and enjoys a world leading reputation as a result of his cutting-edge 47
research and investigations. 48
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THE SCIENCE OF 4
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GYMNASTICS 7
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Advanced Concepts 11
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Second Edition 15
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Edited by Monèm Jemni 25
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2 Second edition published 2018
3 by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN
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5 and by Routledge
711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017
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Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
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8 © 2018 selection and editorial matter, Monèm Jemni; individual
chapters, the contributors
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10 The right of Monèm Jemni to be identified as the author of the
editorial material, and of the authors for their individual chapters, has
11 been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright,
12 Designs and Patents Act 1988.
13 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or
14 reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical,
or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including
15 photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or
16 retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.
17 Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or
18 registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and
19 explanation without intent to infringe.
20 First edition published by Routledge 2011
21 British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
22 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
23 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
24 [CIP data]
25 ISBN: 978-1-138-70192-2 (hbk)
26 ISBN: 978-1-138-70193-9 (pbk)
27 ISBN: 978-1-315-20380-5 (ebk)
28 Typeset in Bembo
29 by Keystroke, Neville Lodge, Tettenhall, Wolverhampton
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Visit the companion website: www.routledge.com/cw/jemni
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PART I 5
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Physiology for gymnastics 8
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Learning outcomes, introduction and objectives 3 19
Monèm Jemni 20
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1 Energetics of gymnastics 5 22
Monèm Jemni 23
1.1 Learning outcomes 5 24
1.2 Introduction 5 25
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1.3 Aerobic metabolism 6
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Maximal oxygen uptake (VO2 max) 6
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Gymnasts’ VO2 max 6
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Gymnasts’ metabolic thresholds 8
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1.4 Energy cost of gymnastics exercises 9 31
1.5 Anaerobic metabolism 12 32
Power output of the gymnasts 13 33
Blood lactate measurement during gymnastic exercises 15 34
Variation of blood lactate production according to the competition 35
rotation (Bessem Mkaouer) 18 36
Variation of blood lactate production according to the competition 37
rotation in MAG 19 38
Variation of blood lactate production according to the competition 39
rotation in WAG 20 40
1.6 Conclusion 21 41
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2 Cardiovascular and respiratory systems of the gymnasts 23 43
Monèm Jemni 44
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2.1 Learning outcomes 23
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2.2 Respiratory and ventilation system 23 47
2.3 Cardiovascular adaptation to gymnastic exercises 24 48
 2    Part I

1 2.4 Cardiac response during gymnastic exercises 24

2 2.5 Variation of the cardiovascular and responses according to the
3 competition rotation in artistic gymnastics (Bessem Mkaouer) 28
4 Variation of the cardiovascular responses in MAG 29
5 Variation of the cardiovascular responses in WAG 30
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2.6 Conclusion 31
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3 Diet, nutrition, supplementation and related health
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issues in gymnastics 32
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Monèm Jemni
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12 3.1 Learning outcomes 32
13 3.2 Diet in male and female gymnasts 32
14 3.3 Supplementation in gymnastics 33
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3.4 Effect of high volume and intensity of training on body
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composition, hormonal regulation, growth and sexual development 34
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Body composition 34
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Bone development and mineral density 35
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Hormonal regulation, growth and sexual development 36
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21 3.5 Conclusion 37
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23 Review questions 38
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PART II 5
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Applied coaching sciences 8
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in gymnastics 10
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Learning outcomes, introduction and objectives 43 19
Monèm Jemni 20
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4 Fitness model of high level gymnasts 45 22
William A. Sands 23
4.1 Learning outcomes 45 24
4.2 The fitness model 45 25
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4.3 Strength, speed, power, flexibility, stamina, and skills 48
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4.4 Conclusion 48 28
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5 Training principles in gymnastics 49 30
Monèm Jemni and William A. Sands 31
5.1 Learning outcomes 49 32
5.2 Specificity 49 33
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5.3 Readiness 50
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5.4 Individualization 50 36
5.5 Variation 50 37
5.6 Diminishing returns 51 38
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5.7 Regeneration and the new concept of recovery in gymnastics 51
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5.8 Overload and progression 52 41
5.9 Periodization 53 42
5.10 Conclusion 54 43
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6 Specific physical and physiological assessments of gymnasts 55 45
Monèm Jemni 46
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6.1 Learning outcomes 55
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1 6.2 Strength and power tests for upper and lower body 55
2 Standardised laboratory tests 55
3 Specific jumping and plyometric tests 55
4 Muscular endurance tests 57
5 Agility, speed, strength and power tests 57
6 6.3 Flexibility tests 59
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6.4 Technical tests 61
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9 6.5 Conclusion 61
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11 7 Jumping skills: importance, assessment and training 62
12 Michel Marina
13 7.1 Learning outcomes 62
14 7.2 Introduction and objectives 62
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7.3 How to assess jumping capacity 62
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Instruments63
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Jump tests 63
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19 7.4 Variables that could be measured and/or calculated 63
20 7.5 How to interpret the variables? 66
21 7.6 Jumping profiling in artistic gymnastics 66
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7.7 How to improve jumping capacity 66
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24 7.8 Modeling the jumping profile with training 68
25 7.9 Conclusion 69
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27 Review questions 70
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PART III 5
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Biomechanics for gymnastics 8
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Learning outcomes, objectives and introduction 75 19
Monèm Jemni and William A. Sands 20
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8 Linear kinematics 79 22
William A. Sands 23
8.1 Distance and speed 79 24
8.2 Displacement and velocity 81 25
8.3 Acceleration 83 26
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8.4 Linear kinematics units of measurement 83
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8.5 Frames of reference (Patrice Holvoet)85 29
8.6 Vectors and scalars 86 30
8.7 Taking flight – the kinematics of falling bodies and trajectories 90 31
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8.8 Conclusion 98
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9 Angular kinematics 99 34
William A. Sands 35
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9.1 Angular motion 99
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9.2 Angular speed and angular velocity 100 38
9.3 Angular acceleration 100 39
9.4 Application: understanding relations between angular and linear motions 103 40
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9.5 Conclusion 106
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10 Linear kinetics 107 43
William A. Sands 44
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10.1 Inertia 107
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10.2 Mass 107 47
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1 10.3 Force 108

2 10.4 Internal and external forces 108
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10.5 Newton’s laws of motion 108
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First law 109
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Second law 110
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Third law 111
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8 10.6 Impulse 112
9 Impulse-momentum relationship 112
10 10.7 Work 113
11 10.8 Power 115
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10.9 Conclusion 115
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11 Angular kinetics 116
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William A. Sands
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17 11.1 Eccentric force application 116
18 11.2 Torque, moment, force couple 117
19 11.3 Leverage 119
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11.4 Centre of gravity 121
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22 11.5 Moment of inertia 123
23 11.6 Angular momentum 124
24 11.7 Newton’s angular analogues 124
25 Principle of the conservation of angular momentum 124
26 Angular analogue for Newton’s second law 124
27 Angular analogue for Newton’s third law 125
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11.8 Conclusion 126
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12 Use of body inverse dynamics to evaluate reaction force during
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vault and floor somersaults in artistic gymnastics 127
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Bessem Mkaouer
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34 12.1 Introduction and objective 127
35 12.2 Application at the floor exercises (and/or balance beam) 128
36 12.3 Application at the vault table 130
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12.4 Conclusion 131
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Review questions 132
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PART IV 5
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Psychology for gymnastics 8
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Learning outcomes, introduction and objectives 138 19
Monèm Jemni 20
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13 Task demands and career transitions in gymnastics: from novices 22
to experts and the stages of learning across the career 139 23
John H. Salmela 24
13.1 Performance task demands in gymnastics 139 25
13.2 Implications of gymnastic task demands for learning and performing 26
in gymnastics 141 27
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13.3 Stages of learning across a gymnast’s career 142
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The fixed abilities view 142
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The learning and intervention views 144
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Bloom’s view 144
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Ericsson, Krampe and Tesch-Römers’ views 144
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Côté, Baker and Abernethys’ views 145
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Durand-Bush and Salmela’s views 146
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The maintaining years146
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Implications of child development for learning and performing in gymnastics 147
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13.4 Conclusion 149 38
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14 Coaching and parenting 151
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John H. Salmela
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14.1 Coaching 151 42
14.2 Implications coaching for learning and performing in gymnastics 152 43
14.3 Parenting 153 44
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14.4 Implications of parenting for learning and performing in gymnastics 154
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14.5 Conclusion 155 47
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1 15 Mental skill development and variation in gymnasts 156
2 John H. Salmela
3 15.1 Mental skill learning for enhancing performance 156
4 15.2 How each mental skill affects the others 157
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6 15.3 The development of the OMSAT-3 157
7 15.4 Variations in the mental skill patterns over levels of expertise 158
8 15.5 Conclusion 161
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10 16 OMSAT-3 mental skills assessment 162
11 John H. Salmela
12 16.1 Goal-setting 162
13 Implications of goal-setting for learning and performing in gymnastics 162
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15 16.2 Self-confidence 164
16 Implications of self-confidence for learning and performing in gymnastics 164
17 16.3 Commitment 166
18 Implications of commitment for learning and performing in gymnastics 167
19 16.4 Implications of the mental skills foundation triangle for learning and
20 performing in gymnastics 168
21 for learning and performing in gymnastics 177
28 16.5 Implications of all psychosomatic skills for learning and performing in
gymnastics 177
29 16.6 Cognitive skills 177
30 Imagery and mental practice and their implications for learning
31 and performing in gymnastics 177
32 Focusing and its implications for learning and performing in gymnastics 180
33 Refocusing and its implications for learning and performing in gymnastics 182
34 Competition Planning and its implications for learning and performing in
35 gymnastics 184
36 16.7 Implications of cognitive skills and performing in gymnastics 185
37 16.8 Conclusion 186
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38 17 Closing the circle of mental skills training: providing mental skills
39 feedback to gymnasts 187
40 John H. Salmela
41 17.1 Conclusion 189
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18 Perception of complex movements 192
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Alexandra Pizzera
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46 18.1 Learning outcomes 192
47 18.2 Introduction and objective 192
48 18.3 Perceptual senses
49 18.4 Visual perception in sport 193
50 Visual selective attention 194
51 Gaze control framework 195
52 Aerial skills 196
53 Guiding visual perception during the learning process 197
54 Auditory perception 199
55 Conclusion 200
56 Take-home message 201
57 Review questions 202
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PART V 5
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Interaction between
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physiological, biomechanical 10
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and psychological aspects of 12

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gymnastic performance
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Learning outcomes, introduction and objectives 206 20
Monèm Jemni 21
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19 The physiologist’s point of view 207
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Monèm Jemni
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19.1 Body composition versus physiology, biomechanics and psychology 207 25
19.2 Skills design 209 26
19.3 Growth and development versus personality 209 27
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20 The biomechanist’s point of view 210 29
Patrice Holvoet 30
20.1 Floor exercise, trampoline and tumbling 211 31
20.2 Vault 211 32
20.3 High bar and uneven bars 212 33
20.4 Rings and parallel bars 212 34
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20.5 Other apparatuses 212
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20.6 Studies on safety and equipment development 213 37
21 The psychologist’s point of view 214 38
John H. Salmela 39
21.1 Foundation skills and exercise physiology 214 40
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21.2 Foundation skills and biomechanics 215
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21.3 Psychosomatic skills and exercise physiology 215 43
21.4 Psychosomatic skills and biomechanics 226 44
21.5 Cognitive skills and exercise physiology 216 45
21.6 Cognitive skills and biomechanics 216 46
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Conclusion218 48
Review questions  219
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PART VI 5
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Motor learning in gymnastics 8
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Learning outcomes, introduction and objectives 223
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Monèm Jemni
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22 Motor learning versus pedagogy 225
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William A. Sands
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23 Fundamental concepts and definitions in motor learning 226 22
William A. Sands 23
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24 Stages of motor learning 228 25
William A. Sands 26
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25 Feedback 230 28
William A. Sands 29
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26 Transfer of learning tasks to a final skill 233 31
William A. Sands 32
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27 Transfer strategies 235 34
William A. Sands 35
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28 Practice 237 37
William A. Sands 38
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29 Special considerations in gymnastics learning 245 40
William A. Sands 41
29.1 Visual system 245 42
29.2 Vestibular system 256 43
29.3 Linking the visual and vestibular systems 247 44
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29.4 Somatosensory system 248 46
29.5 Kinesthesis 249 47
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1 29.6 Balance – static and dynamic 249

2 29.7 Conclusion 252
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4 30 Advanced applied example of motor control 1: the running
5 approach when vaulting 253
6 Elizabeth J. Bradshaw
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30.1 Introduction and objective 253
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9 30.2 Role of speed/accuracy trade-off 253
10 30.3 Role of visual control 254
11 30.4 Summary 254
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13 31 Advanced applied example of motor control 2: rotations and
14 twisting in gymnastics, is there a universal rotational scheme? 255
15 Flavio Bessi
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31.1 Introduction and objective 255
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18 31.2 Learning outcomes 255
19 31.3 The phenomenon of laterality 255
20 31.4 Current state of research 257
21 31.5 How do the best gymnasts in the world rotate? 258
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31.6 Classification system of rotational schemes 260
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24 31.7 Unambiguous findings so far 264
25 31.8 Summary and closing remarks 265
26 31.9 Acknowledgements 265
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28 32 Advanced applied example of motor control 3: the impact
29 of Elastic Technologies on Artistic Gymnastics – a special
30 case study from Brazil 266
31 Marco Antonio Coelho Bortoleto
32 32.1 Introduction and objective 266
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32.2 Learning outcomes 266
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35 32.3 The technological revolution in sports: how the AG has been affected? 266
36 32.4 The impact of ET on AG 267
37 32.5 The use of ET in Brazil 271
38 32.6 Conclusions 273
39 32.7 Summary 274
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32.8 Acknowledgments 274
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42 32.9 Notes 274
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44 Review questions 275
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PART VII 5
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Injuries in gymnastics 8
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Learning outcomes, introduction and objectives 275 19
Monèm Jemni 20
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33 Injury is a serious issue 283 22
William A. Sands 23
33.1 Objectives and learning outcomes 283 24
33.2 Introduction 283 25
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33.3 How serious are injuries? 284
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34 What is an injury? 286
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35 Characteristics of gymnastics injuries 288
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William A. Sands
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35.1 Gymnastics participation 288 34
35.2 Injuries depend on time of the season and duration 289 35
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William A. Sands 38
36.1 Head and neck injuries 291 39
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36.2 Spine and torso injuries 292
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36.3 Upper extremity injuries 295 42
36.4 Lower extremity injuries 297 43
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1 37 Injury countermeasures 301

2 William A. Sands
3 37.1 Training load 302
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37.2 Physical fitness 302
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6 37.3 Injury prevention equipment 303
7 37.4 Spotting 306
8 37.5 Conclusion 310
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10 38 Clinical injury cases in artistic gymnastics, the big and the
11 small ones 311
12 Brooke Lemmen
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38.1 Objective 311
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15 38.2 Learning outcomes 311
16 38.3 Definition of medical terms and abbreviations 311
17 38.4 Introduction 312
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38.5 Common medical injuries in gymnastics 313
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General injuries 313
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Foot and ankle injuries 314
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Lower leg injuries 317
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Knee injuries 317
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Upper leg injuries 317
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Injuries to the spine, low back, hip and pelvis 317
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Elbow and forearm injuries 319
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Hand and wrist injuries 321
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28 38.6 Injury prevention 321
29 38.7 Conclusion 322
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31 39 Monitoring gymnasts for injury prevention 323
32 Elizabeth J. Bradshaw
33 39.1 Objectives and learning outcomes 323
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39.2 Introduction 323
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36 39.3 Gymnast self-report measures 325
37 39.4 Growth and maturation 328
38 39.5 Blood testing 329
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39.6 Heart rate monitoring 331
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41 39.7 Criteria for selecting tests to prevent, treat and/or monitor injuries 331
42 39.8 Conclusion 333
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44 Review questions 334
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