FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

THERMODYNAMICS

The scientific study of the

interconversion of heat
and other kinds of energy
 FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

Energy can neither be created nor destroyed but can be

converted from one form to another.
ΔEsystem + ΔEsurroundings = 0
or
ΔEsystem = -ΔEsurroundings

C3H8 + 5O2 3CO2 + 4H2O Exothermic chemical reaction!

Chemical energy lost by combustion = Energy gained by the surroundings

system surroundings
 Another form of the first law for ΔEsystem
ΔE = q + w
ΔE is the change in internal energy of a system
q is the heat exchange between the system and the surroundings
w is the work done on (or by) the system
w = -PΔV when a gas expands against a constant external pressure
 INTERNAL ENERGY
The internal energy refers to the sum of all possible
forms of energy in the system. It depends only upon
the initial and the final state of the system and not
upon how the system is arrived at.

∆E = Efinal - Einitial
Sample Problems
•G: q= 400 kcal w= -100kcal
•R: ∆E=?
•E: ∆E= q +w
•S: ∆E= q +w =(400kcal) + (-100kcal)
•A: ∆E= 300 kcal
 ENTHALPY

Enthalpy (H) is used to quantify

the heat flow into or out of a
system in a process that occurs
at constant pressure.
Enthalpy change (∆H) is defined as the heat energy transferred in a reaction
at constant pressure and it is considered as the heat content of the system.
ΔH = H (products) – H (reactants)
ΔH = heat given off or absorbed during a reaction at constant pressure

Hproducts < Hreactants Hproducts > Hreactants

ΔH > 0 ΔH < 0
 Thermochemical Equations

Is ΔH negative or positive?

System absorbs heat

Endothermic

ΔH > 0

6.01 kJ are absorbed for every 1 mole of ice that melts at 00C and 1 atm.

H2O (s) H2O (l) ΔH = 6.01 kJ

 Thermochemical Equations

Is ΔH negative or positive?

System gives off heat

Exothermic

ΔH < 0

890.4 kJ are released for every 1 mole of methane that is combusted at

250C and 1 atm.

CH4 (g) + 2O2 (g) CO2 (g) + 2H2O (l) ΔH = -890.4 kJ

 Thermochemical Equations

• The stoichiometric coefficients always refer to the number of moles of a

substance
H2O (s) H2O (l) ΔH = 6.01 kJ

• If you reverse a reaction, the sign of ΔH changes

H2O (l) H2O (s) ΔH = -6.01 kJ

• If you multiply both sides of the equation by a factor n, then ΔH must

change by the same factor n.

2H2O (s) 2H2O (l) ΔH = 2 x 6.01 = 12.0 kJ

 Thermochemical Equations

• The physical states of all reactants and products must be specified in

thermochemical equations.

H2O (s) H2O (l) ΔH = 6.01 kJ

H2O (l) H2O (g) ΔH = 44.0 kJ

How much heat is evolved when 266 g of white phosphorus (P4)

burn in air?
P4 (s) + 5O2 (g) P4O10 (s) ΔH = -3013
kJ
1 mol P4 3013 kJ
266 g P4 x x = 6470 kJ
123.9 g P4 1 mol P4
Enthalpy Change (∆H) can be calculated using the specific heat
capacity of water. It is the amount of heat energy it takes to raise the
temperature of 1g of water by 1K.

Heat (q) absorbed or released:

q = m x s x Δt
q = C x Δt
Δt = tfinal -
tinitial
6.5
 Sample Problems

1. How much heat (q) is released from 10 g of iron (Fe) when it

cools from 50oC to 10 oC. Iron (Fe) has a specific heat equal to
0.44 J/g.oC .
Given: m = 10 g Tf = 10 oC Ti = 50oC c=
0.444 J/g.oC
Required: q=?
Equation: q = mc∆T
Solution:
q = mc∆T
= 10g (0.444 J/g.oC) (10 oC - 50oC)
= - 177.6 J
 Sample Problems

2. What does the temperature increase of 500 g of zinc (Zn) after

absorbing 5.75 kJ of heat? The specific heat of zinc is 0.39 J/g.oC.

Given: m = 500 g q= 5.75 kJ=5750J c = 0.39 J/g.oC

Required: ∆T=?
Equation: q = mc∆T ∆T= q/[m(c)]
Solution:
∆T= q/[m(c)]
= 5750 J / [500 g (0.39 J/g.oC)]
= 29.49 ⁰C