Bennewart Flex Test - Resistance To Cut Growth On Flexing: TEST METHOD: SATRA TM161 (Formerly PM161)

elopment Institute Footwear Design & Development Institute Footwear Design & Development Institute
n & Development Institute Footwear Design & Development Institute Footwear Design & Development Institute
ar Design & Development Institute Footwear Design & Development Institute Footwear Design & Development
Footwear Design & Development Institute Footwear Design & Development Institute Footwear Design & Devel
Institute Footwear Design & Development Institute Footwear Design & Development Institute Footwea
n & Development Institute TEST METHOD: SATRA

Footwear Design TM161
& Development Institute(formerly
FootwearPM161)
Design & Development Institute
BENNEWART
ar Design & Development Institute FLEX
Footwear TEST Institute
Design & Development – RESISTANCE Footwear Design & Development
TO CUT GROWTH ON FLEXING
Use of this document is only authorised for V B Parvatikar at Footwear Design & Development Institute.
This file is authorised for use until 28/02/2014
Reference: –.
This document is registered to V B Parvatikar at Footwear Design & Development Institute.
elopment Institute Footwear Design & Development Institute
NOVEMBER 2004 Footwear Design & Development Institute
Reference: –.
This test method is intended to determine the resistance of a
Institute component
Footwear or material Institute
Design & Development to cut growth Footwear
during repeated
Design &flexing. It canInstitute
Development Footwea
also be used to assess the effect of surface patterns on crack initiation
and growth. The method is especially applicable to the outsole of
n & Development Institute footwear, (having
Footwear approximate
Design minimum
& Development Institute size 1Footwear
UK, 33 Design
Paris & Development Institute
Points) but may also be used with certain other flexible
components.
n & Development Institute Footwear Design & Development Institute

SATRA Footwear
TM161: 2004Design & Development
/ Page 1 Institute
1. SCOPE
This method is intended to determine the resistance of a component or material to cut
n & Development Institute
growth duringFootwear
repeated Design
flexing. & Development
It can also be usedInstitute Footwear
to assess the effect Design
of surface & Development Institute
patterns
on crack initiation and growth. The method is especially applicable to the outsoles of
ar Design & Development Institute
footwear Footwear Design
(having approximate minimum & Development
size 1 UK, 33 Institute
Paris Points), butFootwear
may alsoDesign
be & Development
used with certain other flexible components.
Reference: –.
elopment Institute 2. PRINCIPLE
Footwear Design & Development Institute Footwear Design & Development Institute
2.1 Method 1 - Cut growth of a footwear outsole.
The flexing line of a test outsole during normal wear or use is determined. Three standard
Footwear Design & Development
cuts are made Institute Footwear
parallel to the flexing Design
line and & Development
through Institute
the thickness of Footwear Design & Devel
the outsole at points,
which are considered to experience the highest tensional strains. These will be at or close
Institute Footwear Designline.
to the flexing & Development
The specimenInstitute Footwear
is then repeatedly Design90°
flexed through & Development
on the flexing Institute
line, Footwea
for a fixed number of cycles and the cut growth measured.
2.2 Method 2 - Crack initiation and growth
The test is conducted in the same way as method 1, see section 2.1, except that no cuts
are made in theInstitute Footwear
test specimen. At Design &
regular intervals Development
throughout Institute
the test the number ofFootwear Design & Devel
cracks which form and their severity are recorded.
2.3 Method 3 - Cut growth of material

A standard cut is made through the full thickness of a rectangular specimen of the material.
The specimen
ar Design & Development Institute is then repeatedly
Footwearflexed through
Design 90° for a fixed
& Development number of cycles
Institute and the
cut growth measured.
3. REFERENCES
Reference: –.
Test Method:
ar Design & Development InstituteSATRA TM60 – Ross flex
Footwear test -&resistance
Design to cutInstitute
Development growth on flexing.
DIN 53522: Part
Footwear Design & Development 3 – Determination
Institute of resistance
Footwear Designto&cut growth.
Development Institute Footwear Design & Devel
Institute Footwear
BS903:Design & –Development
Part A38 Institute
Methods for the determination Footwear Design
of dimensions & Development
of test pieces and Institute Footwea
products for test purposes.
4. APPARATUS
ar Design & Development Institute AND MATERIALS
Footwear Design & Development Institute Footwear Design & Development
Footwear Design & Development Institute

4.1 A Bennewart Footwear
type flexing machine, seeDesign
Figure &
1, Development
with: Institute Footwear Design & Devel
4.1.1 A mandrel of diameter 30 ± 1 mm around which the specimens are flexed. The
elopment Institute length of this mandrel
Footwear Designshould be 150 ± 1Institute
& Development mm. Footwear Design & Development Institute

SATRA Footwear
/ Page 2 Institute Footwear Design & Development Institute
4.1.2 A means of firmly clamping the specimen at both ends so that the flexing line, drawn
elopment Institute in section 5.1.5,Design
Footwear is aligned with the axis of
& Development the mandrel (4.1.1).
Institute TheseDesign
Footwear clamps &
should be
Development Institute
110 ± 1 mm apart when in the unflexed position and have a length of 155 ± 1 mm. One
of the clamps Footwear
should be Design
fixed and& the
Development
other should Institute
move forwards Footwear Design
and backwards & Development Institute
in the
same plane from the unflexed position by 41.5 ± 0.5 mm.
4.1.3 A means of flexing the specimens at a rate of 125 - 150 cycles per minute through
an angle of 90Institute Footwear
± 2° about the axis Design (4.1.1).
of the mandrel & Development Institute Footwear Design & Devel
4.1.4 A means of counting the total number of flexing cycles.
Reference: –.
A suitable machine is available from SATRA equipment sales, reference STM 465. A
refrigerated version
n & Development Institute of the
Footwear flexing&machine
Design can also
Development be supplied if testing
Institute is required
Footwear Designat& Development Institute
reduced temperatures.
110 ± 1 mm
Clamp Clamp
elopment Institute Footwear Design & Development
Sole Institute Footwear Design & Development Institute
Insole
n & Development Institute Footwear
Clamp Design & Development Institute Footwear
Clamp Design & Development Institute
30 mm
Mandrel (4.1.1)

Figure 1a The specimen in the unflexed state
Specimen flexed through 90°
In ole
le
so
S
C la
m
Reference: –.
Mandrel (4.1.1) p
am
Cl
Cl
am
p
am
ar Design & Development Institute p

Footwear Design & Development Institute Footwear Design & Development
Cl
Flexed through
elopment Institute Footwear Design & 90 ± 2°
Development Institute Footwear Design & Development Institute

Figure 1b The fully flexed testFootwear
specimen Design & Development Institute Footwear Design & Development
4.2 A method of measuring the cut length in millimetres to an accuracy of 0.1 mm. SATRA
elopment Institute recommend using
Footwear a pair&ofDevelopment
Design digital vernierInstitute
callipers, they areFootwear
used in conjunction with an
Design & Development Institute

SATRA Footwear
/ Page 3 Institute
Reference: –.
1 mm
40° to 41°
elopment Institute Footwear Design & Development InstituteTest piece Footwear Design10
& mm
40° to 41°
2.75 ± 0.25
0.30 - 0.35 mm
Reference: –.
n & Development Institute Footwear Design & Development

2.03 - 2.08 mm Institute Footwear Design & Development Institute
40° to 41°
Figure 2 Dimensions of chisel
optical magnifier to determine the edges of the cuts better.
4.3 A chisel, ofFootwear
n & Development Institute dimensions shown&inDevelopment
Design Figure 2, to pierce the test specimen.
Institute ThisDesign
Footwear is known
& by
some as a ‘De Mattia’ type chisel, and is identical to the chisel in DIN 53522 Part 3: 1979.
A suitable chisel can be supplied by SATRA, chisel reference STD 465C. In cases other than
Footwear Design & Development Institutewhere such
arbitration or dispute, Footwear
a chisel Design & Development
is not available, Institute
it is acceptable Footwear Design & Devel
to use the chisel
defined in SATRA test method SATRA TM60.
4.4 A device for measuring the temperature of the environment surrounding the test
specimen to an accuracy of ± 1°C.

SATRA Footwear
4.5 A standard laboratory thickness gauge for rubber as described in BS 903: Part A38
elopment Institute Method A1 andDesign
Footwear Test Method SATRA TM136,
& Development which applies Footwear
Institute a pressure Design
on the rubber of
& Development Institute
22 ± 5 kPa.
5. PREPARATION OF TEST SPECIMENS
5.1 If a sole taken from a complete item of footwear is to be tested:
Reference: –.
elopment Institute 5.1.1Footwear
Carefully cut the upper
Design of the shoe Institute
& Development or boot from the Footwear
sole, but leave any&insole
Design and
lasted margin attached.
5.1.2 If the sole has a raised edge to its upper surface such as a lip or an imitation welt,
be carefullyFootwear Design & Development
area down Institute Footwear Design & Development
this should scoured off the forepart to, but not beyond the insole
surface.
5.1.3 Draw a line XY on the outsole, from the heel to the toe, see Figure 3.

Measure the length
Design & of the line XY (5.1.3)
Development to the nearest
Institute millimetre.
Flexing line
Centre line
Institute Footwear Design &Distance
Development
from clauseInstitute Footwear Design & Development Institute Footwea
X Distance from table 1
5.1.5
Y
elopment Institute FigureFootwear

3 Location ofDesign & line
the flexing Development
of the sole Institute Footwear Design & Development Institute
Reference: –.
5.1.5.Measure
ar Design & Development Institute to a point one thirdDesign
Footwear of the distance from theInstitute
& Development toe end of the outsole,
FootwearandDesign & Development
mark this point Z.
5.1.6 Draw a line across the width of the outsole through the point Z (5.1.5) and at 90° to
Institute Footwear
the lineDesign & Development
XY (5.1.3). Institute
This line hereafter is referred toFootwear Design
as the ‘flexing & Development Institute
line’. Footwea
5.1.7 Remove the heel from the sole, if necessary, leaving sufficient of the waist to clamp it
in the flexing machine
n & Development Institute Footwear(4.1) with &the
Design flexing line located
Development over the centre
Institute of theDesign
Footwear flexing & Development Institute
mandrel (4.1.1). If the sole is too long to allow the flexing line (5.1.6) to be aligned with
the flexing
ar Design & Development mandrel (4.1.1)
Institute then cut
Footwear away&some
Design of the toe of
Development the sole unit toFootwear
Institute enable it to
Design & Development
be fitted. Soles that are smaller than size 1 UK (33 Paris Points) may be too short to clamp
Footwear Design & Development Institute with the Footwear
in the flexing machine Designlocated.
flex line properly & Development
Such solesInstitute Footwear
are not suitable to be Design & Devel
tested by this method.
5.2 If a sole has not been attached to a shoe, cut a suitable insole of correct size and shape

SATRA Footwear
/ Page 5 Institute
to fit the test specimen. Attach this with adhesive. Allow to dry for 24 hours and then
elopment Institute follow the procedure
Footwear Design in &
sections 5.1.2 to Institute
Development 5.1.7. This is to simulate theDesign
Footwear final made-up
product. Use the type of insole material intended to be used in the finished footwear if
possible, where Footwear
this is notDesign & aDevelopment
possible Instituteboard canFootwear
2 mm thick cellulose be used. Design & Development Institute
ar Design & Development

5.3 If Institute Footwear
cutting test specimens from Design
a sheet &
of Development Institute
material, cut six Footwear
rectangular specimens 150Design
± & Development
5 mm x 20.0 ± 0.5 mm, three with their longer edge parallel to the principal or along
direction of the material and three at 90° to this in the across direction. In the case of
Institute materials
Footwear intended
Design for footwear Institute
& Development soles it should beFootwear
bonded toDesign
insole material see section
& Development Institute Footwea
5.2. If the thickness is less than 8 mm the clamps will not grip the test specimens properly.
Reference: –.
elopment Institute So, extra pieces Design
Footwear of insole&board may be used
Development to increase the
Institute thicknessDesign
Footwear in the clamping
areas of the test specimen until proper clamping takes place.

6. PROCEDUREFootwear Design & Development Institute Footwear Design & Development
6.1 Method 1 - Cut growth of a footwear outsole.

On or as close
Designas possible to the flexing
& Development line, using a Footwear
Institute marking pen of different
Design colour
to the outsole, mark three cut positions on the test specimen. These must be positioned
midway between
n & Development Institute two adjacent
Footwear Designcleats (transverse or
& Development longitudinal) and
Institute be parallel
Footwear to the& Development Institute
Design
flexing line. One must be as close to the middle of the flexing line as possible. The other
two cuts are positionedFootwear Design
so that the centre&ofDevelopment
the cut is 10 ±Institute
1mm from eitherFootwear Design & Development
edge of the
outsole. If it is not possible to meet these criteria the cut positions may be made in front of
the flex line, or,Institute
if closer, behindFootwear Design
the flex line, & Development
see Figure 4. If the cutsInstitute Footwear Design & Devel
move off the original
flexing line too far, then use a new flexing line of best average for the three cuts.
Reference: –.
Figure 4

SATRA Footwear
6.1.2 Adjust the flexing machine (4.1) so that the clamps and the top surface of the
elopment Institute mandrel (4.1.1) Design
Footwear are in the same plane. Institute
& Development Footwear Design & Development Institute
6.1.3 Firmly clamp both ends of the test specimen in the flexing machine (4.1) so that the
flexing
ar Design & Development line, drawn in section
Institute 5.1.6,
Footwear is aligned
Design with the axisInstitute
& Development of the mandrel (4.1.1) and Design
Footwear the & Development
insole surface faces the mandrel (4.1.1). Make sure that the test specimen is as flat as
possible and itsInstitute
Footwear Design & Development inner surface is as close as Design
Footwear possible&toDevelopment
the mandrel. Institute Footwear Design & Devel
Institute Footwear Design
6.1.4 Slowly & Development
adjust the machineInstitute Footwear
until the test specimen Design
is flexed & Development
through Institute
the maximum Footwea
angle of 90 ± 2°.
Reference: –.
6.1.5 Push theFootwear
n & Development Institute chisel (4.3) through
Design the thickness of
& Development the outsole, until
Institute resistanceDesign
Footwear from the
insole occurs, at the centre of each of the three points marked in section 6.1.1. It is
ar Design & Development Institute Footwear
is angledDesign
towards& the
Development
central axis Institute Footwear Design & Development
important that the chisel of the flexing mandrel (4.1.1).

The cuts made by the chisel should be parallel to the flexing line and be at the midpoint
between the cleats. Footwear Design & Development Institute Footwear Design & Devel
6.1.6 Use the device (4.2) to measure the initial length of each cut, [Lo], in millimetres
elopment Institute whileFootwear
the test specimen
Design &is Development
in the fully flexed position and record
Institute theseDesign
Footwear to an accuracy of
0.1 mm as [Lo]. This is done by using the vernier callipers (4.2) and with the help of the
optical magnifier
n & Development Institute to locate
Footwear the edge
Design of the cut. Institute
& Development Footwear Design & Development Institute

6.1.7 Institute Footwear
Use the device (4.4) Design
to measure & Development
the temperature of the Institute Footwear
atmosphere surrounding theDesign
test & Development
specimen and reduce the value to the nearest 1°C. Operate the flexing machine (4.1) for
30 000 flexing Institute
cycles. Footwear Design & Development Institute Footwear Design & Devel
6.1.8 Measure the final cut length, for each test specimen by repeating the procedure in
elopment Institute section 6.1.6 and
Footwear record&the
Design values as [Lf].
Development Determine and Footwear
Institute record the Design
cut growth, [G], for
each test specimen by using the formula.

[G] = [Lf] – [Lo]

6.2 Method 2Institute Footwear
- Crack initiation Design & Development Institute
and growth Footwear Design & Devel
6.2.1 Load the test specimen into the flexing machine (4.1) by following the procedure in
elopment Institute sections 6.1.2 and
Footwear 6.1.3.& Development Institute
Design Footwear Design & Development Institute
Reference: –.
6.2.2 Use the Footwear

n & Development Institute device (4.4) to measure
Design the temperature
& Development of the atmosphere
Institute surrounding
Footwear Design &the
test specimen to the nearest 1°C and start the flexing machine (4.1).
6.2.3 Stop the Institute
Footwear Design & Development flexing machine (4.1) after: Design
Footwear 10 000, &20Development
000, and 30 000 flexing cycles,Footwear
Institute and Design & Devel
slowly adjust it so that the test specimen is in its maximum flexed position of 90 ± 2°, see
Institute sectionDesign
Footwear 8.1. & Development Institute Footwear Design & Development Institute Footwea

Each timeDesign & Development
the machine Institute
is stopped and FootwearinDesign
with the test specimen & flexed
the fully Development Institute
position examine the surface of the test specimen for signs of cracking. If any cracks are
found record their Design
position, their & Development
length measuredInstitute Footwear
using the procedure Design
in section 6.1.6& Development Institute
and their severity as:
■ SuperficialInstitute
Footwear Design & Development Up to 0.5 mm deep. Design & Development Institute
Footwear Footwear Design & Devel
■ Shallow 0.5 mm to 1.5 mm.
Institute Footwear Design
■ Moderate & Development Institute
1.5 mm to half Footwear
thickness of test Design & Development Institute
specimen. Footwea
■ Deep Greater than half the thickness of the test specimen.

SATRA Footwear
/ Page 7 Institute
6.3. Method 3 - Cut growth of sheet material
6.3.1 Use a marking pen to mark the centre point of the outer surface of each of the six
test specimens. Footwear Design & Development Institute

6.3.2 Institute Footwear
Use the dial gauge Design &the
(4.5) to measure Development Institute
thickness of each Footwear
test specimen in Design & Development
millimetres to an accuracy of 0.1 mm. If insole board is to be attached this step must be
carried out first.
6.3.3 Load two test specimens into each station of the flexing machine following the
Reference: –.
elopment Institute procedure in Sections
Footwear Design6.1.2 to 6.1.4.
& Development Institute Footwear Design & Development Institute

6.3.4 Follow the Design
procedure & Development
in section Institute
6.1.5 to make Footwear
a single cut through Design & Development Institute
the full
thickness of each test specimen. Each cut should be parallel with the shorter edge of
ar Design & Development Institute Footwear Design & Development
in sectionInstitute Footwear Design & Development
the test specimen and through the point marked 6.3.1.

6.3.5 Follow the procedure in sections 6.1.6 to 6.1.8.
elopment Institute 7. TEST REPORT

Footwear Design & Development Institute Footwear Design & Development Institute
Include in the test report:
7.1 Reference to this test method SATRA TM161: 2004.
7.2 Details of the material tested and the nature of the test specimen, for example final
Institute Footwear
finishedDesign & Development
component or simulatedInstitute
assembly. Footwear Design & Development Institute Footwea
elopment Institute Footwear

positionDesign & Development Institute Footwear Designon&aDevelopment Institute
7.3 The of the cuts made in section 6.1.5. These can be illustrated
diagram of the surface pattern.
7.4 Method
ar Design & Development 1 - The amount
Institute of cutDesign
Footwear growth&for each of the three
Development cuts as recorded
Institute in
section 6.1.8.
7.5 Method 2 - The severity and length of each crack found at each of the inspection
Institute Footwear
stages Design & Development
as recorded Institute
in section 6.2.4. Footwear Design & Development Institute Footwea

7.6 Method 3 – Design & Development
The thickness Institute measured
of the test specimens Footwear Design
in section 6.3.2&and
Development
the Institute
Reference: –.
cut growth for each of the six test specimens as recorded in section 6.3.5.

7.7 The temperature ofFootwear Design & Development
the test atmosphere as recorded in Institute
section 6.1.7. Footwear Design & Development

7.8 Any deviations Footwear
from this standard Design &forDevelopment
test method, Institute
example the chisel used. Footwear Design & Devel
SATRA can help members to interpret the results from this test procedure where
elopment Institute the test specimens
Footwear are&footwear
Design materials.
Development Institute Footwear Design & Development Institute

SATRA Footwear
8. ADDITIONAL NOTES
8.1 Method 2Footwear
n & Development Institute - Crack initiation
Design &and growth: choice
Development of inspection
Institute stages. Design & Development Institute
Footwear

SATRAInstitute
recommend the Footwear Design
test machine & Development
is stopped and the testInstitute Footwear
specimen is examined afterDesign & Development
10 000, 20 000, and 30 000 flexing cycles. However, the inspection stages actually
adopted during each individual Footwear
test can beDesign
chosen&depending
on the Footwear Design & Devel
total time available
for the test and the expected performance of the test specimen.
Reference: –.
8.2 Related Design & Development Institute
tests Footwear Design & Development Institute

EN 344 -1: Method 5.17 Design & Development
– Determination Institute
of flexing Footwear Design & Development Institute
resistance of outsole.
DIN 53543: Section 6.3 – Testing of semi-rigid polyurethane (PUR) integral cellular material.
Materials for soles Footwear Design & Development Institute
and parts of shoes. Footwear Design & Devel
Institute Footwear Design &
SATRA TM133: Development
Resistance Institute
to crack Footwear
initiation and growth Design
– belt & Development Institute
flex method. Footwea
Reference: –.
First issued: June 1992
Institute Revised: January 2002, November
Footwear Design & Development Institute Footwear 2004
Design & Development Institute Footwea

This Design
publication & Development
is the Institute
property of SATRA Footwear
Technology Centre: Design
it may not be& copied
electronically or otherwise, or republished in part or in whole by any other party.
© SATRA Technology Centre,
elopment Institute Footwear Design & Development
Rockingham Institute
Road, Kettering, Footwear
Northants, NN16 Design
9JH, England & Development Institute

Bennewart Flex Test - Resistance To Cut Growth On Flexing: TEST METHOD: SATRA TM161 (Formerly PM161)

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elopment Institute Footwear Design & Development Institute Footwear Design & Development Institute

n & Development Institute TEST METHOD: SATRA

n & Development Institute Footwear Design & Development Institute

2.3 Method 3 - Cut growth of material

Footwear Design & Development Institute

n & Development Institute

n & Development Institute Footwear Design & Development Institute

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ar Design & Development Institute

n & Development Institute Footwear Design & Development Institute

n & Development Institute Footwear Design & Development

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elopment Institute 5.1.4Footwear

elopment Institute FigureFootwear

n & Development Institute Footwear Design & Development Institute

ar Design & Development

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elopment Institute 6.1.1Footwear

n & Development Institute

important that the chisel of the flexing mandrel (4.1.1).

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each test specimen by using the formula.

Footwear Design & Development

6.2.2 Use the Footwear

elopment Institute 6.2.4Footwear

n & Development Institute Footwear Design & Development Institute

ar Design & Development

n & Development Institute Footwear

the test specimen and through the point marked 6.3.1.

elopment Institute 7. TEST REPORT

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elopment Institute Footwear

ar Design & Development Institute

Footwear Design & Development Institute

n & Development Institute

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