ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION EMITTED

BY MOBILE PHONES AND

TELECOMMUNICATION MASTS.
E. Peprah-Kwakye1, N. Akaawa Acquah1, Eric K.T Addison1 , S. Smith Aggrey1,
Savanna Nyarko2, Kingsley Akosah2, K. Osei Acheamfour2
1. Physics Department, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
2. Oncology Directorate, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital

ABSTRACT: The effects of electromagnetic radiation from mobile phones and telecommunication masts are stochastic.
The Radio Frequency meter (R.F metre) was used in taking the power density readings from hundred (100) mobile phone
devices at varying distances of 2 cm, 5 cm, 10 cm and 15 cm and seven (7) telecommunication masts at 100 m, 120 m, 140
m, 160 m, 180 m and 200 m. The readings from the phones were taken based on the phone brand, received signal strength,
duration of phone usage, duration of calls and distance variation. The readings from the telecom mast were taken based on
distance variation from the R.F metre.

The maximum average power density of the mobile phones during receiving a call ranged from 0.000 μW/cm 2 at 15 cm to
12.510  0.063 μW/cm2 at 2 cm. The power densities of the radiation emitted by the telecommunication masts at varying
distances in all four directions ranged from 28.7 μW/cm2 at 100 m to 7440.0 μW/cm2 at 200 m. Power densities from the
mobile phones followed the inverse square law where the amount of radiation decreased with increasing distance.
Telecommunication masts power densities increased with increasing distances.

Keyword: Electromagnetic radiation, RF metre, Power density, Cell phones, Telecommunication mast.

I. INTRODUCTION

The third planet has witnessed diverse breakthroughs of scientific inventions in transition within the chronology of
technology. Technology has a rudimentary function of providing an easier solution to any complex issue with the sole aim
of saving time and energy. Among such advancements is the outburst of cell phones and their telecommunication mast or
towers. Over the years cell phones has made communication easier with or without proximity making greater impacts. As
of 2016, there were 7.4 billion subscriptions worldwide nonetheless the actual number of users is lower as many users own
multiple cell phones. However, whiles it presents itself as a helpful contrivance with the emission and transmission of non-
ionizing type of radiation much concern are being raised about the possible effects of these devices which operates in the
microwave range (450–2100 MHz) of the electromagnetic spectrum. Microwaves are a form of electromagnetic radiation
with wavelengths ranging from one meter to one millimeter; with frequencies between 300 MHz and 300 GHz whiles
Electromagnetic radiation are waves (photons/quanta) of electromagnetic field, propagating through space carrying
[1]
electromagnetic radiant energy. Visible light is electromagnetic radiation, as are radio, infrared, and X-rays .
Telecommunication masts (cell towers or cell sites) that hold antennas and other communications equipment has flooded
the geographical area of Ghana and are situated close to settlements such as homes, on top of offices, schools etc. These
cell towers work 24 hours per day and so transmit radiations 24 hour per day, and the people living within the radius of
10square of meters from the cell tower will receive 10,000 to 10,000,000 times stronger signal than required for mobile
[2]
communication . This is occurring amidst the vast growth of telecommunication service providers in Ghana and West
Africa. Electromagnetic Field (EMF) and waves are an important and main media to carry signals from a particular source
to the desired destination; these signals propagates for miles around with powerful high frequency radio waves (known as
microwaves) to support the use of cellphones as well as Wi-Fi, WiMAX, Wireless LANs, 802.11 networks, Bluetooth
[3]
supported devices and more . Mobile towers are especially dangerous because they emit microwaves at a frequency of
[4]
1900 MHz . In retrospect to this, researchers seem to be gearing their efforts towards finding out if the electromagnetic
radiation emitted by these devices are harmful or not [5]. Not only if they are harmful but as well if they can cause a degree
[6] [7]
of certain biological effects like brain tumours or other carcinogenic diseases . Wolf and Wolf (2004) have it that in
Israel, based on medical records of people living within 350 metres of a long established telecom mast, exhibited a fourfold
amplified incidence of cancer paralleled with the general population of Israel, and a tenfold upturn specifically among
women, compared with the surrounding locality further from the mast. In Spain it was established in a study that the
strongest five associated significant ill-health effects among those living in the vicinity of two GSM mobile phone base
stations were depressive tendency, fatigue, sleeping disorder, difficulty in concentration and cardiovascular problems.
People living within 50 to 300 meter radius were found to be in the high radiation zone and are more prone to ill-effects of
[8]
electromagnetic radiation .Although safety measures to which mobile phones and their base-stations conform surely
protect against excessive microwave heating, there is evidence that the low intensity, pulsed radiation currently used pose
a non-thermal threat [9]. If these threats carries adverse health consequences, existing guidelines would be insufficient. The
radiation used is indeed of very low intensity, but an oscillatory similitude between this pulsed microwave radiation and
certain electrochemical activities of the living human tissues should prompt concern. These should be pointers for future
researches. In the meantime, what this research work sought to do is to look at the stochastic effect of the electromagnetic
radiation emitted by these cell phones and telecommunication masts via a careful analysis of data collected from varieties
of cell phones and telecommunication masts within the Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology and its
neighbouring environs.

II. THEORY

Mathematically, the power of the radiation received by the cell tower or phone can be determined. The formula used for the
determination of the power received by the antenna at a distance R is

  
2

Pr = Pt ×Gt ×Gr ×   Equation 1.0

 4 R 

Received power (Pr) is directly proportional to the transmitted power (P t), Gain of transmitting(Gt) and Receiving antennas
(Gr), and the square of wavelength of the signal (  ). It is inversely proportional to the square of the distance(R) and
measured in µW/m 2. Also, the power density at any distance from an isotropic antenna is simply the transmitter power
divided by the surface area of a sphere (4πR2) at that distance. The surface area of the sphere increases by the square of the
radius, therefore the power density, P D, (watts/square meter) decreases by the square of the radius as they are inversely
proportional [10].
The power density from an isotropic antenna:

 Pt 
(PD) =   Equation 1.2
 4 R 
2

Where Pt = transmitter power

R= range from the antenna (i.e. radius of sphere).

Pt = either peak or average power depending on how (P d ) is to be specified.

Radars use directional antennas to channel most of the radiated power in a particular direction. The Gain (G) of an
antenna is the ratio of power radiated in the desired direction as compared to the power radiated from an isotropic
antenna, or:

G  𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑛𝑎

𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑠𝑜𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑖𝑐 𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑛𝑎 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡.
Equation 1.3

The power density at a distant point from a radar with an antenna gain of G t is the power density from an isotropic antenna
multiplied by the radar antenna gain. The units of the power densities from both the mobiles phones and telecommunication
masts were µW/cm 2 and µW/m 2 respectively. Their denominators vary due to the distances taken into consideration in
both cases. The Maximum Average power density reading is main subject of consideration during the measurement as the
values are not discrete when not averaged. Considering the fact that all phone calls are received at the front side of the
mobile phone, all the measurements of the power density were then taken from that direction of the phones. The sample
sizes of different phone brands considered were 100. 32 of which were Samsung phones, 18 iPhones, 11 Infinix phones, 6
Windows phones, 4 Tecno phones, 4 HTC phones, 8 non-smart phones (generally referred to as yams) and 17 other single
brands of mobile phones. The data from these have been put into tables in the appendix.

III. METHODOLOGY
The research was planned to assess the magnitude (power density) of telecommunication mast radiations on the students
and townsfolks living between 100 and 200 metres radius of mast sites on KNUST campus and its environs. As well mobile
phone radiations emitted by cell phones used by students residing on campus (particularly Brunei hostel) were assessed.
The study areas selected for this research were Ayeduase and Bomso townships all situated at the east and west wings of
KNUST and suburbs of Kumasi in the Ashanti region of Ghana. The inclusion criteria are people living, working or
schooling around 500 metres radius of all the mast sites in KNUST and its environs. The estimated number of
telecommunication masts found in KNUST and its environs are about 15 however 7 of them were closer in proximity to
residential areas and free from obscure places with many impedance and so were considered. These masts belongs to the
major telecommunication networks operating in Ghana namely MTN, Vodafone, Tigo and Airtel. The calculated study
population of KNUST was over 50,000 in number.
The AKTAKOM electromagnetic field (TES-92 ElectroSmog) metre was the instrument used for the measurements of the
radio frequency for this particular research. The RF meter is one which has been used for about 3 times since its calibration
in the year 2015.

It’s a portable device designed for safe measurement of EMF characteristics by isotropic method. Is equipped with 3-channel
sensor and non-directional measurement probe which allows measuring simultaneously on three axes: x, y, z at frequency
ranges from 50mhz to 3.5ghz. It measures the power density of the radiation emitted by the mobile phone and
telecommunication mast at various distances with units’ µw/cm 2 and µw/m 2 respectively.

III.1 METHOD 1 (MOBILE PHONES)

To kick start the measurement of data in a stabilized and signal free condition format there was the need for the creation of
a safe room. A Styrofoam and masking tape were used for the creation of a portable safe room to hold the jig. A jig was
designed to measure microwave radiations (average power density) emitted by the mobile phones in a securely and
accurately set distances from 2, 5, 10 and 15 centimetres by holding in place the cell phone and radio frequency metre (RF
metre) to ensure consistent data collection in every trial. The steps were repeated at least 3 times for consistency sake. The
top side of the RF metre was pointed towards the cell phone as the receiving antenna of the metre is mounted inside this
side of the metre. In the cell phone experiment two major forms were considered; Measurement of maximum average power
density emitted by phone in call mode (1, 2 & 5 minutes) and non-call mode at varying distances. It was ensured that the
condition inside the Styrofoam box produced an initial power density of 0.000 µW/cm 2.

Figure 1.0. A picture showing a Jig in a safe room used in data measurement in mobile phones.

III.2 METHOD 2 (TELECOMMUNICATION MASTS)

The radio frequency at a distance of 100, 120, 140, 160, 180 and 200 metres were measured from various cell towers. 7
telecommunication masts were considered for accuracy and to check the variation in data from different telecommunication
networks. The measurement was taken at farther distances because the power intensity was inversely proportional to
distance, i.e. higher amount of radiation was detected at farther distances. Values at the various distances were measured.
Measurements of various masts on campus are shown in Figure 3.2.
 Figure 1.2. A picture showing 3 of the 7 different telecom mast.

Interference between two nearby telecom masts increases R.F readings

Fig 1.3. A picture of two telecom masts situated 30m from each other
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

IV.1 MOBILE PHONES

The results from the mobile phones are based on the number of years used, the brand of mobile phone, the signal strength,
the varying distances and duration of phone calls. The data collected showed that the percentage of the phone samples for
32 Samsung phones were higher followed by 18 iPhones, 17 other phone brands, 11 Infinix phones, 8 non-smart phones, 6
Windows phones, 4 HTC phones and 4 Tecno phones as shown in Figure 4.1.

BRANDS OF MOBILE PHONES

OTHERS
BRANDS
17%
SAMSUNG
33%
NON-SMART
8%
HTC
4%TECNO
4%
WINDOWS
6% iPhone
INFINIX
18%
10%
SAMSUNG Iphone INFINIX
WINDOWS TECNO HTC
NON-SMART OTHERS BRANDS

Figure 1.4. A Pie Chart showing the percentages (%) of the different brands of phones used.

Considering the first brand of mobile phones thus the Samsung phones; the power density readings followed the inverse
square law as the power density increased with decreasing distances. On stand-by mode all the mobile phones seemed to
give off no maximum average power density reading. This was due to the fact that there were lesser interferences from
other phones due to the secluded area in which the research was conducted. The relationship between power density and
distance to detector for Samsung is shown in Figure 1.4 below.
 0.14 Samsung phones

POWER DENSITY (µW/ cm 2)

0.12
GALAXY
0.1 J5
S6 Edge
0.08
Galaxy S3
0.06 mini
Note 3
0.04
GALAXY
0.02 S5

0
0 5 10 15 20
Distance (cm)

Figure 1.5. A graph of Samsung phones with power densities at varying distances.

The patterns for these mobile phones look the same as the values of their power densities are seen to increase with decreasing
distances. The trend line, which is the dotted straight line, shows the trend for the Galaxy J5 Samsung phone. The graph
only shows the power densities based on varying distances. The common factor among these phones is their signal strength,
3G, and their brand name. Similar relation and concept was seen in the data collected for iPhones and all the other smart
phones.

DURATION OF CALLS
0.08
Tecno T410
0.07
POWER DENSITIES (µW/ cm 2)

0.06
Samsung GS
0.05 3 mini

0.04 Viwa A5+

0.03

0.02 Samsung
Galaxy J5
0.01
Linear
0 (Samsung
0 2 4 6 Galaxy J5)
TIME DURATION OF CALL

Figure 1.6. A graph of call duration against power density at 2 cm

The above graph shows a slight and appreciable rise in the power densities as the time duration of the phone calls increases.
 SAMSUNG PHONES
S6 Edge
2.5 4G

POWER DENSITY (µW/ cm 2)

S6 Edge
3G
1.5

S3 3G
1

0.5 S3 4G

0
0 5 10 15 20
Linear
-0.5 (S6 Edge
Distance (cm) 4G)

Figure 1.7. A graph of some Samsung phones with 3G & 4G signal strength against power density at varying distances.

The power densities received in relation to the signal strength of the mobile phones. Four Samsung mobile phones of two
particular brands S3 and S6 Edge respectively each having two different signal strength of either 3G or 4G. From Figure
1.7 it was observed that the distance factor also affected the amount of radiation received from the mobile phone but
comparing the two Samsung phones it was observed that the increase in the signal strength was also a factor in the increase
in the amount of radiation emitted by the phone as the power density is seen to be higher in the S6 Edge cell phone with 4G
signal strength (blue) over the 3G signal strength (black) even though both phones have been used for less than a year. This
is also seen to be the same in the Samsung S3 phones as well, where the Galaxy S3 phone with 4G signal strength (yellow)
is seen to have a higher power density reading as compared to the other with 3G signal strength (violet). The S3 phone with
3G signal strength has been used for 5 years whiles the other with 4G signal strength has been used for 4 years. With this,
the power density is still higher for that with the 4G signal strength. This buttresses the point of the signal strength being a
factor for high radiation exposure in Samsung phones. Also among other smart phones like HTC brand of mobile phones
the highest power densities were seen to be given by the types of phones with 4G signal strength.

IV.2 TELECOMMUNICATION MASTS

For the telecommunication masts, 7 of the masts were considered, 3 of which were Vodafone, 1 MTN, 2 Airtel and 1 Tigo
mast. The readings (Table 10 in the Appendix) gives an information on the power densities measured at varying distances
from the telecommunications masts in 4 different directions; North, South, East and West. The spreading out of signals
from the masts was isotropic; meaning the signals were the same in all directions. But from the data below it was realized
that the power densities varied at the various directions, having different values on the north as well as on the south and
both west and east directions. From the power density equation, it was realized that the power density is inversely
proportional to distance and thus, follows the inverse square law. However, from the data in Table 10.0 in the appendix
below it is seen that the values recorded by the RF meter say otherwise. From the data, power density values increase with
increasing distances from the masts. The further you are from the mast the more radiation one receives. The graphs in Figure
1.8 to Figure 2.1 below are evidence of this observation.
 AIRTEL MAST
1600

1400
POWER DENSITY [μW/ m2] 1200 SOUTH
1000
WEST
800

600 Linear
(SOUTH)
400

200

0
0 50 100 150 200 250
DISTANCE (m)

Figure 1.8. A graph of power density against distance in telecommunication masts

The data above was an Airtel mast located at Ayeduase and situated on top of a hostel. The other two directions did not
have readings because those sides were blocked by other buildings towards victory towers hostel and Shepherdsville hostel.
It is observed from the graph that the power densities increased with increasing distance, especially in the West direction.
Figure 4.8 to 4.13 shows the relationship between power densities of various telecom mast with distances

TIGO MAST

3500

3000
POWER DENSITY [μW/ m2]

2500
SOUTH
2000
WEST
1500 EAST
NORTH
1000
Linear (EAST)
500

0
0 50 100 150 200 250
DISTANCE (m)

Figure 1.9. A graph of power density against distance in telecommunication masts

The Tigo mast is located at Ayeduase. The closest buildings to this mast were 3.93 m to the North, 15.44 m to the South,
21.60 m to the West and 6.81 m to the East. The graph above is observed to rise as the distance value increases.
 MTN MAST
3000

2500

POWER DENSITY [μW/ m2] 2000 SOUTH

1500 WEST

EAST
1000
NORTH
500

0
0 50 100 150 200 250
DISTANCE (m)

Figure 2.0. A graph of power density against distance in telecommunication masts

The MTN mast was located close to the School of Business at KNUST. This mast when compared also followed the same
pattern of increased power density at increased distance.

VODAFONE & AIRTEL MASTS.

12000

10000
POWER DENSITY [μW/ m2]

SOUTH

8000 WEST

6000 EAST

NORTH
4000
Linear (EAST)
2000

0
0 50 100 150 200 250
DISTANCE (m)

Figure 2.1. A graph of power density against distance in telecommunication masts.

The graph above is a graph of the power densities of a Vodafone mast at Hall 7(KNUST). The values recorded in the West
direction are observed to be lower as a result of the building, i.e. Hall 7 hostel, which is located in that particular direction
of the mast at a distance of 36.1 m from the mast. The trend line in the graph shows the increase in the power density as the
distance increases. The graphs above show the evidence of an increase in power density with increasing distance. It also
shows the varying power densities in different directions.

DISCUSSION

The results above are for a sample size of 100 phones and 7 masts. The data for the 100 mobile phones followed the concept
of the inverse square law such that the increase in distance is inversely proportional to the measure of the power densities,
i.e. the higher the distance the lower the power densities. The highest values of power densities were recorded at a distance
of 2cm from the mobile phones whiles low values were recorded at distances of 10cm and 15 cm. The maximum average
power density of the mobile during receiving a call ranged from 0.000 μW/cm2 to12.510 μW/cm2 +0.062 μW/cm2. The
power densities of radiation emitted by the telecommunication masts at varying distances in all four directions ranged from
28.7 μW/cm2at 100 m to 7440.0 μW/cm2 at 200 m.

V. CONCLUSION

In retrospect to the results and discussion originating from this project it can therefore be concluded that:

1. The mobile phones were observed to follow the theory of the inverse square law as the power densities decreased
with increasing distances.

2. In relation to the signal strengths, it was observed that the higher the signal strength the higher the power density,
i.e. Phones with 4G signal strength had higher power densities than those with 3G signal strength.

3. The long duration on phone calls caused probable increase in power densities and thus the amount of radiation
emitted.

4. In the telecommunication masts, the power density increases with increasing distance because of the high gain of
transmission (Gt) as well as interference from other masts.

5. The power density results from the masts varied in different directions due to the attenuation by buildings, trees,
and other means of obstruction.

V.1 CHALLENGES

1. Difficulty in securing or gaining access to different mobile phones from their owners for the setup
2. Interference from two or more different telecom masts sited in a close range to each other within a particular area
3. Difficulty in creating an interference-free safe room.
 V.2 RECOMMENDATIONS
1. Avoid carrying your mobile phone on your body (e.g. in Pocket or bra)

2. Limit the length and duration of phone calls.

3. Use your mobile phone on loud speaker or with headset.

4. Mobile phones should be put on airplane mode when not in use.

5. Phones should be kept away when sleeping. (Away from bed.)

6. For the Telecommunication Networks & mobile manufacturers information texts on how to reduce exposure can
be sent to users. E.g. Telstra mobile messages sent to mobile customers in Australia.

VI. REFERENCES
1. Purcell and Morin, Harvard University. (2013). Electricity and Magnetism, 820p (3rd ed.).Cambridge
University Press, New York. ISBN 978-1-107-01402-2. p 430
2. Girish K., (2010). Radiation Hazards from Cell Phones / Cell Towers. [Online] Available:
http://apps.fcc.gov/ecfs/document/view?id=7520940951 (August 7, 2013).
3. Mousa A. (2011). Electromagnetic Radiation Measurements and Safety Issues of some Cellular Base Stations
in Nablus. Journal of Engineering Science and Technology Review, 4(1) 35-42.
4. Kelsh, M. A. et al. (2010) Measured radiofrequency exposure during various mobile phone use scenarios [Online]
http://www.nature.com/jes/journal/v21/n4/full/jes201012a.html?foxtrotcallback=true (Accessed 17.08.2017).
5. Kovach S. (2007). The Hidden Dangers of Cell Phone Radiation, Life Extension Magazine. [Online] Available:
http://www.lef.org/magazine/mag2007/aug2007_report_cellphone_radiation_01.htm (November 22, 2013).
6. Eger H., Hagen K. U., Lucas B., Vogel P., & Voit H. (2004). The Influence of Being Physically Near to a Cell
Phone Transmission Mast on the Incidence of Cancer, Published in Umwelt Medizin Gesellschaft. [Online]
Available: http://www.powerwatch.org.uk/news/20041118_naila.pdf (August 12, 2013).
7. Wolf R, Wolf D. (2004). Increased Incidence of Cancer near a Cell-phone Transmitter Station (Israel),
International Journal of Cancer Prevention, 1(2).
8. Oberfeld, G. et al. (2004). The microwave syndrome-further aspects of a Spanish study. Biological Effects of
EMFs, Kos Greece.
9. Hyland G.J. Non-thermal bioeffects induced by low intensity irradiation of living systems. Engineering Science
and Education Journal, 1998; 7(6): 261-269.
10. F. Sanders (2001). Conversion of Power Measured in a Circuit to Incident Field Strength and Incident Power
Density, and Corrections to Measured Emission Spectra for Non-Constant Aperture Measurement Antennas,
Appendix C of NTIA Report 01-383, Jan 2001.
 APPENDIX

DATA FOR MOBILE PHONES

Table 1.0. A table of Samsung Smart phones and the power densities of the radiation they emit.
PHONE BRAND NO. OF SIGNAL STAND BY 2cm 5 cm 10 cm 15 cm
YEARS/MONTHS STRENGTH
USED

SAMSUNG (Smart) MAX AVG POWER DENSITY (µW/ cm 2)

1. Galaxy J5 2 3G 0.000 0.067 0.061 0.047 0.046
2. S6 Edge <1 3G 0.000 0.088 0.047 0.046 0.023
3. Galaxy S6 Edge 9 months 4G 0.000 2.154 0.289 0.176 0.117
4. Galaxy S3 mini 3 3G 0.000 0.010 0.006 0.001 0.001
5. Tablet 2 4G 0.000 0.045 0.038 0.033 0.101

Table 2.0. A table of iPhones and the power densities of the radiation they emit.
PHONE NO. OF YEARS/MONTHS SIGNAL STAND BY 2 cm 5 cm 10 cm 15 cm
BRAND USED STRENGTH

iPhones MAX AVG POWER DENSITY (µW/ cm 2)

6. SE < 7 months 3G LTE 0.000 0.470 0.118 0.114 0.049

7. 5C 3 3G & 4G 0.000 0.032 0.026 0.023 0.001

8. 5S 5 months 3G & E 0.000 0.009 0.006 0.002 0.002

Table 3.0. A table of Infinix phones and the power densities of the radiation they emit.
PHONE BRAND NO. OF SIGNAL STAND BY 2 cm 5 cm 10 cm 15 cm
YEARS/MONTHS STRENGTH
USED

Infinix MAX AVG POWER DENSITY (µW/ cm 2)

9. Note 2 1 3G 0.000 0.064 0.027 0.018 0.009

9. X551 2 3G 0.000 7.039 2.646 2.309 0.254

10. Note2 10 months 3G 0.000 0.022 0.018 0.017 0.014

X600
11. Note 3 1 3G & 4G 0.000 0.360 0.345 0.214 0.014

12. Note 3 6 months 3G 0.000 0.286 0.272 0.135 0.083

 Table 4.0. A table of Windows phones and the power densities of the radiation they emit.
PHONE BRAND NO. OF SIGNAL STAND BY 2 cm 5 cm 10 cm 15 cm
YEARS/MONTHS STRENGTH
USED

Windows MAX AVG POWER DENSITY (µW/ cm 2)

13. Nokia 2 H 0.000 1.141 0.056 0.013 0.009

Lumia

14. Nokia 1 4G 0.000 0.146 0.027 0.013 0.001

Lumia
15. 2 3 3G 0.000 0.188 0.043 0.042 0.025

16. 3 1 H 0.000 0.166 0.114 0.063 0.057

Table 5.0. A table of non-smart phones and the power densities of the radiation they emit.
PHONE BRAND NO. OF SIGNAL STAND BY 2 cm 5 cm 10 cm 15 cm
YEARS/MONTHS STRENGTH
USED

NON-SMART MAX AVG POWER DENSITY (µW/ cm 2)

17. Samsung 3 months 0.000 0.092 0.025 0.020 0.017

18. Samsung duos <1 0.000 0.029 0.023 0.019 0.008

19. Blu 2 0.000 0.068 0.065 0.048 0.045

20. Samsung 4 0.000 0.019 0.015 0.015 0.014

GE1200T
21. Nokia 2 0.000 0.027 0.025 0.019 0.015

22. Tecno T350 7 months 0.000 0.029 0.023 0.020 0.015

23. Samsung <2 0.000 0.022 0.010 0.008 0.015

Yateley
24. Tecno T410 1 0.000 0.010 0.009 0.008 0.003

Table 6.0 .A table of the power densities of some brands of phones against the time duration during phone calls.
PHONE BRAND NO. OF SIGNAL STAND BY 1 min 2 min 5 min
YEARS/MONTHS STRENGTH
USED

MAX AVG POWER DENSITY (µW/ cm 2)

25. Tecno T410 1 3G 0.000 0.014 0.014 0.015

26. Samsung GS 3 3G 0.000 0.067 0.067 0.067

3 mini
27. Viwa A5+ 1 3G 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.007
 28. Samsung 1 3G 0.000 0.010 0.030 0.030
Galaxy J5

Table 7.0. A table of telecommunication masts and the power densities of the radiation they emit at
varying distances in 4 different directions

NETWORK LOCATION DIRECTION 100m 120m 140m 160m 180m 200cm

MAX AVG POWER DENSITY (µW/ m 2)

1.AIRTEL Ayeduase South 130.3 238.0 384.0 406.7 465.6 613.0

West 247.0 1489 1049 593.1 397.0 901.5

2. TIGO Ayeduase North 533.3 640.5 883.4 903.0 910.4 913.0

West 335.0 640.5 711.7 943.1 947.9 954.9

East 843.1 1071 1471 2047 2687 3194

South 761.2 786.7 795.1 843.1 980.8 1312

3. MTN Business School East 434.8 460.5 521.4 679.6 761.2 795.1

North 795.1 1199 1542 1746 2145 2750

West 510.1 750.7 883.4 988.2 146 1071

South 540.7 606.3 719.7 901.5 922.4 966.7

4. VODAFONE & 5. Behind Brunei North 1482 2569 4079 5268 6821 7440
AIRTEL (0.5m apart) Hostel

East 1719 2444 2537 3071 3522 4928

West 4832 9553 3646 3962 3992 4195

6. VODAFONE Commercial Area South 550.2 761.2 1000 1160 1373 1906

East 872.1 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

North 395.0 411.3 578.4 640.5 703.5 546.0

West 477.0 565.9 188.6 306.4 814.0 104.6

7. VODAFONE Hall 7 North 843.1 1293 1310 1349 1387 1788

East 1120 1150 1262 1350 1752 3017

West 28.7 62.0 73.9 135.6 272.8 293.2

South 293.2 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000