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    Dersnot 4626 1666356945

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    Samet Özdemir
    The document discusses probability and counting sample points. It covers: 1) Counting the number of ways operations can be performed together using multiplication. 2) Definitions of permutations, factorials, and theorems for counting permutations. 3) Definitions of a sample space as all possible outcomes of an experiment, and events as subsets of the sample space. 4) Concepts of complements, unions, and intersections of events.

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    Dersnot 4626 1666356945

    Uploaded by

    Samet Özdemir
    7 views14 pages
    The document discusses probability and counting sample points. It covers: 1) Counting the number of ways operations can be performed together using multiplication. 2) Definitions of permutations, factorials, and theorems for counting permutations. 3) Definitions of a sample space as all possible outcomes of an experiment, and events as subsets of the sample space. 4) Concepts of complements, unions, and intersections of events.

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    The document discusses probability and counting sample points. It covers: 1) Counting the number of ways operations can be performed together using multiplication. 2) Definitions of permutations, factorials, and theorems for counting permutations. 3) Definitions of a sample space as all possible outcomes of an experiment, and events as subsets of the sample space. 4) Concepts of complements, unions, and intersections of events.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    7 views14 pages

    Dersnot 4626 1666356945

    Uploaded by

    Samet Özdemir
    The document discusses probability and counting sample points. It covers: 1) Counting the number of ways operations can be performed together using multiplication. 2) Definitions of permutations, factorials, and theorems for counting permutations. 3) Definitions of a sample space as all possible outcomes of an experiment, and events as subsets of the sample space. 4) Concepts of complements, unions, and intersections of events.

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    of 14

    Probability and Counting

    Sample Points
    Probability and Counting Sample Points
    • Counting Sample Points
    • Sample Space
    • Events
    • Probability an Event
    • Additive Rules
    Counting Sample Points
    If an operation can be performed in n1 ways, and if for each of these
    ways a second operation can be performed in n2 ways, then the two
    operations can be performed together in n1 x n2 ways.
    Basic Principle of Counting
    If an operation can be performed in n1 ways, and if for each of these a
    second operation can be performed in n2 ways, and for each of the first
    two a third operation can be performed in n3 ways, and so forth, then
    the sequence of k operations can be performed in
    n1 x n2 x n3 x…x nk ways
    Counting Sample Points
    • A permutation is an arrangement of all or part of a set of objects.
    • For any non-negative integer n, n!, called “n factorial,” is defined as
    n! = n(n − 1) · · · (2)(1),
    • 0! = 1.
    Theorem: The number of permutations of n objects is n!.
    Theorem:
    Counting Sample Points

    Theorem:
    Sample Space and Events
    An experiment is a process that generates a set of data.
    tossing of a coin.
    launching of a missile and observing of its velocity at specified times.
    Collecting the opinions of voters concerning a new sales tax .
    Statisticans are generally interested in the observations obtained by
    repeating the experiment several times.
    Sample Space and Events

    The set of all possible outcomes of a statistical experiment is called the


    sample space and is represented by the symbol S.
    Examples: Consider the following experimets:
    Flipping a coin, then
    S={Head, Tail}
    Tossing a die then
    S={1,2,3,4,5,6}
    Sample Space and Events
    An event is a subset of a sample space.
    Example: In the tossing of a die we might let A be the event that an
    even number occurs and B the event that a number greater than 3
    shows up. Then the subsets
    A = {2, 4, 6} and
    B = {4, 5, 6} are events of the same sample space S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
    Sample Space and Events
    The complement of an event A with respect to S is the subset of all
    elements of S that are not in A. We denote the complement of A by
    the symbol A’.
    The union of the two events A and B, denoted by the symbol
    A∪ B, is the event containing all the elements that belong to A or B or
    both.
    The intersection of two events A and B, denoted by the symbol
    A ∩ B, is the event containing all elements that are common to A and B.
    Two events A and B are mutually exclusive, or disjoint, if A ∩ B =Ø.
    Sample Space and Events
    There are many results which may easily be verified by means of Venn diagrams:
    1) A ∩Ø=Ø
    2) A ∪ Ø=A
    3) A ∩S=A
    4) A ∪ S=S
    5) A ∪ A’=S
    6) A∩A’=Ø
    7) S’=Ø
    8) Ø’=S
    9) (A’)’=A
    10) (A ∩B)’=A’ ∪B’
    11) (A ∪B)’= A’ ∩B’
    Probability of an Event
    Probability of an event A is the sum of the weights of sample points in
    A. That is;
    0≤P(A) ≤ 1
    P(Ø)=0 and P(S)=1
    For any sequence of mutually exclusive events A1,A2,…,An,…
    P(A1 ∪ A2∪ … ∪ An…)=P( A1)+P(A2)+…P(An)…
    Example: A die is loaded in such a way that an even number is twice as
    likely to occur as an odd number. If E is the event that a number less
    than 4 occurs on a single toss of the die, find P(E).
    Probability of an Event
    RULE:
    Additive Rules
    Additive Rules
    Theorem:

    Theorem:

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