Data Structures LightHall Class

GETTING STARTED WITH DATA STRUCTURES
Adora Nwodo
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Hi, I’m Adora!

Software Engineer
Author
Digital Creator
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A data structure is a particular way of organizing data in

a computer so that it can be used effectively.
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Heaps
Arrays
Hash Tables
Linked Lists
Graphs
Stacks
Matrices
Queues
Tries
Binary Trees
B-Trees
Binary Search Trees
N-ary Trees
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Arrays
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An array is a finite collection of elements of the same type.

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★ Arrays are zero indexed. This means that an array with n elements is
indexed from 0 to n-1.
★ An array has a fixed size. When creating an array, you specify the
number of elements the array has. That’s it’s size.
★ Arrays are mutable. Meaning their state or data can be changed.

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var numbers = new int[] {12 , 8, 5, 78};
12 8 5 78
0 1 2 3
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REAL LIFE USES OF ARRAYS
API RESPONSES
When we make an API request to fetch data, ife we are getting more than one record,
they will usually be returned as a JSON array.
When we get the valid JSON array as a response, we can perform whatever action we
want on the data.
/*
The example below shows looping through a valid API response
and printing out the data
*/
var response = GetAllPendingTransactions();

foreach (var transaction in response)
{
Console.WriteLine(transaction.Id);
Console.WriteLine(transaction.Description);
}
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REPRESENTING MATRICES
Since 2 dimensional arrays are represented as rows & columns and matrices are also
represented as rows and columns, we can represent matrices as 2 dimensional arrays while
programming.
Consider the 3x3 matrix below:

2 9 4
0 7 8
3 5 1
It’s equivalent 2d array representation will be:
var matrix = new int[3, 3] {

// Row 0
{ 2 , 9, 4 },
// Row 1
{ 0 , 7, 8 },
// Row 2
{ 3 , 5, 1 },
}
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STORING DATA
Generally, arrays are used for storing all sorts of data ranging from data from a server, to data in
the applications memory and so on. Depending on what your apps logic is, you might need to
store a list of things at some point and arrays are one of the most common data structures that
exist for this scenario.
This data can exist:

★ In your applications memory
★ On a backend database
★ In a cache somewhere
★ In a file on a computer
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Linked Lists
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A linked list is a data structure whose order of elements is not by their

physical placement in memory. Instead, each element has a reference to
the next element.
Element 1 Element 2 Element 3 NULL

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Each element or node in a linked list has these fields.
❖ Data field: This field contains the data that is contained in the node. The
programmer can store whatever data they want here, based on what their
logic is.
❖ Reference field: This field contains the reference to the next (or previous)
node in the sequence depending on the type of linked list.
NODE A NODE B NODE C
45 NODE B 10 NODE C 200
Data Next Ref Data Next Ref Data Next Ref

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Types of Linked Lists
The differences in Linked Lists are based on the multiple types of references
possible:
❖ Singly Linked Lists

❖ Doubly Linked Lists
❖ Circular Linked Lists
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In a Singly Linked List, you are only allowed to have a “Next” reference. What this
means is that you have one reference field that points to the next element in the
sequence.
45 10 200 NULL
45 NODE B 10 NODE C 200
Data Next Ref Data Next Ref Data Next Ref

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In a Doubly Linked List, you are allowed to have two (double) references. One is a next reference
and the other, a previous reference. What this means is that you have two reference fields
where one points to the next element in the sequence and the other points to the previous
element
45 10 200 NULL
45 NODE B NODE A 10 NODE C NODE B 200
Previous Next Previous Next Previous Next

Data Data Data
Reference Reference Reference Reference Reference Reference
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In a Circular Linked List, you are allowed to have two (double) references. One is a next
reference and the other, a previous reference. What this means is that you have two reference
fields where one points to the next element in the sequence and the other points to the previous
element
45 10 200
NODE C 45 NODE B NODE A 10 NODE C NODE B 200 NODE A
Previous Next Previous Next Previous Next

Data Data Data
Reference Reference Reference Reference Reference Reference
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Creating A Music Playlist With Linked Lists

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Hash Tables
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Hash Table is a data structure which stores data in an associative

manner. In a hash table, data is stored in an array format, where each
data value has its own unique index value. Access of data becomes very
fast if we know the index of the desired data.
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What is Hashing?
Hashing is a technique to convert a range of key values into a range of
indexes of an array.
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What do you do when you don’t know the

answer to an interview question?
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What do you do when you don’t know the

answer to an interview question?
USE A HASHMAP
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Stacks
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Stacks in real applications:

❖ Text editors
❖ String manipulation
❖ Browsers
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Queues
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Graphs, Tries and more. Next class?

@adoranwodo
Questions?

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GETTING STARTED WITH DATA STRUCTURES

Hi, I’m Adora!

A data structure is a particular way of organizing data in

An array is a finite collection of elements of the same type.

★ Arrays are mutable. Meaning their state or data can be changed.

var numbers = new int[] {12 , 8, 5, 78};

var response = GetAllPendingTransactions();

Consider the 3x3 matrix below:

It’s equivalent 2d array representation will be:

var matrix = new int[3, 3] {

This data can exist:

A linked list is a data structure whose order of elements is not by their

Element 1 Element 2 Element 3 NULL

Each element or node in a linked list has these fields.

NODE A NODE B NODE C

45 NODE B 10 NODE C 200

Data Next Ref Data Next Ref Data Next Ref

Types of Linked Lists

❖ Singly Linked Lists

NODE A NODE B NODE C

45 NODE B 10 NODE C 200

Data Next Ref Data Next Ref Data Next Ref

NODE A NODE B NODE C

45 NODE B NODE A 10 NODE C NODE B 200

Previous Next Previous Next Previous Next

NODE A NODE B NODE C

NODE C 45 NODE B NODE A 10 NODE C NODE B 200 NODE A

Previous Next Previous Next Previous Next

Creating A Music Playlist With Linked Lists

Hash Table is a data structure which stores data in an associative

What do you do when you don’t know the

What do you do when you don’t know the

Stacks in real applications:

Graphs, Tries and more. Next class?

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