Top Python Interview Questions and Answers (PDF)

for 2023
By Steve Campbell Updated January 14, 2023

Here are Python interview questions and

answers for fresher as well as experienced
candidates to get their dream job.

1) What is Python? What are the

benefits of using Python?
Python is a programming language with
objects, modules, threads, exceptions, and
automatic memory management. The
benefits of pythons are that it is simple
and easy, portable, extensible, build-in data structure, and it is open-source.

ὄ Free PDF Download: Python Interview Questions & Answers >>

2) What is PEP 8?
PEP 8 is a coding convention, a set of recommendation, about how to write your Python
code more readable.

3) What is pickling and unpickling?

Pickle module accepts any Python object and converts it into a string representation and
dumps it into a file by using dump function. This process is called pickling. While the
process of retrieving original Python objects from the stored string representation is
called unpickling.

4) How is Python interpreted?

Python language is an interpreted language. Python program runs directly from the
source code. It converts the source code that is written by the programmer into an
intermediate language, which is again translated into machine language that has to be
executed.

5) How is memory managed in Python?

Python memory is managed by Python private heap space. All Python objects and data
structures are located in a private heap. The programmer does not have an access to this
private heap, and the interpreter takes care of this Python private heap.

The allocation of Python heap space for Python objects is done by the Python memory
manager. The core API gives access to some tools for the programmer to code.

Python also has an inbuilt garbage collector, which recycles all the unused memory and
frees the memory and makes it available to the heap space.

6) What are the tools that help to find bugs or perform the static analysis?
PyChecker is a static analysis tool that detects the bugs in Python source code and warns
about the style and complexity of the bug. Pylint is another tool that verifies whether the
module meets the coding standard.

7) What are Python decorators?

A Python decorator is a specific change that we make in Python syntax to alter functions
easily.

8) What is the di몭erence between list and tuple?

The di몭erence between list and tuple is that list is mutable while tuple is not. Tuple can be
hashed, for example., as a key for dictionaries.
hashed, for example., as a key for dictionaries.

9) How are arguments passed by value or by reference?

Everything in Python is an object, and all variables hold references to the objects. The
reference values are according to the functions. Therefore, you cannot change the value of
the references. However, you can change the objects if it is mutable.

10) What is Dict and List comprehensions are?

They are syntax constructions to ease the creation of a Dictionary or List based on existing
iterable.

11) What are built-in type does python provides?

Python provides two built-in types: 1) Mutable and 2) Immutable.

Mutable built-in types are:

List
Sets
Dictionaries
Immutable built-in types
Strings
Tuples
Numbers

Immutable built-in types are:

Strings
Tuples
Numbers

12) Explain namespace in Python

In Python, every name introduced has a place where it lives and can be hooked for. This is
known as a namespace. It is like a box where a variable name is mapped to the object
placed. Whenever the variable is searched out, this box will be searched to get the
corresponding object.

13) What is lambda in Python?

It is a single expression anonymous function o몭en used as inline function.

14) Why lambda forms in python do not have statements?

A lambda form in python does not have statements as it is used to make new function
object and then return them at runtime.

15) Explain pass in Python

Pass means no-operation Python statement, or in other words, it is a place holder in a
compound statement, where there should be a blank le몭, and nothing has to be written
there.

16) In Python what are iterators?

In Python, iterators are used to iterate a group of elements, containers like a list.

17) What is the unittest in Python?

A unit testing framework in Python is known as unittest. It supports sharing of setups,
automation testing, shutdown code for tests, aggregation of tests into collections, etc.

18) Explain slicing in Python?

A mechanism to select a range of items from sequence types like list, tuple, strings etc., is
known as slicing.
known as slicing.

19) What are generators in Python?

The way of implementing iterators are known as generators. It is a normal function except
that it yields expression in the function.

20) What is docstring in Python?

A Python documentation string is known as docstring, it is a way of documenting Python
functions, modules, and classes.

21) How can you copy an object in Python?

To copy an object in Python, you can try a copy.copy () or copy.deepcopy() for the
general case. You cannot copy all objects but most of them.

22) What is negative index in Python?

Python sequences can be index in positive and negative numbers. For positive index, 0 is
the first index, 1 is the second index, and so forth. For the negative index, (-1) is the last
index, and (-2) is the second last index, and so forth.

23) How can you convert a number to a string?

In order to convert a number into a string, use the inbuilt function str(). If you want a
octal or hexadecimal representation, use the inbuilt function oct() or hex().

24) What is the di몭erence between xrange and range?

Xrange returns the xrange object while range returns the list and uses the same memory
and no matter what the range size is.

25) What is module and package in Python?

In Python, module is the way to structure a program. Each Python program file is a
module, which imports other modules like objects and attributes.

The folder of Python program is a package of modules. A package can have modules or
subfolders.

26) What are the rules for local and global variables in Python?
Here are the rules for local and global variables in Python:

Local variables: If a variable is assigned a new value anywhere within the function’s body,
it’s assumed to be local.

Global variables: Those variables that are only referenced inside a function are implicitly
global.

27) How can you share global variables across modules?

To share global variables across modules within a single program, create a special
module. Import the config module in all modules of your application. The module will be
available as a global variable across modules.

28) Explain how can you make a Python Script executable on Unix?
To make a Python Script executable on Unix, you need to do two things,

Script file’s mode must be executable, and the first line must begin with # (
#!/usr/local/bin/python)

29) Explain how to delete a file in Python?

By using a command os.remove (filename) or os.unlink(filename)
30) Explain how can you generate random numbers in Python?
To generate random numbers in Python, you need to import command as

import random
random.random()

This returns a random floating-point number in the range [0,1)

31) How can you access a module written in Python from C?

You can access a module written in Python from C by following method,

Module = PyImport_ImportModule("<modulename>");

32) What is the use of // operator in Python?

It is a Floor Divisionoperator, which is used for dividing two operands with the result as a
quotient showing only digits before the decimal point. For instance, 10//5 = 2 and
10.0//5.0 = 2.0.

33) Mention five benefits of using Python

Here are the five benefits of using Python:

Python comprises of a huge standard library for most Internet platforms like Email,
HTML, etc.
Python does not require explicit memory management as the interpreter itself
allocates the memory to new variables and free them automatically
Provide easy readability due to use of square brackets
Easy-to-learn for beginners
Having the built-in data types saves programming time and e몭ort from declaring
variables
34) Mention the use of the split function in Python
The use of the split function in Python is that it breaks a string into shorter strings using
the defined separator. It gives a list of all words present in the string.

35) Explain Flask and its benefits

Flask is a web micro framework for Python based on “Werkzeug, Jinja 2 and good
intentions” BSD licensed. Werkzeug and jingja are two of its dependencies.

Flask is part of the micro-framework. Which means it will have little to no dependencies
on external libraries. It makes the framework light while there is a little dependency to
update and less security bugs.

36) What is the di몭erence between Django, Pyramid, and Flask?

Flask is a “microframework” primarily build for a small application with simpler
requirements. In a flask, you don’t have to use external libraries. Flask is ready to use.

Pyramids are built for larger applications. It provides flexibility and lets the developer use
the right tools for their project. The developer can choose the database, URL structure,
templating style, and more. Like Pyramid, Django can also be used for larger applications.
It includes an ORM.

37) What is Flask-WTF and what are their features?

Flask-WTF o몭ers simple integration with WTForms. Features include for Flask WTF are:

Integration with WTFforms

Secure form with CSRF token
Global CSRF protection
Internationalization integration
Recaptcha supporting
 File upload that works with Flask Uploads

38) Explain what is the common way for the Flask script to work?
The common way for the flask script to work is:

Either it should be the import path for your application

Or the path to a Python file

39) Explain how you can access sessions in Flask?

A session basically allows you to remember information from one request to another. In a
flask, it uses a signed cookie so the user can look at the session contents and modify. The
user can modify the session if only it has the secret key Flask.secret_key.

40) Is Flask an MVC model, and if yes give an example showing MVC
pattern for your application?
Basically, Flask is a minimalistic framework that behaves same as MVC framework. So
MVC is a perfect fit for Flask, and the pattern for MVC we will consider for the following
example

In this code your, Configuration part will be from flask

from flask import Flask
import Flask
app = Flask(_name_)
app = View part will be
Flask(_name_)

@app.route("/") @app.route("/")

Def hello(): Def hello():

return "Hello return "Hello World"

World"

app.run(debug =
While you model or main part will be
True)
app.run(debug = True)
41) Explain database connection in Python Flask?
Flask supports database-powered applications (RDBS). Such a system requires creating a
schema, which requires piping the shema.sql file into a sqlite3 command. So you need to
install sqlite3 command in order to create or initiate the database in Flask.

Flask allows to request database in three ways

before_request(): It is called before a request and pass no arguments

a몭er_request(): It is called a몭er a request and pass the response that will be sent to
the client
teardown_request(): It is called in a situation when exception is raised, and response
is not guaranteed. They are called a몭er the response has been constructed. They are
not allowed to modify the request, and their values are ignored.

42) If you have multiple Memcache servers, and one of them fails that
contain data, will it try to get them?
The data in the failed server won’t get removed, but there is a provision for auto-failure,
which you can configure for multiple nodes. Fail-over can be triggered during any kind of
socket or Memcached server level errors and not during normal client errors like adding
an existing key, etc.

43) Explain how you can minimize the Memcached server outages in your
Python Development?

When one instance fails, several of them goes down, this will put a larger load on the
database server when lost data is reloaded as the client make a request. To avoid
this, if your code has been written to minimize cache stampedes, then it will leave a
 minimal impact
Another way is to bring up an instance of memcached on a new machine using the
lost machine’s IP address
Code is another option to minimize server outages as it gives you the liberty to
change the Memcached server list with minimal work
Setting timeout value is another option that some Memcached clients implement for
Memcached server outage. When your Memcached server goes down, the client will
keep trying to send a request till the time-out limit is reached.

44) Explain what is Dogpile e몭ect? How can you prevent this e몭ect?
Dogpile e몭ect is referred to the event when cache expires, and websites are hit by the
multiple requests made by the client at the same time. This e몭ect can be prevented by
using a semaphore lock. In this system, when the value expires, the first process acquires
the lock and starts generating a new value.

45) Explain how memcached should not be used in your Python project?
Here are the ways you should not use memcached in your Python project:

Memcached common misuse is to use it as a data store and not as a cache

Never use Memcached as the only source of the information you need to run your
application. Data should always be available through another source as well
Memcached is just a key or value store and cannot perform query over the data or
iterate over the contents to extract information.
Memcached does not o몭er any form of security either in encryption or
authentication.

46) What is Python If Statement?

Python if Statement is used for decision-making operations. It contains a body of code
that runs only when the condition given in the if statement is true. If the condition is false,
then the optional else statement runs, which contains some code for the else condition.

When you want to justify one condition while the other condition is not true, then you use
Python if-else statement.
Python if Statement Syntax:

if expression
Statement
else
Statement

Python if…else Flowchart

Let’s see an example of Python if else Statement:

Let’s see an example of Python if else Statement:

def main():
x,y =2,8

if(x < y):

st= "x is less than y"
print(st)

if __name__ == "__main__":
main()

47) Explain While loop in Python with example

While loop does the exact same thing what “if statement” does, but instead of running the
code block once, they jump back to the point where it began the code and repeat the
whole process again.

The syntax of while loop is as follows:

while expression
Statement

The example of while loop is as follows:

x=0
#define a while loop
while(x <4):
print(x)
x = x+1
48) What is enumerate() in Python?
Enumerate() in Python is a built-in function used for assigning an index to each item of the
iterable object. It adds a loop on the iterable objects while keeping track of the current
item and returns the object in an enumerable form. This object can be used in a for loop
to convert it into a list by using list() method.

Example of enumerate() is as follows:

Suppose we want to do numbering for our month ( Jan, Feb, Marc, ….June), so we
declare the variable i that enumerate the numbers while m will print the number of
month in list.

#use a for loop over a collection

Months = ["Jan","Feb","Mar","April","May","June"]
for i, m in enumerate (Months):
print(i,m)

# use the break and continue statements

#for x in range (10,20):

#if (x == 15): break
#if (x % 5 == 0) : continue
#print x

49) How can you use for loop to repeat the same statement over and
again?
You can use for loop for even repeating the same statement over and again. Here in the
example, we have printed out the word “guru99” three times.

Example:

To repeat the same statement a number of times, we have declared the number in
variable i (i in 123). So when you run the code as shown below, it prints the statement
(guru99) that many times the number declared for our the variable in ( i in 123).
 for i in '123':
print ("guru99",i,)

50) What is Tuple Matching in Python?

Tuple Matching in Python is a method of grouping the tuples by matching the second
element in the tuples. It is achieved by using a dictionary by checking the second element
in each tuple in python programming. However, we can make new tuples by taking
portions of existing tuples.

Syntax:
Tup = ('Jan','feb','march')

To write an empty tuple, you need to write as two parentheses containing nothing-
tup1 = ();

51) Explain Dictionary in Python with example

A Dictionary in Python is the unordered and changeable collection of data values that
holds key-value pairs. Each key-value pair in the dictionary maps the key to its associated
value making it more optimized. A Dictionary in python is declared by enclosing a
comma-separated list of key-value pairs using curly braces({}). Python Dictionary is
classified into two elements: Keys and Values.

Syntax for Python Dictionary:

Dict = { ' Tim': 18, xyz,.. }

Example

Dict = {'Tim': 18,'Charlie':12,'Tiffany':22,'Robert':25}

print((Dict['Tiffany']))

52) How can you copy the entire dictionary to a new dictionary?
You can also copy the entire dictionary to a new dictionary. For example, here we have
copied our original dictionary to the new dictionary name “Boys” and “Girls”.

Example

Dict = {'Tim': 18,'Charlie':12,'Tiffany':22,'Robert':25}

Boys = {'Tim': 18,'Charlie':12,'Robert':25}
Girls = {'Tiffany':22}
studentX=Boys.copy()
studentY=Girls.copy()
print(studentX)
print(studentY)

53) How can you Update Python Dictionary?

You can update a dictionary by adding a new entry or a key-value pair to an existing entry
or by deleting an existing entry. Here in the example, we will add another name, “Sarah”
to our existing dictionary.

Example

Dict = {'Tim': 18,'Charlie':12,'Tiffany':22,'Robert':25}

Dict.update({"Sarah":9})
print(Dict)

54) Give example of dictionary items() method

Dict = {'Tim': 18,'Charlie':12,'Tiffany':22,'Robert':25}

print("Students Name: %s" % list(Dict.items()))

55) How can you sort elements in Python dictionary?

In the dictionary, you can easily sort the elements. For example, if we want to print the
In the dictionary, you can easily sort the elements. For example, if we want to print the
name of the elements of our dictionary alphabetically, we have to use for loop. It will sort
each element of the dictionary accordingly.

Example:

Dict = {'Tim': 18,'Charlie':12,'Tiffany':22,'Robert':25}

Boys = {'Tim': 18,'Charlie':12,'Robert':25}
Girls = {'Tiffany':22}
Students = list(Dict.keys())
Students.sort()
for S in Students:
print(":".join((S,str(Dict[S]))))

56) Give an example of Dictionary len() and Python List cmp() method
Dictionary len() Example:

Dict = {'Tim': 18,'Charlie':12,'Tiffany':22,'Robert':25}

print("Length : %d" % len (Dict))

cmp() Example:

Boys = {'Tim': 18,'Charlie':12,'Robert':25}

Girls = {'Tiffany':22}
print cmp(Girls, Boys)

57) What are all dictionary methods:

Here is the list of dictionary methods:

copy()
update()
items()
 items()
sort()
len()
cmp()
Str()

58) Explain Arithmetic operators with example

Arithmetic Operators perform various arithmetic calculations like addition, subtraction,
multiplication, division, %modulus, exponent, etc. There are various methods for
arithmetic calculation in Python, like you can use the eval function, declare variable &
calculate, or call functions.

Example: For arithmetic operators, we will take a simple example of addition where we
will add two-digit 4+5=9

x= 4
y= 5
print(x + y)

59) Give example of logical operators

Example of logical operators:

a = True
b = False
print(('a and b is',a and b))
print(('a or b is',a or b))
print(('not a is',not a))

60) Explain membership operators with example

These operators test for membership in a sequence such as lists, strings, or tuples. Two
membership operators are used in Python. (in, not in). It gives the result based on the
variable present in a specified sequence or string.

Example:

For example here, we check whether the value of x=4 and value of y=8 is available in list or
not by using in and not in operators.

x = 4
y = 8
list = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ];
if ( x in list ):
print("Line 1 ­ x is available in the given list")
else:
print("Line 1 ­ x is not available in the given list")
if ( y not in list ):
print("Line 2 ­ y is not available in the given list")
else:
print("Line 2 ­ y is available in the given list")

61) Write code to demonstrate operator precedence in Python:

v = 4
w = 5
x = 8
y = 2
z = 0
z = (v+w) * x / y;
print("Value of (v+w) * x/ y is ", z)

62) Explain arrays in Pythons with example

A Python Array is a collection of a common type of data structures having elements with
the same data type. It is used to store collections of data. In Python programming, arrays
are handled by the “array” module. If you create arrays using the array module, elements
of the array must be of the same numeric type.
Syntax to Create an Array in Python

You can declare an array in Python while initializing it using the following syntax.
arrayName = array.array(type code for data type, [array,items])

The following image explains the syntax.

Array Syntax

1. Identifier: specify a name like usually, you do for variables

2. Module: Python has a special module for creating array in Python, called “array” –
you must import it before using it
3. Method: the array module has a method for initializing the array. It takes two
arguments, type code, and elements.
4. Type Code: specify the data type using the type codes available (see list below)
5. Elements: specify the array elements within the square brackets, for example
[130,450,103]

Example

import array as myarray

abc = myarray.array('d', [2.5, 4.9, 6.7])
63) How can you access array elements?
You can access any array item by using its index.

The syntax is

arrayName[indexNum]

Example

import array
balance = array.array('i', [300,200,100])
print(balance[1])

64) How can you insert elements in array?

Python array insert operation enables you to insert one or more items into an array at the
beginning, end, or any given index of the array. This method expects two arguments index
and value.

The syntax is

arrayName.insert(index, value)

Example

Let us add a new value right a몭er the second item of the array. Currently, our balance
array has three items: 300, 200, and 100. Consider the second array item with a value of
200 and index 1.

In order to insert the new value right “a몭er” index 1, you need to reference index 2 in your
insert method, as shown in the below Python array example:

import array
balance = array.array('i', [300,200,100])
balance.insert(2, 150)
print(balance)
65) How can you delete elements in array?
With this operation, you can delete one item from an array by value. This method accepts
only one argument, value. A몭er running this method, the array items are re-arranged, and
indices are re-assigned.

The syntax is

arrayName.remove(value)

Example

Let’s remove the value of “3” from the array

import array as myarray

first = myarray.array('b', [2, 3, 4])
first.remove(3)
print(first)

66) How can you search and get the index of a value in an array?
With this operation, you can search for an item in an array based on its value. This method
accepts only one argument, value. It is a non-destructive method, which means it does
not a몭ect the array values.

The syntax is

arrayName.index(value)

Example

Let’s find the value of “3” in the array. This method returns the index of the searched
value.

import array as myarray

 number = myarray.array('b', [2, 3, 4, 5, 6])
print(number.index(3))

67) How can you reverse array in Python?

You can use reverse() to reverse array in Python.

Example:

import array as myarray

number = myarray.array('b', [1,2, 3])
number.reverse()
print(number)

68) Give example to convert array to Unicode

The Example to convert array to Unicode is:

from array import array

p = array('u',
[u'\u0050',u'\u0059',u'\u0054',u'\u0048',u'\u004F',u'\u004E'])
print(p)
q = p.tounicode()
print(q)

69) Give an example of a class in Python

Example of class in Python

# Example file for working with classes

class myClass():
def method1(self):
print("Guru99")
 def method2(self,someString):
print("Software Testing:" + someString)

def main():
# exercise the class methods
c = myClass ()
c.method1()
c.method2(" Testing is fun")

if __name__== "__main__":
main()

70) Explain Inheritance with example

Inheritance is a feature used in object-oriented programming; it refers to defining a new
class with less or no modification to an existing class. The new class is called the derived
class, and from one which it inherits is called the base. Python supports inheritance; it
also supports multiple inheritances. A class can inherit attributes and behavior methods
from another class called subclass or heir class.

Example of inheritance:

# Example file for working with classes

class myClass():
def method1(self):
print("Guru99")

class childClass(myClass):
#def method1(self):
#myClass.method1(self);
#print ("childClass Method1")

def method2(self):
print("childClass method2")

def main():
# exercise the class methods
c2 = childClass()
 c2.method1()
#c2.method2()

if __name__== "__main__":
main()

71) Give example of Python constructors

Example of Python Constructors

class User:
name = ""

def __init__(self, name):

self.name = name

def sayHello(self):
print("Welcome to Guru99, " + self.name)

User1 = User("Alex")
User1.sayHello()

72) How can you access values in string?

Python does not support a character type, these are treated as strings of length one, also
considered as a substring.

You can use square brackets for slicing along with the index or indices to obtain a
substring.

var1 = "Guru99!"
var2 = "Software Testing"
print ("var1[0]:",var1[0])
print ("var2[1:5]:",var2[1:5])
73) Explain all string operators with example
String operators with example:

Operator Description Example

a[1] will give “u” from the

[] Slice- it gives the letter from the given index word Guru as such ( 0=G,
1=u, 2=r and 3=u)

x [1:3] it will give “ur” from

the word Guru. Remember it
Range slice-it gives the characters from the
[:] will not consider 0, which is
given range
G, it will consider word a몭er
that is ur.

u is present in word Guru,

Membership-returns true if a letter exists in
in and hence it will give 1
the given string
(True)

Membership-returns true if a letter exists is l not present in word Guru

not in
not in the given string and hence it will give 1

Raw string suppresses the actual meaning of Print r’\n’ prints \n and print
r/R
escape characters. R’/n’ prints \n

%r – It insert the canonical string

%–
representation of the object (i.e., repr(o)) %s-
Used for The output of this code will
It inserts the presentation string
string be “guru 99”.
representation of the object (i.e., str(o)) %d-
format
it will format a number for display

It concatenates strings and

+ It concatenates 2 strings
gives the result

* Repeat It prints the character twice.

74) Give example of sleep() function in Python

74) Give example of sleep() function in Python
Example of sleep() function in Python

import time
print("Welcome to guru99 Python Tutorials")
time.sleep(5)
print("This message will be printed after a wait of 5 seconds")

75) What is timmer method in Python?

Timer is a method available with Threading, and it helps to get the same functionality as
Python time sleep.

from threading import Timer

print('Code Execution Started')

def display():
print('Welcome to Guru99 Tutorials')

t = Timer(5, display)
t.start()

76) Give example of calendar class

Example of calendar class

import calendar
# Create a plain text calendar
c = calendar.TextCalendar(calendar.THURSDAY)
str = c.formatmonth(2025, 1, 0, 0)
print(str)

# Create an HTML formatted calendar

hc = calendar.HTMLCalendar(calendar.THURSDAY)
 hc = calendar.HTMLCalendar(calendar.THURSDAY)
str = hc.formatmonth(2025, 1)
print(str)
# loop over the days of a month
# zeroes indicate that the day of the week is in a next month or
overlapping month
for i in c.itermonthdays(2025, 4):
print(i)

# The calendar can give info based on local such a names of days
and months (full and abbreviated forms)
for name in calendar.month_name:
print(name)
for day in calendar.day_name:
print(day)
# calculate days based on a rule: For instance an audit day on
the second Monday of every month
# Figure out what days that would be for each month, we can use
the script as shown here
for month in range(1, 13):
# It retrieves a list of weeks that represent the month
mycal = calendar.monthcalendar(2025, month)
# The first MONDAY has to be within the first two weeks
week1 = mycal[0]
week2 = mycal[1]
if week1[calendar.MONDAY] != 0:
auditday = week1[calendar.MONDAY]
else:
# if the first MONDAY isn't in the first week, it must be in
the second week
auditday = week2[calendar.MONDAY]
print("%10s %2d" % (calendar.month_name[month], auditday))

77) Explain Python ZIP file with example

Python allows you to quickly create zip/tar archives.

Following command will zip the entire directory

shutil.make_archive(output_filename, 'zip', dir_name)
Following command gives you control on the files you want to archive

ZipFile.write(filename)

Example of Python ZIP file

import os
import shutil
from zipfile import ZipFile
from os import path
from shutil import make_archive

# Check if file exists

if path.exists("guru99.txt"):
# get the path to the file in the current directory
src = path.realpath("guru99.txt");
# rename the original file
os.rename("career.guru99.txt","guru99.txt")
# now put things into a ZIP archive
root_dir,tail = path.split(src)
shutil.make_archive("guru99 archive","zip",root_dir)
# more fine­grained control over ZIP files
with ZipFile("testguru99.zip", "w") as newzip:
newzip.write("guru99.txt")
newzip.write("guru99.txt.bak")

78) What are the common examples of exceptions in Python?

The common examples of exceptions in Python are:

Division by Zero
Accessing a file that does not exist.
Addition of two incompatible types
Trying to access a nonexistent index of a sequence
Removing the table from the disconnected database server.
ATM withdrawal of more than the available amount
79) Explain important Python errors
The important Python errors are 1) ArithmeticError, 2) ImportError, and 3) IndexError.

ArithmeticError: ArithmeticError act as a base class for all arithmetic exceptions. It is

raised for errors in arithmetic operations.
ImportError: ImportError is raised when you are trying to import a module which
does not present. This kind of exception occurs if you have made a typing mistake in
the module name or the module which is not present in the standard path.
IndexError: An IndexError is raised when you try to refer a sequence which is out of
range.

80) Explain JSON dumps() in Python with example

json.dumps() in Python is a method that converts dictionary objects of Python into JSON
string data format. It is useful when the objects are required to be in string format for the
operations like parsing, printing, etc.

Example:

import json

x = {
"name": "Ken",
"age": 45,
"married": True,
"children": ("Alice","Bob"),
"pets": ['Dog'],
"cars": [
{"model": "Audi A1", "mpg": 15.1},
{"model": "Zeep Compass", "mpg": 18.1}
]
}
# sorting result in asscending order by keys:
sorted_string = json.dumps(x, indent=4, sort_keys=True)
print(sorted_string)
81) Explain in detail JSON to Python (Decoding) with example
JSON string decoding is done with the help of inbuilt method json.loads() &
json.load() of JSON library in Python.

Here translation table show example of JSON objects to Python objects which are helpful
to perform decoding in Python of JSON string.

JSON Python

Object Dict

Array List

String Unicode

number – int Number – int, long

number – real Float

True True

False False

Null None

The basic JSON to Python example of decoding with the help of json.loads function:

import json # json library imported

# json data string
person_data = '{ "person": { "name": "Kenn", "sex": "male",
"age": 28}}'
# Decoding or converting JSON format in dictionary using loads()
dict_obj = json.loads(person_data)
print(dict_obj)
# check type of dict_obj
print("Type of dict_obj", type(dict_obj))
# get human object details
print("Person......", dict_obj.get('person'))
82) Write code for encode() method
Code for encode() method:

# import JSONEncoder class from json

from json.encoder import JSONEncoder
colour_dict = { "colour": ["red", "yellow", "green" ]}
# directly called encode method of JSON
JSONEncoder().encode(colour_dict)

83) Write a Python code for array in numpy to create Python Matrix
Code for array in numpy to create Python Matrix

import numpy as np
M1 = np.array([[5, ­10, 15], [3, ­6, 9], [­4, 8, 12]])
print(M1)

84) Write a Phyhon code for matrix subtraction

Phyhon code for matrix subtraction

import numpy as np
M1 = np.array([[3, 6, 9], [5, ­10, 15], [­7, 14, 21]])
M2 = np.array([[9, ­18, 27], [11, 22, 33], [13, ­26, 39]])
M3 = M1 ­ M2
print(M3)

85) Write code for matrix multiplication

Code for matrix multiplication
import numpy as np

M1 = np.array([[3, 6], [5, ­10]])

M2 = np.array([[9, ­18], [11, 22]])
M3 = M1.dot(M2)
print(M3)

86) Explain slicing of matrix with example

Slicing will return you the elements from the matrix based on the start /end index given.

The syntax for slicing is:

[start:end]

If the start index is not given, it is considered as 0. For example [:5], it means as [0:5].
If the end is not passed, it will take as the length of the array.
If the start/end has negative values, it will the slicing will be done from the end of the
array.

Before we work on slicing on a matrix, let us first understand how to apply slice on a
simple array.

import numpy as np

arr = np.array([2,4,6,8,10,12,14,16])
print(arr[3:6]) # will print the elements from 3 to 5
print(arr[:5]) # will print the elements from 0 to 4
print(arr[2:]) # will print the elements from 2 to length of the
array.
print(arr[­5:­1]) # will print from the end i.e. ­5 to ­2
print(arr[:­1]) # will print from end i.e. 0 to ­2

87) Write Python code to find average via loop

Here is a code to find average via loop:

def cal_average(num):
sum_num = 0
for t in num:
sum_num = sum_num + t

avg = sum_num / len(num)

return avg

print("The average is", cal_average([18,25,3,41,5]))

88) Write a code for list count

Here, is a Code for list count:

list1 = ['red', 'green', 'blue', 'orange', 'green', 'gray', 'green']

color_count = list1.count('green')
print('The count of color: green is ', color_count)

89) How can you count duplicate elements in a given list?

count duplicate elements in a given list

list1 = [2,3,4,3,10,3,5,6,3]
elm_count = list1.count(3)
print('The count of element: 3 is ', elm_count)

90) Write a code to get index of an element in a list using for loop
Code to get index of an element in a list using for loop:
 my_list = ['Guru', 'Siya', 'Tiya', 'Guru', 'Daksh', 'Riya', 'Guru']
all_indexes = []
for i in range(0, len(my_list)) :
if my_list[i] == 'Guru' :
all_indexes.append(i)
print("Originallist ", my_list)
print("Indexes for element Guru : ", all_indexes)

91) Give an example of Python type()

str_list = "Welcome to Guru99"

age = 50
pi = 3.14
c_num = 3j+10
my_list = ["A", "B", "C", "D"]
my_tuple = ("A", "B", "C", "D")
my_dict = {"A":"a", "B":"b", "C":"c", "D":"d"}
my_set = {'A', 'B', 'C', 'D'}

print("The type is : ",type(str_list))

print("The type is : ",type(age))
print("The type is : ",type(pi))
print("The type is : ",type(c_num))
print("The type is : ",type(my_list))
print("The type is : ",type(my_tuple))
print("The type is : ",type(my_dict))
print("The type is : ",type(my_set))

92) How can you print without a newline in Python?

From Python 3+, there is an additional parameter introduced for print() called end=. This
parameter takes care of removing the newline that is added by default in print().

In the Python 3 print without newline example below, we want the strings to print on the
same line in Python. To get that working, just add end=”” inside print() as shown in the
example below:
 print("Hello World ", end="")
print("Welcome to Guru99 Tutorials")

93) How to print the star(*) pattern without newline and space?
Code to print the star(*) pattern without newline and space:

for i in range(0, 20):

print('*', end="")

These interview questions will also help in your viva(orals)

You Might Like:

Python vs Ruby – Di몭erence Between Them

Python String format() Explain with EXAMPLES
BEST Python Certification Exam in 2023
Python map() function with EXAMPLES
Python remove Duplicates from a List

Prev Report a Bug

About
About Us
Advertise with Us
Write For Us
Contact Us

Career Suggestion
 Career Suggestion
SAP Career Suggestion Tool
So몭ware Testing as a Career

Interesting
eBook
Blog
Quiz
SAP eBook

Execute online
Execute Java Online
Execute Javascript
Execute HTML
Execute Python

© Copyright - Guru99 2023 Privacy Policy | A몭iliate Disclaimer | ToS