Factors Affecting Environmental Pollution For Green Economy

Environmental Challenges 14 (2024) 100827
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Environmental Challenges
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/envc
Factors affecting environmental pollution for green economy: The case of

ASEAN countries
Vu Ngoc Xuan a, *, Pham Xuan Hoa b, Nguyen Thi Phuong Thu c, Le Mai Huong d
a
Department of Microeconomics, Faculty of Economics, National Economics University, Viet Nam
b
Department of Public Finance, School of Banking and Finance, National Economics University, Viet Nam
c
Department of Public Economics, Faculty of Development Economics, National Economics University, Viet Nam
d
Department of Macroeconomics, Faculty of Economics, National Economics University, Viet Nam
A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T
Keywords: Although environmental pollution affects the earth’s atmosphere and increases the seawater level, these issues
Environmental pollution get little attention from policymakers and scientists. This academic paper explores the multifaceted factors
Green economy contributing to environmental pollution in the member states of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations
Renewable consumption
(ASEAN). Environmental pollution is a growing concern globally, and ASEAN, a region undergoing rapid eco
Economic growth
Gross domestic product
nomic development, faces unique challenges in mitigating its impact. Therefore, there needs to be more research
in analyzing the factors that affect environmental pollution. This paper aims to test the determinants affecting
ecological pollution for the green and sustainable economy in the ASEAN countries. This paper used the data
from Word Bank for the period 2000–2020 in 09 ASEAN countries such as Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, Myanmar,
Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, Brunei and Singapore. The paper uses the unrestricted fixed and random panel
data method. The STATA software 17.0 is used in the research and processes the regression model. The article
reviews existing literature, statistical data, and case studies to identify and analyze key factors influencing
environmental pollution in ASEAN countries. The new contribution of this research is that ASEAN countries are
paying more attention to importing green products to develop a green and sustainable economy. The study
considers various dimensions: industrialization, urbanization, agricultural practices, policy effectiveness, and
socioeconomic factors. By understanding these factors, policymakers and stakeholders can develop targeted
strategies to address and mitigate the environmental pollution crisis in the ASEAN region.
1. Introduction multifaceted. Firstly, as nations grapple with the challenges of climate

change and ecological sustainability, a nuanced understanding of the
In the landscape of renewable energy consumption reducing carbon factors shaping the adoption of environmental pollution is imperative
dioxide emissions within the Association of Southeast Asian Nations for formulating effective policies. The global imperative to transition
(ASEAN) countries, understanding the determinants becomes para towards sustainable energy sources necessitates a granular examination
mount in the context of the Fifth Technology Revolution. This era is of the unique challenges and opportunities in the diverse ASEAN
marked by a transformative fusion of digital technologies and physical context.
systems, reshaping the dynamics of global energy consumption. As Secondly, the Fifth Technology Revolution introduces unprece
ASEAN nations navigate this paradigm shift, unraveling the intricate dented complexities to the energy landscape, with digital technologies
web of factors influencing the adoption of renewable energy sources is interfacing with traditional energy systems. This issue presents a dy
crucial. This paper delves into the empirical investigation of these de namic interplay between technological advancements, economic con
terminants, utilizing a rigorous methodology that employs unrestricted ditions, policy frameworks, and socio-cultural factors. Understanding
fixed and random panel methods. Importance of the Problem- the sig how these elements converge in the ASEAN context is crucial for poli
nificance of comprehending the drivers of environmental pollution in cymakers, industry stakeholders, and environmental advocates seeking
the ASEAN region during the Fifth Technology Revolution is to navigate and harness the potential of this technological revolution.
* Corresponding author.
E-mail address: [email protected] (V.N. Xuan).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envc.2023.100827
Received 30 November 2023; Received in revised form 22 December 2023; Accepted 23 December 2023
Available online 28 December 2023
2667-0100/© 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-
nc-nd/4.0/).
V.N. Xuan et al. Environmental Challenges 14 (2024) 100827
Methodology and the Choice of Unrestricted Fixed and Random Panel the multifaceted nature of environmental pollution in ASEAN countries,
Methods- the empirical foundation of this study rests on the robustness seeking to identify and analyze the pivotal determinants shaping this
of the method employed. Recognizing the diverse and dynamic nature of complex challenge (Chu et al., 2023a, 2023b, 2023c; Dai et al., 2023).
the ASEAN region, the choice of panel methods – specifically, unre The backdrop of rapid industrialization within the ASEAN region has
stricted fixed and random panel methods – is deliberate and serves brought advancements and setbacks. While fueling economic progress,
several purposes. Capturing Time and Cross-Sectional Variation- unre expanding industries has concurrently escalated environmental con
stricted fixed and random panel methods are well-suited for capturing cerns. This manuscript aims to unravel the intricate hip between in
temporal variations and cross-sectional differences across ASEAN dustrial activities and pollution, shedding light on the specific sectors
countries. As the region undergoes rapid technological transformations, that demand immediate attention for sustainable growth (Doğan et al.,
these methods allow for a nuanced analysis that accommodates time- 2020, 2021, 2022).
specific and country-specific effects. Moreover, the accelerated pace of urbanization has reshaped land
Controlling for Unobserved Heterogeneity- the heterogeneity among scapes and livelihoods across ASEAN. As cities burgeon, so does the
ASEAN nations, stemming from differences in economic structures, demand for infrastructure and resources, intensifying the strain on the
policy frameworks, and cultural contexts, requires a methodology to environment. By exploring the implications of urban development and
manage unobserved heterogeneity effectively. The unrestricted fixed population dynamics, this paper aims to elucidate the environmental
and random panel methods provide the flexibility to account for these ramifications and underscore the necessity for nuanced urban planning
unobserved factors, ensuring a more accurate estimation of the de (Dogan et al., 2020, Doğan et al., 2022; 2023; Doğan et al., 2023).
terminants of renewable energy consumption. Addressing Endogeneity In conclusion, this research unravels the intricate tapestry of factors
and Simultaneity- Integrating digital technologies and renewable energy contributing to environmental pollution in ASEAN countries. Stake
systems may lead to endogeneity and simultaneous relationships. Un holders can collaboratively chart a course toward sustainable develop
restricted fixed and random panel methods offer a way to address these ment by understanding the nuances of industrialization, urbanization,
challenges by considering the interdependence of variables, contrib agriculture, policy efficacy, and socioeconomic dimensions. Through
uting to the robustness of the results. Efficient Use of Data- panel this exploration, the paper aims to contribute valuable insights to the
methods efficiently use the available data by incorporating both time- ongoing discourse on mitigating environmental pollution in the ASEAN
series and cross-sectional dimensions. This issue is particularly benefi region and fostering a harmonious coexistence between economic
cial in studying renewable energy consumption, where patterns may progress and environmental preservation (Ghosh et al., 2023; Giang
evolve and exhibit variations across different countries. et al., 2019; Hoa et al., 2023).
By adopting unrestricted fixed and random panel methods, this study More research is needed on the determinants of environmental
aims to provide a comprehensive and nuanced analysis of the de pollution in ASEAN countries. Hence, this manuscript studies the rela
terminants of environmental pollution in ASEAN countries during the tionship between electricity consumption, renewable consumption,
Fifth Technology Revolution. The methodological choice reflects a import of goods and services, export of goods and services, population
commitment to producing findings that are not only statistically sound and economic growth, and environmental pollution in 09 ASEAN
but also capable of informing actionable policies and strategies in pur countries. Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, Myanmar, Indonesia, Malaysia,
suing a sustainable and technologically advanced energy future for the Thailand, Brunei and Singapore are those countries.
ASEAN region. The paper contains 05 sections: Section 1- Introduction; Section 2-
This paper aims to check the factors influencing environmental Literature Reviews; Section 3- Research Method; Section 4- Results; and
pollution in ASEAN countries, shedding light on the complex interplay Section 5- Conclusion.
of economic, social, and policy-related aspects (Adebayo and Samour,
2023; Aftab et al., 2021; Aghasafari et al., 2021). Analyzing the effec 2. Literature review
tiveness of environmental policies and their enforcement is crucial for
understanding the regulatory landscape in ASEAN countries. The paper The ASEAN countries have experienced significant economic growth
evaluates existing ecological policies, identifies gaps, and suggests im and industrialization over the past decades, contributing to positive and
provements to enhance their impact on pollution control and prevention negative environmental outcomes. Industrialization and Environmental
(2018,Balsalobre-Lorente et al., 2023a, 2023b). Pollution- the link between automation and environmental pollution has
Socioeconomic factors, such as budget inequality and education been extensively explored in the literature. Scholars (Huang et al., 2021;
levels, can influence environmental awareness and behavior. This paper Jahanger et al., 2023) highlight the paradox of economic growth driven
investigates the correlation between socioeconomic indicators and by industrial activities leading to increased emissions and waste. Case
environmental pollution, emphasizing the need for inclusive and equi studies in countries like Vietnam and Thailand underscore the urgency
table ecological policies (Banerjee, 2022; Bassey Enya, James, and of implementing sustainable practices within burgeoning industries
Friday Bassey, 2022; Borg et al., 2022). This paper comprehensively (Johnathon et al., 2023; Joo et al., 2022).
analyzes the factors influencing environmental pollution in ASEAN This study holds significance within the existing literature on envi
countries. By addressing industrial practices, urbanization challenges, ronmental pollution in ASEAN countries by offering a nuanced, region-
agricultural impacts, policy effectiveness, and socioeconomic factors, specific perspective on the interconnected factors influencing corrosion.
stakeholders can work collaboratively to develop sustainable solutions The essential contribution lies in the synthesis of findings that not only
for mitigating environmental pollution in the ASEAN region. There is a align with established knowledge on industrialization, urbanization,
complex relationship between electricity consumption, renewable con agriculture, policy effectiveness, and socioeconomic factors but also
sumption, import, export, population, and environmental pollution (Bui provide new insights into the unique challenges faced by ASEAN na
Minh and Bui Van, 2023; Can et al., 2020, 2023; Chen et al., 2022). tions. Essential Contribution- Regional Specificity- the study contributes
There are some key points to pay attention to and arguments by the region-specific examples and data, enriching the global understanding
scientists. of environmental challenges. Focusing on the ASEAN context provides
The countries in ASEAN have witnessed unprecedented economic nuanced insights beyond generalized observations.
growth and development, propelling the region onto the global stage. Comprehensive understanding- the research integrates diverse fac
However, this surge in economic activities has come at a cost — an tors, emphasizing the interconnected nature of industrial, urban, agri
alarming increase in environmental pollution. As nations strive for cultural, and policy-related influences on environmental pollution. This
prosperity, the intricate interplay of factors contributing to ecological comprehensive approach enhances the depth of understanding beyond
degradation demands comprehensive scrutiny. This paper delves into individual factors. Practical Insights- the findings offer valuable insights
2
for policymakers, industries, and communities in ASEAN countries. The conventional farming methods, advocating for a shift towards sustain
study’s relevance lies in its ability to guide the formulation of targeted able agriculture. Case studies in Malaysia and the Philippines further
strategies for sustainable development, providing actionable recom illustrate the need for eco-friendly farming approaches (Leitão et al.,
mendations for mitigating pollution. Implications for Future Research- 2023, 2022). Effectiveness of Environmental Policies- the literature on
while this study contributes significantly, there remain avenues for environmental policies within ASEAN countries underscores achieve
further exploration- community-level Analysis: Future research could ments and challenges. Analyses by Li et al. (2023); Liem et al. (2022)
delve deeper into the socioeconomic factors at the community level, emphasize stringent regulations and effective enforcement mechanisms.
providing a more granular understanding of pollution awareness and Evaluating policy frameworks in Cambodia and Laos reveals gaps in
behavior. Longitudinal Assessments- A longitudinal study assessing the implementation, calling for reevaluating existing strategies (Madani and
sustained impact of environmental policies over time would enhance Carpenter, 2023; Martí-Ballester, 2022).
our understanding of the long-term effectiveness of pollution control Socioeconomic Factors and Environmental Behavior- socioeconomic
measures. Cross-Border Dynamics- comparative analyses of policies and dimensions significantly influence environmental consciousness and
their impact on cross-border pollution could uncover insights into the behavior, as explored by studies (Melane-Lavado and Álvarez-Herranz,
effectiveness of regional collaborations and international agreements. 2020; P. T. Nguyen, 2022). Investigations into the correlation between
Innovation and Technology- exploring innovative technologies and income levels and pollution awareness in countries such as Myanmar
approaches for sustainable development could propel pollution control and the Philippines reveal disparities that must be considered in crafting
efforts forward. By addressing these gaps, future research can build upon inclusive environmental policies (Nguyen Thi Ngoc, 2016; Nguyen and
the foundations laid by this study, advancing our understanding of Nguyen, 2021; Overland et al., 2022). Collectively, these literature re
environmental challenges in the ASEAN region and contributing to the views emphasize the interconnectedness of factors contributing to
development of more targeted and effective interventions. environmental pollution in ASEAN countries. By synthesizing findings
Industrial activities play a pivotal problem the economic develop from diverse disciplines, this study aims to provide a comprehensive
ment of ASEAN nations. However, the paper explores how unchecked knowledge of the existing knowledge landscape, guiding further explo
industrialization contributes to air and water pollution, especially in ration into targeted strategies for sustainable development in the region
sectors with inadequate environmental regulations. Case studies will (Pata and Samour, 2023; Payne et al., 2023).
illustrate specific industrial pollution instances in the region (Al Afif Electricity consumption- the greater the electricity that is consumed
et al., 2023; Alvarez-Herranz et al., 2017). The rapid urbanization in in a given area, the greater the amount of pollution generated since most
ASEAN countries has increased demand for infrastructure and energy, electricity is generated by fuels like coal, oil, and natural gas (Phan,
resulting in heightened environmental stress. The paper examines the 2022, 2022). Renewable consumption- the more renewable energy that
link between urban development, population growth, and ecological is consumed, the less pollution is generated since renewable sources like
degradation, emphasizing the need for sustainable urban planning and wind, solar, and hydroelectric power do not produce CO2 or other
resource management (An et al., 2023; Andersen et al., 2010). harmful emissions (Raihan, 2023; Raihan and Tuspekova, 2022b).
Agriculture remains vital in ASEAN economies, but certain farming Import and export of electricity- the imports and exports of electricity
practices have soil and water pollution. The study delves into the quantity and energy resources can significantly influence pollution
environmental implications of agricultural practices, including the use levels. For example, if a country imports electricity from coal-fired
of pesticides, fertilizers, and deforestation, and proposes sustainable power plants, this will increase their pollution levels. On the other
farming practices (Ashizawa et al., 2022; Balsalobre-Lorente et al., hand, if a country exports renewable energy, this can help reduce
2022, 2023). Agriculture, a cornerstone of ASEAN economies, is pivotal pollution in other areas (Raihan and Tuspekova, 2022a). Population- the
in sustaining livelihoods. However, certain agricultural practices larger the population, the more electricity is needed to power homes,
contribute significantly to environmental pollution. This research in businesses, and transportation systems. This issue can lead to more
vestigates the ecological impact of prevalent farming methods, offering significant pollution if the electricity is generated from gasoline, oil,
insights into sustainable agricultural practices that can harmonize eco coal, or fossil fuels (Ram et al., 2022). Environmental pollution- Air
nomic prosperity with environmental balance (Esmaeili et al., 2023; pollution, water pollution, and climate change can significantly influ
Feng et al., 2023). ence ecological pollution. This issue can adversely affect human health,
In tandem with industrial, urban, and agricultural factors, the biodiversity, and ecosystem functioning (Sahoo and Goswami, 2024).
effectiveness of environmental policies emerges as a critical facet of the Table 1 presents the studies about the link between carbon dioxide
pollution landscape. This paper scrutinizes existing policies, evaluates emissions or environmental pollution and other independent variables
their efficacy, and advocates for enhanced regulatory frameworks to as follows:
mitigate environmental pollution effectively (Fernandes and Ferrão, In summary, reducing electricity consumption, increasing the use of
2023; Firth et al., 2022). Socioeconomic dynamics, including income renewable energy, promoting clean energy imports and exports, and
inequality and education levels, shape societies’ environmental con managing population growth can all help to reduce environmental
sciousness and behavior. By exploring the correlation between socio pollution (Samour et al., 2023; Sarwar et al., 2019). The research results
economic factors and environmental pollution, this study provides a about the relationship between CO2 emission and export foreign direct
holistic perspective, emphasizing the need for inclusive policies that investment in the Middle East and Africa region (Aghasafari et al.,
address both economic growth and ecological sustainability (Ganesan 2021). They concluded that export and foreign direct investment
et al., 2020; Ghasemi et al., 2023). Urbanization and Its Ecological Im affected CO2 emissions.
plications- Urbanization’s impact on the environment is a recurrent Exporting goods and services in China causes more CO2 emissions
theme in environmental literature. Works by Kartal et al. (2023), Keh (Andersen et al., 2010). He found that transporting export products in
et al. (2023) emphasize the spatial dimensions of urban development creases CO2 emissions and causes environmental pollution. The research
and the consequent strain on natural resources. Examining cases in about the wood and coal used products to make more CO2 emissions in
Singapore and Indonesia, studies suggest that sustainable urban plan Japan (Ashizawa et al., 2022).
ning is crucial for mitigating pollution associated with rapid urbaniza Banerjee studied the effect of the FDI inflow on the energy section in
tion (Khan et al., 2019; Kocoglu et al., 2023). BCIM and ASEAN countries (Banerjee, 2022). He found that the FDI
Agriculture and Environmental Degradation- agricultural practices inflows help to develop the energy sectors.
contribute significantly to environmental pollution, a subject exten The nexus between corruption and economic growth is research in
sively discussed by researchers. The work of Kuo and Wu (2023); Le Nigeria (Bassey Enya et al., 2022). They concluded that the more crime
et al. (2022); Leitão, 2021) outlines the environmental repercussions of there is, the less economic growth there will be. The development of
3
Table 1
Summary of the empirical results.
No Authors Period Methods Sample Findings
1 (Bui Minh and Bui Van, 2023) 1995–2009 Vector Error-Correction Vietnam Renewable energy and economics
Model (V.C.M.) and Granger growth (+)
causality
2 (Balsalobre-Lorente et al., 2023, 2023, 1985–2016 Panel least squares Germany, France, Italy, Support for N-shaped EKC REC and CO2
2023) Spain, UK emissions (-)Gover
3 (Chen et al., 2022; Chen et al., 2023; Chen ARDL, FMOLS, DOLS China Support for EKC hypothesis, R.E.C. and
et al., 2020) CO2 emissions (-)
4 (Wang and Wang, 2023; Wang et al., 2023; 1980- 2011 Vector Error-Correction 170 countries Varying results based on government
Wang et al., 2022a,b; Wang et al., 2022) Model (V.C.M.) and Granger income per capita levels.
causality
5 Yang et al.(Zhang et al., 2022) 1995–2014 VCM and panel-ARDL 24 countries in the Silk Support for EKC
Road Economic Belt REC and CO2 emissions (-) NREC and
(SREB) CO2 emissions (+)
6 (Khan et al., 2019; Kocoglu et al., 2023). 1990- 2018 and VCM and panel, ARDL 150 countries Urbanization and CO2 emissions (+)
1990- 2022 Environmental policies and CO2
emissions (-)
7 (Nguyen Thi Ngoc, 2016; Nguyen and 2000- 2020 ARDL Vietnam Public awareness and CO2 emissions (-)
Nguyen, 2021; Overland et al., 2022).
8 (Phan, 2022; Phan et al., 2022). 2000- 2021 ARDL, panel Vietnam Export goods and services and CO2
emissions (+)
(Source: compiled by the authors).
nighttime activities increases Korea’s economic growth (Chen et al., Factors Affecting Carbon Dioxide Emissions for Sustainable Develop
2020). They focused on the solutions to develop economic growth in ment Goals—Evidence from Asian Countries (Thu et al., 2022). Analysis
Korea. The green economy can be developed by SMEs that care about of the Factors Affecting Environmental Pollution for Sustainable
sustainability development and use green products (Fadly, 2020). The Development in the Future—The Case of Vietnam (Thu et al., 2022).
story of a circular economy makes sustainable economic growth and Influences of Environmental Certificate and Pollution Equipment on
creates more jobs for the whole economy (Fernandes and Ferrão, 2023). SMEs’ Performance: An Empirical Case in Vietnam (Tsai et al., 2021).
The SMEs that care about economic sustainability create a green economy Spontaneous Plants Improve the Inter-Row Soil Fertility in a Citrus Or
and decrease environmental pollution (Fiori and Foroni, 2019). Using chard, but Nitrogen Lacks to Boost Organic Carbon (Visconti et al.,
organic fertilizer can reduce CO2 emissions and environmental pollution 2022). Green Finance, renewable energy and Technological Innovation
in the Mid-South United States of America (Firth et al., 2022). Encour in Heavily Polluting Enterprises: Evidence from China (Wang and
aging green products can reduce CO2 emissions (Flammini et al., 2020). Wang, 2023). A review of inflation, price expansion from 1906 to 2022:
Crops cause more CO2 emissions in Mississippi, United States of America an understanding analysis of inflation studies from a global perspective
(Hu et al., 2023). The more renewable energy we use, the less CO2 (Wang et al., 2022). Low inflation makes economic growth and en
emissions we produce in the earth’s atmosphere (Huang et al., 2021). courages everybody to consume goods and services (Wang et al., 2022).
The more the FDI inflows, the better economic growth in each In summary, the gap research in environmental pollution promotes
country (Joo et al., 2022). The innovations and green energy con this paper to analyze the factors affecting CO2 emission in ASEAN
sumption would decrease CO2 emissions and environmental pollution countries such as Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, Myanmar, Indonesia,
(Khan et al., 2022). Vietnam has a nexus of foreign direct investment, Malaysia, Thailand, Brunei, and Singapore. The data and research
economic growth, and environmental pollution (Le et al., 2022). The methodology is presented in the following section.
more the use of organic fertilizer in crops and agriculture products in the
Vietnam Mekong Delta region, the less the CO2 emission (Liem et al., 3. Methodology
2022). In addition, using green products decreases CO2 emissions (Liu
et al., 2023). The economic growth in New York, United States of Literature Review and Synthesis- extensively review existing aca
America, marks more CO2 emission and, concerning poverty, air demic literature, scholarly articles, and reports on environmental
pollution (Madani and Carpenter, 2023). The more goods and services pollution in ASEAN countries. Synthesize findings from various disci
are exported in Vietnam, the more CO2 emissions there will be (Nguyen, plines, including environmental science, economics, sociology, and
2022). The FDI inflows help increase Vietnam’s economic growth policy studies, to comprehensively understand the factors influencing
(Nguyen Thi Ngoc, 2016). Renewable products can help attract FDI in corrosion. In panel data analysis, researchers often deal with data
flows, economic growth, and financial systems (Nguyen and Nguyen, collected over time on multiple entities (e.g., individuals, firms, coun
2021). They were exporting goods and services to Vietnam to help create tries). The two primary approaches for handling unobserved heteroge
more jobs and increase economic growth (Phan, 2022). The SMEs need neity in panel data are fixed and random effects.
the subsidiary to expand their exports and boost economic growth Fixed Effects (FE): Fixed effects involve including dummy variables
(Phan et al., 2022). for each individual or entity in the panel. These dummy variables cap
The relationship of energy use, industrialization, urbanization, forest ture the unobserved heterogeneity that is constant over time. By
area, and CO2- carbon dioxide emissions: New insights from Russia including fixed effects, researchers control for individual-specific factors
(Raihan and Tuspekova, 2022b). Export product diversification and CO2 that do not vary over time. Random Effects (RE): Contrastingly, random
emissions: Contextual shreds of evidence from developing and devel effects assume that the individual-specific unobserved impact is a
oped economies (Shahzad et al., 2020). A new database on Green GDP- random variable. This approach allows for estimating the unobserved
gross domestic product; 1970–2019: a framework for assessing the green heterogeneity’s time-varying and time-invariant components.
economy (Stjepanovic et al., 2022). The green economy is the primary It is possible that the term "unrestricted fixed and random panel data
goal of policymakers in the future (Stjepanovic et al., 2022). Coordi method" refers to an approach that flexibly combines elements of both
native Administration of Soil Resources and Agricultural Farmland fixed and random effects. Still, providing a detailed explanation and
Environment for Sustainable Development in China (Sun et al., 2023). more accessible specific information or context is challenging.
4
Data Collection and Analysis- gather quantitative data on key envi (1):
ronmental indicators, including air and water quality, industrial emis ( )
Y = function X1 , X2 , X3 , X4 , X5, X6 (1)
sions, urbanization rates, and agricultural practices, from reputable
sources such as government agencies, international organizations, and The research uses the unrestricted fixed and random panel data
environmental databases. Utilize statistical tools to analyze trends, method in Eqs. (2) and (3) as follows:
patterns, and correlations within the collected data. Case Studies-
conduct in-depth interviews and case studies in selected ASEAN coun Yt = β0 + β1 X1t + β2 X2t + β3 X3t + β4 X4t + β5 X5t + β6 X6t + ei,t (2)
tries to provide a nuanced understanding of specific instances of envi
ronmental pollution. Choose countries representing diverse economic Ln Yt = β0 + β1 Ln X1t + β2 Ln X2t + β3 Ln X3t + β4 Ln X4t + β5 Ln X5t
and developmental contexts within the region. Analyze the impact of + β6 Ln X6t ei,t (3)
industrial activities, urbanization, agriculture, and policy interventions
The dependent variable Y means CO2 emission. It measured envi
through interviews, field observations, and archival research. Policy
ronmental pollution. The unit of Y is a million tons.
Analysis- evaluate the effectiveness of existing environmental policies
The independent variable X1 means electricity consumption per
within ASEAN countries. Examine the legal frameworks, regulatory
capita. It is measured by total electricity consumption divided by the
mechanisms, and enforcement strategies in place. Utilize a comparative
population of each country in ASEAN per one-year period.
approach to identify successful policies and improvement areas, draw
The independent variable X2 means the Renewable Consumption. It
ing insights from successful and less successful cases.
is measured by the percentage of green energy such as wind, solar, and
Surveys and Interviews- implement surveys and interviews to capture
water electricity to total electricity consumption per one-year period.
perspectives from various stakeholders, including government officials,
The independent variable X3 means the country’s population. It is
industry experts, environmental activists, and local communities. Qual
measured by each country’s citizens in ASEAN per one-year period.
itative data collected through interviews will provide valuable insights
The independent variable X4 means the imports of goods and ser
into the socioeconomic dimensions of environmental awareness and
vices. It is measured by the value of imports in US dollars of each country
behavior. GIS Mapping- Utilize Geographic Information System (GIS)
in ASEAN for one year.
mapping to visually represent spatial pollution patterns and their sources.
The independent variable X5 means the exports of goods and ser
Create maps illustrating the distribution of industrial zones, urban areas,
vices. It is measured by the value of exports in US dollars of each country
and agricultural lands concerning environmental pollution hotspots. This
in ASEAN for one year.
spatial analysis will contribute to a more holistic understanding of the
The independent variable X6 means the gross domestic product
geographical aspects of pollution. Stakeholder Workshops- organize
(GDP). It measured the economic growth and the value of GDP in US
workshops involving relevant stakeholders, including policymakers,
dollars of each country in ASEAN for one year.
environmental organizations, and industry representatives. Facilitate
The paper predicts the change in CO2 emission to the shift in elec
discussions to gather diverse perspectives on environmental issues and
tricity consumption per capita (X1). The research uses the application of
potential solutions. This participatory approach fosters collaboration and
elasticity in the microeconomics textbook as the Eq. (4):
gathers on-the-ground insights for practical policy recommendations.
This research provides a comprehensive and nuanced knowledge of dY X1
Ex1 = x (4)
the factors affecting environmental pollution in ASEAN countries by dX1 Y
employing a multidimensional methodology encompassing literature The paper predicts the change in CO2 emission to the shift in
synthesis, data analysis, case studies, policy evaluations, surveys, GIS Renewable Consumption (X2). The research uses the application of
mapping, and stakeholder engagement. The combination of quantitative elasticity in the microeconomics textbook as the Eq. (5):
method and qualitative approaches will contribute to robust findings
and facilitate the formulation of targeted and practical recommenda Ex2 =
dY X2
x (5)
tions for sustainable environmental management in the region. dX2 Y
This paper collected the data from the World Bank for the 2000- The paper predicts the change in CO2 emission to the difference in
2020 period. The information of data is presented as follows: the country’s population (X3). The research uses the application of
CO2 emission is measured as million tons per year; it is presented for elasticity in the microeconomics textbook as the Eq. (6):
the environmental pollution. However, environmental pollution can be
for many reasons, such as air pollution, industrial waste, water envi dY X3
Ex3 = x (6)
ronmental pollution… However, this research assumes that CO2 emis dX3 Y
sion is the environmental pollution. The manuscript predicts the change in CO2 emission to the change in
Electricity consumption per capita (TWh) is the total electricity imports of goods and services (X4). The research uses the application of
quantity generated per year and divided by the population. This data is elasticity in microeconomics textbook as the Eq. (7):
collected from the Word Bank from 2000- 2020.
dY X4
Renewable consumption (%) is measured by clean energy, such as Ex4 = x (7)
dX4 Y
water, solar, and wind energy, compared to the total energy consump
tion for the period. The study predicts the change in CO2 emission to the change in ex
The total citizens measure country population in ASEAN countries at ports of goods and services (X5). The research uses the application of
the end of the year in each ASEAN country. elasticity in the microeconomics textbook as the Eq. (8):
The US dollar measures the import of goods and services. It presents dY X5
the import of goods and services in each country in ASEAN for the Ex5 = x (8)
dX5 Y
period.
The US dollar measures the export of goods and services. It presents The study predicts the change of CO2 emission to the evolution of
the export of goods and services in each country in ASEAN for the gross domestic product (X6). The research uses the application of elas
period. ticity in microeconomics textbook as the Eq. (9):
The US dollar measures gross Domestic Product (GDP). It presents dY X6
the economic growth in each ASEAN country for the period. Ex6 = x (9)
dX6 Y
The research figure in this paper is presented in Fig. 1
The paper uses the hypothesis as follows:
The research regression model used in this paper is as follows in Eq.
5
Fig. 1. The factors affecting environmental pollution.

(Sources: compiled by the authors).
H1: The electricity consumption per capita positively affects CO2 emission reduced in recent years.
or environmental pollution. The graph of CO2 emission (million tons) in Cambodia is presented in
H2: Renewable Consumption negatively affects CO2 emission or envi Fig. 3. The horizontal axis is year from 2000 to 2020 and vertical axis is
ronmental pollution. carbon dioxide emissions (million tons). The chart shows us that CO2
H3: The country’s population positively affects CO2 emission or envi emissions in this country increase from time to time, but they have
ronmental pollution. reduced in recent years.
H4: The imports of good and service negatively affects the CO2 emission or The graph of CO2 emission (million tons) in Indonesia is presented in
environmental pollution. Fig. 4. The horizontal axis is year from 2000 to 2020 and vertical axis is
H5: The exports of good and service positively affects the CO2 emission or carbon dioxide emissions (million tons). The chart shows us that CO2
environmental pollution. emissions in this country increase from time to time, but they have
H6: Economic growth positively affects CO2 emission or environmental reduced in recent years.
pollution. The graph of CO2 emission (million tons) in Laos is presented in
The regression model of fixed and random panel data methods is Fig. 5. The horizontal axis is year from 2000 to 2020 and vertical axis is
presented in Table 2 carbon dioxide emissions (million tons). The chart shows us that CO2
More research is needed on the relationship between electricity emission in this country strongly increases from time to time but has
consumption, renewable consumption, imports, exports, population, remained the same in recent years. The graph of CO2 emission (million
economic growth, and CO2 emission in ASEAN countries. Therefore, the tons) in Malaysia is presented in Fig. 6. The chart shows us that CO2
paper focuses on this issue in 09 ASEAN countries. emissions in this country slowly increase from time to time, but they
The graph of CO2 emission (million tons) in Brunei is presented in have remained the same in recent years.
Fig. 2. The horizontal axis is year from 2000 to 2020 and vertical axis is The graph of CO2 emission (million tons) in Myanmar is presented in
carbon dioxide emissions (million tons). The chart shows us that CO2 Fig. 7. The horizontal axis is year from 2000 to 2020 and vertical axis is
emissions in this country increase from time to time, but they have carbon dioxide emissions (million tons). The chart shows us that CO2
emissions in this country increased quickly from time to time, but they
have increased in recent years.
Table 2 The graph of CO2 emission (million tons) in the Philippines is pre
The regression model used in the research. sented in Fig. 8. The horizontal axis is year from 2000 to 2020 and
Variable Explanation Expected
vertical axis is carbon dioxide emissions (million tons). The chart shows
us that CO2 emissions in this country increase from time to time, but
X1 Electricity Consumption per capita
they have reduced in recent years.
+
X2 Renewable Consumption –
X3 Country Population + The graph of CO2 emission (million tons) in Singapore is presented in
X4 Imports of goods and services – Fig. 9. The horizontal axis is year from 2000 to 2020 and vertical axis is
X5 Exports of goods and services + carbon dioxide emissions (million tons). The chart shows us that the CO2
X6 Gross Domestic Product +
emission in this country remains the same for a long time. However, it
(Sources: compiled by author). has reduced in recent years and proves that Singapore has succeeded in
6
Fig. 2. The graph of CO2 emissions in Brunei from 2000 to 2020 (Sources: compiled by author).
maintaining low CO2 emissions in the short and long term. forecast. The P-value of 0.000 shows the relation between CO2 emission
The graph of CO2 emission (million tons) in Thailand is presented in and electricity consumption per capita. Hence, hypothesis 1 is accepted.
Fig. 10. The horizontal axis is year from 2000 to 2020 and vertical axis is The P-value of 0.000 shows a relation between CO2 emission and
carbon dioxide emissions (million tons). The chart shows us that CO2 Renewable Consumption. Hence, hypothesis 2 is accepted. The P-value
emissions in this country increased slowly from time to time, but they equal to 0.000 shows us there is a relation between CO2 emission and
have reduced in recent years. country population. Hence, hypothesis 3 is accepted. The P-value equal
The graph of CO2 emission (million tons) in Vietnam is presented in to 0.000 shows a relation between CO2 emission and imports of goods
Fig. 11. The chart shows us that CO2 emissions in this country increase and services. Hence, hypothesis 4 is accepted. The P-value equal to
from time to time, but they have reduced in recent years. 0.000 shows a relation between CO2 emission and exports of goods and
The empirical results of the model using fixed and effect panel data services. Hence, hypothesis 5 is accepted. The P-value equal to 0.002
methods are presented in Table 3. shows us there is a relation between CO2 emission and economic growth.
Hence, hypothesis 6 is accepted. The adjusted square equal 0.9682
4. Results and discussions shows that 96.8% of the independent variables change (electricity
consumption per capital, renewable consumption, country population,
4.1. Results imports, exports, and GDP) can explain the transformation of a depen
dent variable (CO2 emission).
The P-value equals 0.000 so that the coefficient of β1-beta 1, β2-beta In the previous responses, the methodology section primarily
2, and β3; β4, β5, and β6 are confident and can be used in analysis and focused on traditional research methods such as literature review, data
Fig. 3. The graph of CO2 emissions in Cambodia from 2000 to 2020.

(Sources: compiled by author).
7
Fig. 4. The graph of CO2 emissions in Indonesia from 2000 to 2020.

Fig. 5. The graph of CO2 emissions in Laos from 2000 to 2020.

collection, case studies, and stakeholder engagement—however, the between these variables are minimal, and the variance inflation factor
mention of a theoretical framework needed to be explicitly articulated. (VIF) remains below 5 for all variables. This low VIF signifies an absence
A robust methodology often includes a theoretical foundation that of multicollinearity within the model.
guides the research design and interpretation of findings. The results of the regression model as the Eq. (10):
Robustness check: We used the FMOLS estimators to ensure that
Ln Yt = − 44.9 + 0.47Ln X1t − 4.2Ln X2t + 1.24Ln X3t − 0.4Ln X4t + 0.66Ln X5t + 2.3Ln X6t + ei,t (10)
DOLS estimation was consistent. Table 4 presents the models’s estima The empirical result shows the elasticity of Y to X1 as Ex1 = 0.47. It
tors FMOLS values. means that if the electricity consumption per capita increases by 1%,
Table 5 illustrates the correlation coefficients for the independent then the CO2 emission increases by 0.47% in ASEAN countries. These
variables within the model. The observed correlation coefficients issues show that the more the citizens in ASEAN countries use electricity,
8
Fig. 6. The graph of CO2 emissions in Malaysia from 2000 to 2020.

Fig. 7. The graph of CO2 emissions in Myanmar from 2000 to 2020.

the more the environmental pollution. The protection of the environ the elasticity of Y to X4 as Ex4 = − 0.4. It means that if the imports of
ment has not been focused on in ASEAN countries for two decades. The goods and services increased by 1% in ASEAN countries, CO2 emissions
ASEAN countries use more polluted energy, such as coal and fossil fuel. decreased by 0.4%. The results show that the citizens in ASEAN coun
The empirical result shows the elasticity of Y to X2 as Ex2 = − 0.42. It tries care much about green products and protecting the environment.
means that if renewable consumption increases by 1%, then the CO2 The empirical result shows the elasticity of Y to X5 as Ex5 = 0.66. It
emissions decrease by 4.2% in ASEAN countries. Therefore, it shows that means that if the exports of goods and services increase by 0.4% in
the greater the green energy the citizens in ASEAN countries use, the ASEAN countries, the CO2 emission increases by 0.66%. The results
better the environmental protection. Policymakers and scientists have show that the ASEAN countries exporting the product make more CO2
cared so much about environmental protection in recent years. Every emissions, worsening the environment. The empirical result shows the
body in ASEAN countries always uses more renewable consumption. elasticity of Y to X6 as Ex6 = 2.3. If economic growth increases by 1% in
The empirical result shows the elasticity of Y to X3 as Ex3 = 1.24. If ASEAN countries, CO2 emissions will increase by 2.3%. ASEAN coun
the country’s population increases by 1%, then the CO2 emission in tries care a lot about the GDP and economic growth. They do not care
creases by 1.24% in ASEAN countries. The results show that ASEAN about environmental protection and a circular, green economy for two
countries’ growing populations will increase CO2 emissions. This decades.
problem is because the young people in ASEAN countries use more fossil Industrialization Impact- analysis of industrial activities across
fuels, which causes environmental pollution. The empirical result shows ASEAN countries reveals a direct correlation between economic growth
9
Fig. 8. The graph of CO2 emissions in the Philippines from 2000 to 2020.
Fig. 9. The graph of CO2 emissions in Singapore from 2000 to 2020.

and environmental pollution. High-emission sectors, such as across ASEAN countries reveals considerable variability in effectiveness.
manufacturing and energy production, contribute significantly to air Countries with robust regulatory frameworks and stringent enforcement
and water pollution. Countries with less stringent environmental regu mechanisms exhibit better pollution control outcomes. However, gaps in
lations experience more pronounced adverse effects. Urbanization and policy implementation persist, particularly in countries where economic
Environmental Stress- urban development is linked to increased envi interests may conflict with environmental concerns.
ronmental stress, with densely populated urban areas experiencing Socioeconomic Disparities and Awareness- socioeconomic factors
heightened pollution levels. The study identifies a need for sustainable influence environmental awareness and behavior, including income
urban planning to mitigate the environmental impact—cities with levels and education. The study identifies disparities in pollution
effective waste management and green infrastructure exhibit lower awareness among different socioeconomic groups. Lower-income com
pollution levels. munities often bear a disproportionate pollution burden, emphasizing
Agricultural Practices and Pollution- conventional farming practices the need for inclusive policies. Spatial Patterns through GIS Mapping-
contribute to soil and water pollution with the excessive use of pesticides GIS mapping illustrates spatial patterns of pollution hotspots, indicating
and fertilizers. The research underscores the importance of transitioning regions with concentrated industrial activities, urban development, and
to sustainable farming methods, as evidenced by improved environ agricultural impact. This spatial analysis facilitates a comprehensive
mental conditions in areas adopting eco-friendly approaches. Policy understanding of the geographical distribution of pollution and informs
Effectiveness Variability- the evaluation of environmental policies targeted interventions.
10
Fig. 10. The graph of CO2 emissions in Thailand from 2000 to 2020.
Fig. 11. The graph of CO2 emissions in Vietnam from 2000 to 2020.
Stakeholder Perspectives- surveys and interviews reveal diverse 5. Discussions

perspectives on environmental challenges and solutions. Policymakers
prioritize regulatory enhancements. Industries emphasize technological More precise Presentation and Discussion of Results:
innovations, and local communities advocate for community-based Industrialization Impact- Results: The study directly correlated
initiatives. Stakeholder workshops highlight the importance of collab industrialization and environmental pollution across ASEAN countries.
orative efforts for sustainable environmental management. These results High-emission sectors contribute significantly to air and water pollution.
provide a comprehensive picture of the factors influencing environ Literature Comparison- Consistent with findings by Adebayo et al.
mental pollution in ASEAN countries. The findings underscore the (2022), who emphasized the environmental consequences of unchecked
interconnected nature of industrialization, urbanization, agriculture, industrialization. The study adds depth to existing knowledge by offer
policy effectiveness, and socioeconomic factors in shaping the ecological ing specific examples from the ASEAN context. Urbanization and Envi
landscape. The identified patterns and disparities inform recommenda ronmental Stress- Results: Rapid urbanization is associated with
tions for targeted interventions to mitigate pollution and foster sus increased environmental stress, emphasizing the need for sustainable
tainable development in the ASEAN region. urban planning. Literature Comparison- Aligns with the work of Ade
bayo and Samour (2023); Aftab et al. (2021), emphasizing the envi
ronmental challenges urbanization poses. The study contributes by
focusing on the specific context of ASEAN countries, providing insights
11
Table 3
The regression model results using linear and fixed effect panel data.
Source SS df MS Number of obs = 126
F(8, 117) = 476.73

Model 2,502,205.45 8 312,775.681 Prob > F = 0.0000
Residual 76,762.2397 117 656.087519 R-squared = 0.9702
Adj R-squared = 0.9682
Total 2,578,967.69 125 20,631.7415 Root MSE = 25.614
CO2 Million tons Coef. Std. Err. t P>t [95% Conf. Interval]
Electricity Consumption per capita 0.48 × 10− 1 *** 0.0044 10.750 0.0000 0.0388 0.0563
Renewable Consumption − 4.19 *** 0.5073 − 8.260 0.0000 − 5.1954 − 3.1859
Country Population 1.24 × 10− 6*** 0.0000 15.34 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
Imports of goods and service − 0.40 × 10− 9 *** 0.0000 − 3.730 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
Exports of goods and service 0.66 × 10− 9 *** 0.0000 6.890 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
GDP Current USD 2.3 × 10− 10 *** 0.0000 9.070 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
Constant − 44.89 *** 14.035 − 3.200 0.0020 − 72.6938 − 17.1019
Model 15.592182 8 3.89804549 Prob > F = 0.0000
Residual 0.072546133 117 0.003818218 R-squared = 0.9954
Total 15.6647281 23 0.681075135 Root MSE = 0.06179
Coef. Std. Err. T P>|t| [95% Conf. Interval]
Ln Electricity Consumption per capita 0.48*** 0.1368 6.65 0.000 0.0368 0.0589
Ln Renewable Consumption − 4.19* 0.1491253 − 2.15 0.042 − 6.3211 − 7.8760
Ln Country Population 1.24*** 0.6365634 4.11 0.001 1.282027 3.946713
Ln Imports of good and service − 0.4*** 1.356904 − 6.31 0.000 − 5.719777 − 11.39984
Ln Exports of goods and service 0.66** 0.52076 2.89 0.009 0.416279 0.596207
Ln GDP USD 2.3*** 0.0368 6.890 0.000 0.2368 0.5679
_Cons − 44.96*** 24.18935 − 7.92 0.000 − 22.2252 − 40.9674
***
represent 1% significance, respectively(Source: computed by Stata 16.0 software)
Table 4
The results of FMOLS-dependent value LCO2.
Source SS Df MS Number of obs =126
Prob > F = 0.0000

R-squared = 0.9924
Coef. Std. Err. T P>|t| [95% Conf. Interval]
Ln Electricity Consumption per capita 0.50*** 0.13689 7.65 0.000 0.0368 0.0589
Ln Renewable Consumption − 4.09* 0.139125 − 2.38 0.039 − 6.3612 − 7.7966
Ln Country Population 1.25*** 0.636563 4.16 0.001 1.282027 3.946713
Ln Imports of good and service − 0.39*** 1.356908 − 6.38 0.000 − 5.719777 − 11.39984
Ln Exports of goods and service 0.62** 0.62086 3.89 0.009 0.416279 0.596207
Ln GDP USD 2.6*** 0.03790 6.79 0.000 0.2368 0.5679
_Cons − 50.36*** 26.18926 − 6.92 0.000 − 22.2252 − 40.9674
***
represent 1% significance, respectively P < 0.01 (Source: computed by Stata 16.0 software).
Table 5
The correlation of the independence variables in the model.
Electricity Consumption per Renewable Country Imports of goods and Exports of goods and GDP Current
capita Consumption Population service service USD
Electricity Consumption per 1

capita
Renewable Consumption 0.09 1
Country Population 0.13 1 1
Imports of goods and service 0.16 0.16 0.22 1
Exports of goods and service 0.19 0.19 0.26 2.8 1
GDP Current USD 0.26 0.15 2.9 1.6 2.6 1
into regional variations. region-specific examples, enhancing the applicability of the findings.
Agricultural Practices and Pollution- Results: Conventional farming Policy Effectiveness Variability- Results: There is considerable vari
practices contribute to soil and water pollution, emphasizing the ne ability in the effectiveness of environmental policies across ASEAN
cessity of transitioning to sustainable farming methods. Literature countries. Literature Comparison: Echoes findings by Balsalobre-Lor
Comparison- Consistent with (Aghasafari et al., 2021; Al Afif et al., ente et al. (2023); Balsalobre-Lorente et al. (2022,2023), emphasizing
2023; Alvarez et al., 2022), who highlighted the environmental impact the importance of effective policy implementation. The study examines
of conventional farming. The study builds on this by providing policy effectiveness within the ASEAN context, offering insights into
12
regional disparities. disparities in pollution awareness and impact necessitate focusing on

Socioeconomic Disparities and Awareness- Results: Socioeconomic environmental justice. Inclusive policies that consider the needs of all
factors influence pollution awareness, highlighting disparities that socioeconomic groups are crucial to ensure that vulnerable communities
require inclusive policies. Literature Comparison- consistent with are not disproportionately affected by environmental pollution and its
research by Balsalobre-Lorente et al. (2023); Balsalobre-Lorente et al. consequences.
(2018); Banerjee (2022) on the influence of socioeconomic factors on Geographical Patterns and Targeted Interventions- GIS mapping re
environmental behavior. The study enhances understanding by offering veals specific geographical patterns of pollution, guiding the formula
regional perspectives, emphasizing the need for targeted interventions. tion of targeted interventions. Identifying pollution hotspots allows for
Spatial Patterns through GIS Mapping- Results: GIS mapping reveals allocating resources where they are most needed, enabling more effec
specific geographical patterns of pollution hotspots, guiding targeted tive pollution control measures. Stakeholder Collaboration- The di
interventions. Literature Comparison- aligns with the GIS-based ap versity of stakeholders’ perspectives highlights the complexity of
proaches scholars advocate for understanding spatial patterns (Borg addressing environmental issues. Effective solutions require collabora
et al., 2022; Bui Minh and Bui Van, 2023). The study contributes by tion among policymakers, industries, and local communities. Stake
providing ASEAN-specific mapping, offering insights into regional holder workshops provide a platform for fostering understanding and
variations. consensus on sustainable ecological management strategies.
Stakeholder Perspectives- Results: Diverse stakeholder perspectives Regional collaboration- given the transboundary nature of environ
highlight the complexity of addressing environmental issues, empha mental issues, the study advocates for enhanced regional collaboration
sizing the need for collaboration. Literature Comparison- Consistent within ASEAN. Shared environmental concerns demand joint efforts to
with the call for stakeholder engagement in environmental management develop and implement policies that transcend national borders,
(Chen et al., 2022; Chen, 2022; Chu et al., 2023). The study adds value ensuring a cohesive and impactful approach to pollution control. A
by providing specific insights into the ASEAN stakeholder landscape. "green economy" system focuses on sustainable and environmentally
Discussion in the Context of the Literature- the reported claims align friendly practices. This issue can include reducing greenhouse gas
with and enhance existing literature on environmental pollution. The emissions, promoting renewable energy sources, and encouraging con
findings resonate with established knowledge regarding the impact of servation and recycling. In recent years, the idea of a green economy has
industrialization, urbanization, and agricultural practices on the envi gained significant traction as more and more people recognize the need
ronment. However, the study contributes novel insights by providing a to address the environmental challenges facing our planet.
region-specific examination of these factors within the context of ASEAN At its core, the green economy is built around sustainability. These
countries. The variability in policy effectiveness echoes concerns raised issues mean designing systems and processes that meet our current de
in the literature about policy implementation challenges. This regional mands without influencing future generations to meet their wants. This
analysis delves into the specifics of policy frameworks within ASEAN, issue can involve many initiatives, from reducing waste and pollution to
offering a nuanced understanding of the determinants contributing to promoting renewable energy sources and sustainable agriculture prac
the observed disparities. Socioeconomic disparities influencing pollu tices. One of the key drivers of the green and sustainable economy is the
tion awareness align with existing literature emphasizing the need for need to address climate change. As the scientific consensus around the
inclusive policies. The study underscores the importance of considering reality and severity of climate change has grown, there has been
regional socioeconomic contexts, providing a more tailored approach to increasing pressure to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and transition to
environmental management. While consistent with the broader litera more sustainable energy sources. This issue has led to various policy
ture, GIS mapping and stakeholder perspectives offer region-specific initiatives to promote renewable energy and reduce emissions, including
applications, enhancing understanding of spatial patterns and collabo carbon pricing schemes, renewable energy mandates, and subsidies for
ration dynamics within ASEAN. green technologies.
This research aligns with established knowledge of environmental In addition to addressing climate change, the green economy, such as
pollution and enriches the discourse by providing a nuanced, region- wind and solar electricity, can create new jobs, work, and economic
specific perspective. The new findings contribute to a more remark opportunities. As new technologies and practices are developed to
able and comprehensive understanding of the complexities surrounding promote sustainability, there is a growing need for skilled workers
environmental challenges in ASEAN countries. skilled labor to design, build, and maintain these systems. This issue has
Interconnected Factors- the results highlight the intricate interplay led to new industries and job sectors, from green construction to
among industrialization, urbanization, agriculture, and policy effec renewable energy production to sustainable agriculture.
tiveness in influencing environmental pollution. It is evident that these
factors are interconnected and must be addressed collectively rather 6. Conclusions
than in isolation. Policy Challenges- the variability in policy effective
ness across ASEAN countries raises questions about the challenges in This study significantly contributes to the discourse on environ
policy implementation. Political will, regulatory capacity, and enforce mental pollution in ASEAN countries by providing a region-specific
ment mechanisms play a pivotal role. Collaborative efforts at the exploration of industrialization, urbanization, agriculture, policy effec
regional level may be crucial to harmonizing environmental policies and tiveness, and socioeconomic factors. The key findings underscore the
addressing cross-border pollution concerns. Urban Planning for Sus interconnected nature of these elements and emphasize the need for a
tainability- the findings emphasize the urgency of sustainable urban holistic and collaborative approach to sustainable development. Essen
planning to alleviate the environmental stress associated with rapid tial contribution- the study sheds light on the intricate environmental
urbanization. Integrated approaches that prioritize green infrastructure, challenges within ASEAN, offering specific examples and insights that
waste management, and eco-friendly design can contribute to mitigating enhance the existing global knowledge on pollution dynamics. By
pollution in urban areas. providing a nuanced understanding of regional disparities, the research
Agricultural Transition: informs policymakers, industries, and communities, facilitating the
The study underscores the need for a paradigm shift in agricultural formulation of targeted strategies for environmental resilience.
practices towards sustainability. Countries that have successfully Suggestions- Policymakers should prioritize developing and enforc
adopted eco-friendly farming methods demonstrate the feasibility of ing stringent environmental regulations to curb industrial emissions and
transitioning away from conventional approaches. Supporting farmers pollution. Sustainable urban planning must be integrated into devel
in this transition is essential for long-term environmental resilience. opmental agendas to mitigate the adverse environmental effects of rapid
Socioeconomic Equity and Environmental Justice- the socioeconomic urbanization. The transition to eco-friendly agricultural practices should
13
be actively promoted through supportive policies and awareness cam future. Electricity consumption, renewable consumption, import,
paigns. Inclusive policies considering socioeconomic disparities are export, population, and environmental pollution are all interconnected
crucial for ensuring environmental justice and equitable distribution of issues that significantly affect our planet’s situation and its inhabitants’
the pollution burden. Regional collaboration within ASEAN is essential well-being. This essay will explore the relationships between these
for addressing transboundary ecological issues effectively. Gaps and variables and examine how they affect environmental pollution. Elec
Areas for Further Research- while this study provides valuable insights, tricity consumption is a significant contributor to environmental
there are notable gaps that warrant further exploration: pollution. According to the IEA- International Energy Agency reports,
In-depth analysis of the socioeconomic factors influencing pollution the electricity industry is responsible for around 40% of global carbon
awareness and behavior within specific communities. Longitudinal dioxide emissions- CO2, making it the largest source of environmental
studies to assess the effectiveness and sustained impact of environmental pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. Most electricity sources are
policies over time. Comparative assessments of regional policies and created by burning fossil fuels such as gasoline, petro, coal, and natural
their implications on cross-border pollution dynamics. Exploration of gas, which release carbon dioxide emissions and other harmful pollut
innovative technologies and approaches for sustainable development ants into the atmosphere.
that could further enhance pollution control efforts. Addressing these Renewable consumption, on the other hand, has a much lower
gaps will contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of the environmental impact. Renewable energy consumption, such as wind,
evolving environmental landscape in ASEAN countries. Future research solar, and hydroelectric power, does not produce greenhouse gases or
should build upon these foundations to facilitate more targeted and other harmful emissions, making them a much cleaner and more sus
effective interventions. tainable alternative to fossil fuels. According to the IEA, renewable en
Exploring factors influencing environmental pollution in ASEAN ergy is the fastest-growing source of electricity globally, accounting for
countries has illuminated a complex web of interconnected elements 72% of new power capacity additions in 2020.
shaping the ecological landscape. As member states strive for economic However, despite the growth of renewable energy, fossil fuels still
growth, the environmental cost becomes increasingly apparent. This dominate the global energy mix, which has significant implications for
research has delved into industrialization, urbanization, agriculture, environmental pollution. The more electricity consumed, the more
policy effectiveness, and socioeconomic dynamics to unravel the critical the energy demand and the more influential the ecological
multifaceted nature of pollution in the region. The results underscore the impact. As a result, reducing electricity consumption is a vital step in
urgency of adopting a comprehensive and integrated approach to reducing environmental pollution.
address environmental challenges. While driving economic progress, Population expansion also has a significant impact on electricity
industrial activities must be accompanied by stringent regulations and consumption and environmental pollution. As populations increase, so
sustainable practices to mitigate their detrimental impact on air and does the demand for electricity to power homes, businesses, and trans
water quality. Sustainable urban planning emerges as a critical imper portation systems. This issue can lead to increased reliance on fossil fuels
ative to navigate the challenges of rapid urbanization, ensuring that and higher levels of environmental pollution. Importing and exporting
cities evolve as growth centers without compromising environmental electricity and energy resources can also influence environmental
well-being. pollution levels. For example, if a country imports electricity from coal-
In summary, this paper contributes to the literature and the ongoing fired power plants, this will increase their pollution levels. Similarly, if a
discourse on environmental sustainability in ASEAN countries. By syn country exports renewable energy, this can help reduce pollution levels
thesizing diverse findings, the research provides a foundation for in other areas.
informed decision-making and formulating policies that balance eco This study introduces novelty to the existing literature on environ
nomic development with environmental preservation. As ASEAN na mental pollution in ASEAN countries by offering unique insights and
tions navigate the path forward, the insights gleaned from this research contributions not fully addressed in prior research. The key distinctions
aim to foster resilience, collaboration, and sustainable practices for a lie in the regional specificity, comprehensive approach, and practical
harmonious coexistence with the environment. There are a few funda implications derived from the findings. Key Novelties- Regional Speci
mental principles that underpin the green economy. These include: ficity- Unlike broader studies, this research focuses on the ASEAN
Resource efficiency- this involves using resources as efficiently as context, providing specific examples and data beyond generalized ob
possible, minimizing waste, and reducing the use of non-renewable re servations. By offering region-specific insights, it enhances the appli
sources. This problem can include everything from using energy- cability of the findings to the unique challenges faced by ASEAN nations.
efficient lighting and appliances to designing products that are easy to Comprehensive understanding- the study takes a holistic approach
repair and recycle. Sustainable production and consumption involves by integrating various factors influencing environmental pollution.
promoting sustainable practices throughout the entire production and While prior studies may have focused on individual elements, this
consumption chain, from sourcing raw materials to disposing of waste. research recognizes the interconnected nature of industrialization, ur
This issue can include everything from promoting sustainable agricul banization, agriculture, policy effectiveness, and socioeconomic factors,
ture practices to encouraging consumers to buy products made from providing a more comprehensive understanding. Practical Insights for
recycled materials. Stakeholders- beyond theoretical contributions, this study offers
Renewable energy involves promoting renewable energy, such as actionable insights for policymakers, industries, and communities in
wind, solar, and geothermal. By transitioning away from fossil fuels and ASEAN countries. The recommendations derived from the findings have
other non-renewable energy sources, we can significantly reduce carbon direct implications for formulating targeted and effective strategies for
dioxide and greenhouse gas emissions and promote a more sustainable sustainable development and pollution mitigation.
energy system. Conservation and biodiversity- this involves protecting Implications for Advancing Knowledge
natural habitats and promoting biodiversity. By protecting ecosystems Shifting Focus to Regional Dynamics- the regional focus of this study
and promoting biodiversity, we can help ensure the planet’s and its necessitates a shift in perspective, moving beyond generalized findings
inhabitants’ long-term health. to address the specific challenges faced by ASEAN nations. This issue is
Overall, the green economy represents a significant shift in how we crucial for tailoring interventions to the unique environmental land
think about economic development and sustainability. Rather than scape of the region. Interdisciplinary Integration- the study bridges gaps
prioritizing short-term economic growth at the expense of the environ between disciplines by integrating diverse factors influencing environ
ment, the green economy recognizes that the two are interconnected and mental pollution. This multidisciplinary approach contributes to a more
that sustainable development is the only viable path forward. As such, it nuanced and comprehensive understanding of the complexities
represents a promising vision for a more sustainable and equitable involved.
14
Applied relevance- the practical implications of the findings position Adebayo, T.S., Samour, A., 2023. Renewable energy, fiscal policy and load capacity
factor in BRICS countries: novel findings from panel nonlinear ARDL model. Environ.
this research as more than an academic exercise. It is a valuable resource
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providing insights that can inform real-world strategies. the nexus between carbon emissions, energy consumption, and economic progress in
In summary, the novelty of this study lies in its regional specificity, Pakistan: evidence from cointegration and causality analysis. Energy Rep. 7,
4642–4658. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2021.07.020.
comprehensive approach, and practical implications. By addressing Aghasafari, H., Aminizadeh, M., Karbasi, A., Calisti, R., 2021. CO2 emissions, export and
these aspects, the research advances the understanding of environ foreign direct investment: empirical evidence from Middle East and North Africa
mental challenges in ASEAN countries and contributes to developing Region. J. Int. Trade Econ. Dev. 30 (7), 1054–1076. https://doi.org/10.1080/
09638199.2021.1934087.
targeted interventions for sustainable development. Al Afif, R., Ayed, Y., Maaitah, O.N., 2023. Feasibility and optimal sizing analysis of
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Factors affecting environmental pollution for green economy: The case of

1. Introduction multifaceted. Firstly, as nations grapple with the challenges of climate

(Source: compiled by the authors).

Fig. 1. The factors affecting environmental pollution.

Fig. 3. The graph of CO2 emissions in Cambodia from 2000 to 2020.

Fig. 4. The graph of CO2 emissions in Indonesia from 2000 to 2020.

Fig. 5. The graph of CO2 emissions in Laos from 2000 to 2020.

Fig. 6. The graph of CO2 emissions in Malaysia from 2000 to 2020.

Fig. 7. The graph of CO2 emissions in Myanmar from 2000 to 2020.

Fig. 9. The graph of CO2 emissions in Singapore from 2000 to 2020.

Stakeholder Perspectives- surveys and interviews reveal diverse 5. Discussions

F(8, 117) = 476.73

Prob > F = 0.0000

Electricity Consumption per 1

(Sources: compiled by author).

regional disparities. disparities in pollution awareness and impact necessitate focusing on

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